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Bressan C, Alechaga É, Monfort N, Ventura R. Evaluation of sulfate metabolites as markers of topical testosterone administration in Caucasian and Asian populations. Drug Test Anal 2023. [PMID: 38012839 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Sulfate metabolites of endogenous anabolic androgenic steroids (EAAS) have been shown to prolong the detection times compared with the conventional urinary markers of the steroid profile for oral and intramuscular administrations of testosterone (T). In this work, the sensitivity of sulfate EAAS markers for the detection of T gel administration has been evaluated in six Caucasian and six Asian male volunteers. Fourteen sulfate metabolites were measured in basal and post-administration samples after multiple doses of T gel (100 mg/day, three consecutive days), and the detection times based on individual thresholds for each volunteer were evaluated. Sulfate concentrations did not show adequate sensitivity, but the results of sulfate ratios were much more promising. Androsterone sulfate/testosterone sulfate (A-S/T-S), epiandrosterone sulfate/epitestosterone sulfate (epiA-S/E-S), epiA-S/T-S, and etiocholanolone sulfate/epitestosterone sulfate (Etio-S/E-S) provided the most consistent detectability for all volunteers and populations, with detection times ranging from 60 to 96 h since the first dose. Additional ratios improved detectability to up to 7 days, but only in particular volunteers. In general, sensitivity was similar to or better than the conventional testosterone/epitestosterone ratio (T/E) of the steroid profile, which further reinforces the conclusion that sulfate EAAS metabolites can be a good complement for the current steroid profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Bressan
- Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory, Doping Control Research Group, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Élida Alechaga
- Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory, Doping Control Research Group, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuria Monfort
- Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory, Doping Control Research Group, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Ventura
- Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory, Doping Control Research Group, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
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2
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Bressan C, Celma A, Alechaga É, Monfort N, Ventura R, Sancho JV. Effects of structural characteristics of (un)conjugated steroid metabolites in their collision cross section value. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1254:341128. [PMID: 37005032 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the collision cross section (CCS) value of 103 steroids (including unconjugated metabolites and phase II metabolites conjugated with sulfate and glucuronide groups) was determined by liquid chromatography coupled to traveling wave ion mobility spectrometry (LC-TWIMS). A time of flight (QTOF) mass analyzer was used to perform the analytes determination at high-resolution mass spectrometry. An electrospray ionization source (ESI) was used to generate [M+H]+, [M + NH4]+ and/or [M - H]- ions. High reproducibility was observed for the CCS determination in both urine and standard solutions, obtaining RSD lower than 0.3% and 0.5% in all cases respectively. CCS determination in matrix was in accordance with the CCS measured in standards solution showing deviations below 2%. In general, CCS values were directly correlated with the ion mass and allowed differentiating between glucuronides, sulfates and free steroids although differences among steroids of the same group were less significant. However, more specific information was obtained for phase II metabolites observing differences in the CCS value of isomeric pairs concerning the conjugation position or the α/β configuration, which could be useful in the structural elucidation of new steroid metabolites in the anti-doping field. Finally, the potential of IMS reducing interferences from the sample matrix was also tested for the analysis of a glucuronide metabolite of bolasterone (5β-androstan-7α,17α-dimethyl-3α,17β-diol-3-glucuronide) in urine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Bressan
- Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory, Doping Control Research Group, Fundació IMIM (Hospital Del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alberto Celma
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castelló, Spain; Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Élida Alechaga
- Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory, Doping Control Research Group, Fundació IMIM (Hospital Del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuria Monfort
- Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory, Doping Control Research Group, Fundació IMIM (Hospital Del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Ventura
- Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory, Doping Control Research Group, Fundació IMIM (Hospital Del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Juan Vicente Sancho
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castelló, Spain
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3
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Walpurgis K, Piper T, Thevis M. Androgens, sports, and detection strategies for anabolic drug use. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 36:101609. [PMID: 35120801 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2021.101609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
For decades, anabolic androgenic agents have represented the substance class most frequently observed in doping control samples. They comprise synthetic and pseudoendogenous anabolic androgenic steroids and other, mostly non-steroidal compounds with (presumed) positive effects on muscle mass and function. While exogenous substances can easily be detected by gas/liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry, significantly more complex methodologies including the longitudinal monitoring of individual urinary steroid concentrations/ratios and isotope ratio mass spectrometry are required to provide evidence for the exogenous administration of endogenous compounds. This narrative review summarizes the efforts made within the last 5 years to further improve the detection of anabolic agents in doping control samples. Different approaches such as the identification of novel metabolites and biomarkers, the acquisition of complementary mass spectrometric data, and the development of new analytical strategies were employed to increase method sensitivity and retrospectivity while simultaneously reducing method complexity to facilitate a higher and faster sample throughput.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Walpurgis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Thomas Piper
- Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany.
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4
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Thomas K, Khymenets O, Pozo Ó, McLeod MD. Synthesis of 3α,6β‐Dihydroxyandrostan‐17‐one 3‐Glucuronides for the Detection of Testosterone Misuse. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Komba Thomas
- ANU: Australian National University Research School of Chemistry Building 137, Linnaeus WayActon 2601 Canberra AUSTRALIA
| | - Olha Khymenets
- Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques: Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mediques Applied Metabolomics Research Group Doctor Aiguader, 8808003 Barcelona 08003 Barcelona SPAIN
| | - Óscar Pozo
- IMIM: Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mediques Applied Metabolomics Research Group Doctor Aiguader, 8808003 Barcelona 08003 Barcelona SPAIN
| | - Malcolm Donald McLeod
- ANU: Australian National University Research School of Chemistry Building 137, Linnaeus WayActon 2601 Canberra AUSTRALIA
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Davis DE, Leaptrot KL, Koomen DC, May JC, Cavalcanti GDA, Padilha MC, Pereira HMG, McLean JA. Multidimensional Separations of Intact Phase II Steroid Metabolites Utilizing LC-Ion Mobility-HRMS. Anal Chem 2021; 93:10990-10998. [PMID: 34319704 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The detection and unambiguous identification of anabolic-androgenic steroid metabolites are essential in clinical, forensic, and antidoping analyses. Recently, sulfate phase II steroid metabolites have received increased attention in steroid metabolism and drug testing. In large part, this is because phase II steroid metabolites are excreted for an extended time, making them a potential long-term chemical marker of choice for tracking steroid misuse in sports. Comprehensive analytical methods, such as liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), have been used to detect and identify glucuronide and sulfate steroids in human urine with high sensitivity and reliability. However, LC-MS/MS identification strategies can be hindered by the fact that phase II steroid metabolites generate nonselective ion fragments across the different metabolite markers, limiting the confidence in metabolite identifications that rely on exact mass measurement and MS/MS information. Additionally, liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) is sometimes insufficient at fully resolving the analyte peaks from the sample matrix (commonly urine) chemical noise, further complicating accurate identification efforts. Therefore, we developed a liquid chromatography-ion mobility-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-IM-HRMS) method to increase the peak capacity and utilize the IM-derived collision cross section (CCS) values as an additional molecular descriptor for increased selectivity and to improve identifications of intact steroid analyses at low concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Don E Davis
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Innovative Technology, Institute of Chemical Biology, Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Katrina L Leaptrot
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Innovative Technology, Institute of Chemical Biology, Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - David C Koomen
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Innovative Technology, Institute of Chemical Biology, Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Jody C May
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Innovative Technology, Institute of Chemical Biology, Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Gustavo de A Cavalcanti
- Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory (LBCD), Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-598, Brazil
| | - Monica C Padilha
- Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory (LBCD), Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-598, Brazil
| | - Henrique M G Pereira
- Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory (LBCD), Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-598, Brazil
| | - John A McLean
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Innovative Technology, Institute of Chemical Biology, Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
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6
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Olesti E, Boccard J, Visconti G, González-Ruiz V, Rudaz S. From a single steroid to the steroidome: Trends and analytical challenges. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 206:105797. [PMID: 33259940 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2020.105797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
For several decades now, the analysis of steroids has been a key tool in the diagnosis and monitoring of numerous endocrine pathologies. Thus, the available methods used to analyze steroids in biological samples have dramatically evolved over time following the rapid pace of technology and scientific knowledge. This review aims to synthetize the advances in steroids' analysis, from classical approaches considering only a few steroids or a limited number of steroid ratios, up to the new steroid profiling strategies (steroidomics) monitoring large sets of steroids in biological matrices. In this context, the use of liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry has emerged as the technique of choice for the simultaneous determination of a high number of steroids, including phase II metabolites, due to its sensitivity and robustness. However, the large dynamic range to be covered, the low natural abundance of some key steroids, the selectivity of the analytical methods, the extraction protocols, and the steroid ionization remain some of the current challenges in steroid analysis. This review provides an overview of the different analytical workflows available depending on the number of steroids under study. Special emphasis is given to sample treatment, acquisition strategy, data processing, steroid identification and quantification using LC-MS approaches. This work also outlines how the availability of steroid standards, the need for complementary analytical strategies and the improvement of calibration approaches are crucial for achieving complete steroidome quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eulalia Olesti
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Switzerland; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), Switzerland
| | - Julien Boccard
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Switzerland; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), Switzerland
| | - Gioele Visconti
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Switzerland; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Víctor González-Ruiz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Switzerland; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), Switzerland
| | - Serge Rudaz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Switzerland.
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7
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Development and application of analytical procedures for the GC–MS/MS analysis of the sulfates metabolites of anabolic androgenic steroids: The pivotal role of chemical hydrolysis. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1155:122280. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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8
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Ponzetto F, Baume N, Schweizer C, Saugy M, Kuuranne T. Steroidal module of the Athlete Biological Passport. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coemr.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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9
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Thevis M, Walpurgis K, Thomas A. Analytical Approaches in Human Sports Drug Testing: Recent Advances, Challenges, and Solutions. Anal Chem 2019; 92:506-523. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research, Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, Cologne 50933, Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA), Cologne 50933, Germany
| | - Katja Walpurgis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research, Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, Cologne 50933, Germany
| | - Andreas Thomas
- Center for Preventive Doping Research, Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, Cologne 50933, Germany
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10
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Steroidomics for highlighting novel serum biomarkers of testosterone doping. Bioanalysis 2019; 11:1171-1187. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2019-0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Quantification of testosterone (T) and 5α-dihydrotestosterone serum concentrations proved to be an efficient alternative to urinary steroid profiling for the detection of T doping. In this context, additional serum markers could be discovered by exploratory untargeted steroidomics studies. Results: Endogenous steroid metabolites were monitored by ultra high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry in serum samples collected during a T administration clinical trial. A three-step workflow for accurate review of annotation was used and multifactorial data analysis allowed highlighting promising serum biomarkers. Longitudinal monitoring of selected compounds was performed to assess T abuse detection capabilities. Conclusion: Application of serum steroidomics showed high potential for biomarker discovery of T doping, suggesting longitudinal monitoring of steroid hormones in serum as a significant improvement in detection of endogenous steroids abuse.
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11
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Esquivel A, Alechaga É, Monfort N, Yang S, Xing Y, Moutian W, Ventura R. Evaluation of sulfate metabolites as markers of intramuscular testosterone administration in Caucasian and Asian populations. Drug Test Anal 2019; 11:1218-1230. [PMID: 30932347 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of alternative markers to the steroid profile can be an effective approach to improving the screening capabilities for the detection of testosterone (T) misuse. In this work, endogenous steroid sulfates were evaluated as potential markers to detect intramuscular (IM) T administration. Fourteen sulfate metabolites were quantified using mixed-mode solid-phase extraction and analysis by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Urine samples after a single IM injection (100 mg) of T cypionate to six Caucasian and six Asian healthy male volunteers were analyzed. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to characterize the sample cohort and to obtain the most useful markers for discrimination between pre- and post-administration samples. For Caucasian volunteers, a separation between pre- and post-administration samples was observed in PCA, whereas for Asian volunteers no separation was obtained. Seventeen ratios between sulfate metabolites were selected and further considered. Detection times (DTs) of each marker were evaluated using individual thresholds for each volunteer. The best results were obtained using ratios involving T and epitestosterone (E) sulfates in the denominator. The best marker was the ratio androsterone sulfate/testosterone sulfate (A-S/T-S) which prolonged the DT 1.2-2.1 times in respect to those obtained using T/E ratio in all Caucasian volunteers and 1.3-1.5 times in two Asian volunteers. Other ratios between A-S or etiocholanolone sulfate and E-S, and sulfates of etiocholanolone, dehydroandrosterone or epiandrosterone, and T-S were also found adequate. These ratios improve the DT after IM T administration and their incorporation to complement the current steroid profile is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argitxu Esquivel
- Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory, Doping Control Research Group, Fundació IMIM, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Élida Alechaga
- Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory, Doping Control Research Group, Fundació IMIM, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuria Monfort
- Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory, Doping Control Research Group, Fundació IMIM, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sheng Yang
- National Anti-Doping Laboratory, China Anti-Doping Agency, 100029, Beijing, China
| | - Yanyi Xing
- National Anti-Doping Laboratory, China Anti-Doping Agency, 100029, Beijing, China
| | - Wu Moutian
- China Anti-Doping Agency, 100029, Beijing, China
| | - Rosa Ventura
- Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory, Doping Control Research Group, Fundació IMIM, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.,Barcelona Antidoping Laboratory, Doping Control Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
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12
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Esquivel A, Alechaga É, Monfort N, Ventura R. Sulfate metabolites improve retrospectivity after oral testosterone administration. Drug Test Anal 2018; 11:392-402. [PMID: 30362276 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The detection of testosterone (T) misuse is performed using the steroid profile that includes concentrations of T and related metabolites excreted free and glucuronoconjugated, and the ratios between them. In this work, the usefulness of 14 endogenous steroid sulfates to improve the detection capabilities of oral T administration has been evaluated. Quantitation of the sulfate metabolites was performed using solid-phase extraction and analysis by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Urine samples were collected up to 144 hours after a single oral dose of T undecanoate (120 mg) to five Caucasian male volunteers. Detection times (DTs) of each marker were estimated using reference limits based on a population study and also monitoring the individual threshold for each volunteer. High inter-individual variability was observed for sulfate metabolites and, therefore, better DTs were obtained using individual thresholds. Using individual threshold limits, epiandrosterone sulfate (epiA-S) improved the DT with respect to testosterone/epitestosterone (T/E) ratio in all volunteers. Androsterone, etiocholanolone, and two androstanediol sulfates also improved DTs for some volunteers. Principal component analysis was used to characterize the sample cohort, obtaining 13 ratios useful for discrimination. These ratios as well as the ratio epiA-S/dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate were further examined. The most promising results were obtained using ratios between sulfates of epiA, androsterone, or androstanediol 1 and E, and also sulfates of epiA or androstanediol 1, and dehydroandrosterone. These selected ratios prolonged the DT of oral T administration up to 144 hours, which corresponded to a significantly higher retrospectivity compared to those obtained using concentrations or the conventional T/E ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argitxu Esquivel
- Doping Control Research Group, Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Élida Alechaga
- Doping Control Research Group, Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuria Monfort
- Doping Control Research Group, Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Ventura
- Doping Control Research Group, Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
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13
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Kaabia Z, Laparre J, Cesbron N, Le Bizec B, Dervilly-Pinel G. Comprehensive steroid profiling by liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 183:106-115. [PMID: 30196848 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
A steroidomics workflow has been developed in the objective of monitoring a wide range (n >150) of steroids in urine. The proposed workflow relies on the optimization of an adequate SPE extraction step followed by an UHPLC-HRMS/MS simultaneous analysis of both free and conjugated forms of C18, C19 and C21 steroid hormones. On the basis of 44 selected steroids, representative of main classes of steroids constituting the steroidome, the performances of the developed workflow were evaluated in terms of selectivity, repeatability (< 13%) and linearity (R2> 0.985 in the concentration range [0.01-10 ng/mL]). As metabolites identification and characterization constitute the bottleneck of such profiling approaches, a homemade database was created encompassing a large number of characterized free and conjugated steroids (n> 150) for putative steroid-like biomarkers identification purposes. The efficiency of the workflow in highlighting fine modifications within the urinary steroidome was assessed in the frame of an anabolic treatment involving an intra-muscular administration of boldenone undecylenate (2 mg/kg) to veals (n=6) and the investigation of potential steroid biomarkers. Besides monitoring known phase II metabolites of boldenone in the bovine specie, namely, boldenone glucuronide and sulfate, the applied strategy also permitted to observe, upon boldenone administration, a modified profile of epiboldenone glucuronide. Furthermore, 31 signals corresponding to non-identified steroid species could also be highlighted as impacted upon the exogenous steroid treatment. This study is the first to simultaneously investigate both free and conjugated C18, C19 and C21 steroid hormones in their native form using UHPLC-HRMS/MS and allowing their comprehensive profiling. This strategy was probed in-vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zied Kaabia
- Laberca, Oniris, INRA, Université Bretagne Loire, 44307, Nantes-FR, France
| | - Jérôme Laparre
- Laberca, Oniris, INRA, Université Bretagne Loire, 44307, Nantes-FR, France
| | - Nora Cesbron
- Laberca, Oniris, INRA, Université Bretagne Loire, 44307, Nantes-FR, France
| | - Bruno Le Bizec
- Laberca, Oniris, INRA, Université Bretagne Loire, 44307, Nantes-FR, France
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14
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Itzhaki M. Knowledge and feelings about colorectal cancer among the Jewish adult population in Israel: A mixed methods study. Appl Nurs Res 2018; 43:64-68. [PMID: 30220366 DOI: 10.1016/j.apnr.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few previous studies found that people's knowledge of colorectal cancer (CRC) risk factors and symptoms is a predictor of high compliance with CRC screening. Feelings about CRC have rarely been examined. AIM This mixed method study is aimed at examining knowledge and feelings about CRC among the Jewish adult population in Israel. METHODS One hundred and ninety six Jewish Israelis were interviewed using semi-structured face to face personal interviews. Clinical characteristics and knowledge about CRC were analyzed by quantitative methods. Feelings about CRC were analyzed by the qualitative constant comparative method. RESULTS Most of the participants were at risk for developing CRC due to their native background as Jews of Eastern European origin. The most well known risk factor was family history of CRC, but only a third were aware of it. Screening for CRC by colonoscopy was known to about half the participants. CRC evoked negative feelings of fear of contracting an oncological disease, stress as a result of a new realty, sadness at the possibility of late discovery, disgust and embarrassment because of the involvement of an intimate area and the connection to body secretions. Positive feelings of optimistic faith and hope were found with regard to survival. CONCLUSION The knowledge level of the participants about CRC symptoms, risk factors, and recommended screening was low to moderate. CRC evoked mainly negative feelings. Increasing knowledge about CRC and reducing negative feelings evoked by CRC are essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Itzhaki
- Nursing Department, School of Health Professions, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
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15
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Honour JW, Conway E, Hodkinson R, Lam F. The evolution of methods for urinary steroid metabolomics in clinical investigations particularly in childhood. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 181:28-51. [PMID: 29481855 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The metabolites of cortisol, and the intermediates in the pathways from cholesterol to cortisol and the adrenal sex steroids can be analysed in a single separation of steroids by gas chromatography (GC) coupled to MS to give a urinary steroid profile (USP). Steroids individually and in profile are now commonly measured in plasma by liquid chromatography (LC) coupled with MS/MS. The steroid conjugates in urine can be determined after hydrolysis and derivative formation and for the first time without hydrolysis using GC-MS, GC-MS/MS and liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The evolution of the technology, practicalities and clinical applications are examined in this review. The patterns and quantities of steroids changes through childhood. Information can be obtained on production rates, from which children with steroid excess and deficiency states can be recognised when presenting with obesity, adrenarche, adrenal suppression, hypertension, adrenal tumours, intersex condition and early puberty, as examples. Genetic defects in steroid production and action can be detected by abnormalities from the GC-MS of steroids in urine. New mechanisms of steroid synthesis and metabolism have been recognised through steroid profiling. GC with tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) has been used for the tentative identification of unknown steroids in urine from newborn infants with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Suggestions are made as to areas for future research and for future applications of steroid profiling. As routine hospital laboratories become more familiar with the problems of chromatographic and MS analysis they can consider steroid profiling in their test repertoire although with LC-MS/MS of urinary steroids this is unlikely to become a routine test because of the availability, cost and purity of the internal standards and the complexity of data interpretation. Steroid profiling with quantitative analysis by mass spectrometry (MS) after chromatography now provides the most versatile of tests of adrenal function in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Honour
- Institute for Women's Health, University College London, 74 Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6AU, UK.
| | - E Conway
- Clinical Biochemistry, HSL Analytics LLP, Floor 2, 1 Mabledon Place, London, WC1H 9AX, UK
| | - R Hodkinson
- Clinical Biochemistry, HSL Analytics LLP, Floor 2, 1 Mabledon Place, London, WC1H 9AX, UK
| | - F Lam
- Clinical Biochemistry, HSL Analytics LLP, Floor 2, 1 Mabledon Place, London, WC1H 9AX, UK
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16
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Esquivel A, Alechaga É, Monfort N, Ventura R. Direct quantitation of endogenous steroid sulfates in human urine by liquid chromatography‐electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2018; 10:1734-1743. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Argitxu Esquivel
- Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory, Doping Control Research Group Barcelona Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra Barcelona Spain
| | - Élida Alechaga
- Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory, Doping Control Research Group Barcelona Spain
| | - Núria Monfort
- Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory, Doping Control Research Group Barcelona Spain
| | - Rosa Ventura
- Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory, Doping Control Research Group Barcelona Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra Barcelona Spain
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17
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Kotronoulas A, Gomez-Gómez À, Fabregat A, Segura J, Yang S, Xing Y, Moutian W, Marcos J, Joglar J, Ventura R, Pozo OJ. Evaluation of markers out of the steroid profile for the screening of testosterone misuse. Part II: Intramuscular administration. Drug Test Anal 2017; 10:849-859. [PMID: 29166551 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In the fight against doping, the introduction of alternative markers to the steroid profile can be considered as an effective approach to improve the screening capabilities for the detection of testosterone (T) misuse. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of several T metabolites (cysteinyl conjugated and glucuronoconjugated resistant to enzymatic hydrolysis) to detect both the transdermal and the intramuscular administration of T. In Part I of the study, we studied the potential of these metabolites for the detection of T transdermal administration. Results revealed that resistant glucuronides can be a suitable complement to the current steroid profile. In this, Part II, dedicated to the intramuscular administration, we studied the potential of cysteinyl conjugated, resistant glucuronoconjugated and 1-cyclopentenoylglycine (1-CPG) for the detection of a single intramuscular injection of T cypionate. Possible differences in the excretion profile of all markers were explored between individuals with low basal (n=6) and medium basal (n=6) values of the testosterone/epitestosterone ratio (T/E). The results showed that all tested markers presented low intra-individual stability in basal conditions. Despite this, all glucuronoconjugated markers and 1-CPG, but not the cysteinyl conjugated markers, provided detection windows that were similar or longer than those obtained by markers currently included in the steroid profile. Based on the results obtained from the 2 parts of this study and from previously reported data, the potential applicability and the limitations of including these markers in the steroid profile are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristotelis Kotronoulas
- Bioanalysis Research Group. IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Modelling, Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Àlex Gomez-Gómez
- Bioanalysis Research Group. IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.,Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.,Programa De Recerca En Epidemiologia I Salut Pública, ISGlobal, Campus Mar, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andreu Fabregat
- Bioanalysis Research Group. IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.,Waters Cromatografia SA, MS Applicat Lab, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Segura
- Bioanalysis Research Group. IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.,Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.,Barcelona Antidoping Laboratory, Doping Control Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sheng Yang
- National Anti-Doping Laboratory, China Anti-Doping Agency, Beijing, China
| | - Yanyi Xing
- National Anti-Doping Laboratory, China Anti-Doping Agency, Beijing, China
| | - Wu Moutian
- National Anti-Doping Laboratory, China Anti-Doping Agency, Beijing, China
| | - Josep Marcos
- Bioanalysis Research Group. IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.,Cerba Internacional, Sabadell, Spain
| | - Jesús Joglar
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Modelling, Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Ventura
- Bioanalysis Research Group. IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.,Barcelona Antidoping Laboratory, Doping Control Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oscar J Pozo
- Bioanalysis Research Group. IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.,Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
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18
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Kotronoulas A, Gomez-Gómez À, Fabregat A, Segura J, Yang S, Xing Y, Moutian W, Marcos J, Joglar J, Ventura R, Pozo OJ. Evaluation of markers out of the steroid profile for the screening of testosterone misuse. Part I: Transdermal administration. Drug Test Anal 2017; 10:821-831. [PMID: 29148228 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Although the introduction by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) of the steroid module of the athlete biological passport (ABP) marked an important step forward in the screening of testosterone (T) misuse, it still remains one of the most difficult challenges in doping control analysis. The urinary determination of alternative markers has been recently reported as a promising tool for improving the screening of T oral administration. However, their evaluation for other, commonly used, administration routes is still required. The main goal of this study is the evaluation of the potential of 2 groups of metabolites (cysteinyl conjugated and glucuronoconjugated) after transdermal and intramuscular administration of T. Their suitability was evaluated in individuals with both low basal (L-T/E) and medium basal (M-T/E) values of T/E. In this Part I, we evaluated the urinary excretion profile of these 2 groups of T metabolites after the administration of 3 doses of T gel to 12 volunteers (6 L-T/E and 6 M-T/E) for 3 consecutive days. For this purpose, 9 different concentration ratios (5 cysteinyl conjugated and 4 glucuronoconjugated markers) were studied. Both, the intra-individual variability and the detection windows (DW) obtained by each ratio were evaluated. Cysteinyl conjugates showed a general low intra-individual variability and DWs that were shorter than any other tested marker. Despite the relatively large intra-individual variability, the DWs reached by glucuronoconjugates (2-3 days) were similar to those obtained by markers currently included in the ABP. Overall; this evaluation advises for the introduction of additional glucuronoconjugated markers in the screening of transdermal T administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristotelis Kotronoulas
- Bioanalysis Research Group. IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Modelling, Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Àlex Gomez-Gómez
- Bioanalysis Research Group. IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.,Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.,Programa De Recerca En Epidemiologia I Salut Pública, ISGlobal, Campus Mar, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andreu Fabregat
- Bioanalysis Research Group. IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.,Waters Cromatografia SA, MS Applicat Lab, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Segura
- Bioanalysis Research Group. IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.,Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.,Doping Control Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sheng Yang
- National Anti-Doping Laboratory, China Anti-Doping Agency, Beijing, China
| | - Yanyi Xing
- National Anti-Doping Laboratory, China Anti-Doping Agency, Beijing, China
| | - Wu Moutian
- National Anti-Doping Laboratory, China Anti-Doping Agency, Beijing, China
| | - Josep Marcos
- Bioanalysis Research Group. IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.,Cerba Internacional, Sabadell, Spain
| | - Jesús Joglar
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Modelling, Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Ventura
- Bioanalysis Research Group. IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.,Doping Control Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oscar J Pozo
- Bioanalysis Research Group. IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.,Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
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19
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Thevis M, Kuuranne T, Geyer H. Annual banned-substance review: Analytical approaches in human sports drug testing. Drug Test Anal 2017; 10:9-27. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents; Cologne Germany
| | - Tiia Kuuranne
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses; University Center of Legal Medicine, Genève and Lausanne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne; Epalinges Switzerland
| | - Hans Geyer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents; Cologne Germany
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20
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Pizzato EC, Filonzi M, Rosa HSD, de Bairros AV. Pretreatment of different biological matrices for exogenous testosterone analysis: a review. Toxicol Mech Methods 2017; 27:641-656. [DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2017.1351015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcelo Filonzi
- Setor de Química Especial, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hemerson Silva da Rosa
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento e Controle de Qualidade, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana, Brazil
| | - André Valle de Bairros
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento e Controle de Qualidade, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana, Brazil
- Núcleo Aplicado a Toxicologia, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
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21
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Proposal of 5-methoxy- N -methyl- N -isopropyltryptamine consumption biomarkers through identification of in vivo metabolites from mice. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1508:95-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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22
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Palermo A, Botrè F, de la Torre X, Zamboni N. Non-targeted LC-MS based metabolomics analysis of the urinary steroidal profile. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 964:112-122. [PMID: 28351627 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The urinary steroidal fraction has been extensively explored as non-invasive alternative to monitor pathological conditions as well as to unveil the illicit intake of pseudo-endogenous anabolic steroids in sport. However, the majority of previous approaches involved the a priori selection of potentially relevant target analytes. Here we describe the non-targeted analysis of the urinary steroidal profiles. The workflow includes minimal sample pretreatment and normalization according to the specific gravity of urine, a 20 min reverse phase ultra-performance liquid chromatographic separation hyphenated to electrospray time-of-flight mass spectrometry. As initial validation, we analyzed a set of quality control urines spiked with glucurono- and sulfo-conjugated steroids at physiological ranges. We then applied the method for the analysis of samples collected after single transdermal administration of testosterone in hypogonadal men. The method allowed profiling of approximately three thousand metabolic features, including steroids of clinical and forensic relevance. It successfully identified metabolic pathways mostly responsible for groups clustering even in the context of high inter-individual variability and allowed the detection of currently unknown metabolic features correlating with testosterone administration. These outcomes set the stage for future studies aimed at implementing currently monitored urinary steroidal markers both in clinical and forensic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Palermo
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Italy
| | - Francesco Botrè
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Italy; Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | | | - Nicola Zamboni
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Switzerland.
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23
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McLeod MD, Waller CC, Esquivel A, Balcells G, Ventura R, Segura J, Pozo ÓJ. Constant Ion Loss Method for the Untargeted Detection of Bis-sulfate Metabolites. Anal Chem 2017; 89:1602-1609. [PMID: 27982580 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The untargeted detection of phase II metabolites is a key issue for the study of drug metabolism in biological systems. Sensitive and selective mass spectrometric (MS) techniques coupled to ultrahigh performance liquid chromatographic (UHPLC) systems are the most effective for this purpose. In this study, we evaluate different MS approaches with a triple quadrupole instrument for the untargeted detection of bis-sulfate metabolites. Bis-sulfates of 23 steroid metabolites were synthesized and their MS behavior was comprehensively studied. Bis-sulfates ionized preferentially as the dianion ([M - 2H]2-) with a small contribution of the monoanion ([M - H]-). Product ion spectra generated from the [M - 2H]2- precursor ions were dominated by the loss of HSO4- to generate two product ions, that is, the ion at m/z 97 (HSO4-) and the ion corresponding to the remaining monosulfate fragment. Other product ions were found to be specific for some structures. As an example, the loss of [CH3 + SO3]- was found to be important for several compounds with unsaturation adjacent to the sulfate. On the basis of the common behavior of the bis-sulfate metabolites two alternatives were evaluated for the untargeted detection of bis-sulfate metabolites (i) a precursor ion scan method using the ion at m/z 97 and (ii) a constant ion loss (CIL) method using the loss of HSO4-. Both methods allowed for the untargeted detection of the model compounds. Eight steroid bis-sulfates were synthesized in high purity in order to quantitatively evaluate the developed strategies. Lower limits of detection (2-20 ng/mL) were obtained using the CIL method. Additionally, the CIL method was found to be more specific in the detection of urinary bis-sulfates. The applicability of the CIL approach was demonstrated by determining progestogens altered during pregnancy and by detecting the bis-sulfate metabolites of tibolone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm D McLeod
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University , Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Christopher C Waller
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University , Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Argitxu Esquivel
- Bioanalysis Research Group. IMIM, Hospital del Mar , Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra , Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Georgina Balcells
- Bioanalysis Research Group. IMIM, Hospital del Mar , Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra , Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Ventura
- Bioanalysis Research Group. IMIM, Hospital del Mar , Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra , Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Segura
- Bioanalysis Research Group. IMIM, Hospital del Mar , Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra , Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Óscar J Pozo
- Bioanalysis Research Group. IMIM, Hospital del Mar , Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
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