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Graves BR. The examination and treatment of soft tissue contracture of the elbow. J ISAKOS 2024; 9:98-102. [PMID: 37866511 DOI: 10.1016/j.jisako.2023.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of the stiff elbow can be a challenging task. A thorough understanding of normal elbow anatomy and the potential causes of elbow contracture are essential for the development of effective treatment strategies. This chapter provides a review of key points for the treating surgeon including normal elbow anatomy, etiological factors that commonly contribute to elbow stiffness, physical examination and imaging of the stiff elbow, and treatment options for contracture correction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R Graves
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, One Medical Plaza Blvd, 4th Floor Watlington Hall, Winston-Salem, NC 27104, USA.
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Leland DP, Pareek A, Therrien E, Wilbur R, Stuart MJ, Krych AJ, Levy BA, Camp CL. Neurological Complications Following Arthroscopic and Related Sports Surgery: Prevention, Work-up, and Treatment. Sports Med Arthrosc Rev 2022; 30:e1-e8. [PMID: 35113840 PMCID: PMC9128250 DOI: 10.1097/jsa.0000000000000322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Arthroscopy of the shoulder, elbow, hip, and knee has become increasingly utilized due to continued advancements in technique, training, and instrumentation. In addition, arthroscopy is generally safe and effective in the utilization of joint preservation surgical techniques. The arthroscopist must utilize a thorough understanding of the surgical anatomy, detailed care with patient positioning, and safe instrumentation portals to prevent associated neurological injury. In the event of postoperative neurological complications, the physician must carefully document the patient history and physical examination while considering the utilization of additional imaging, testing, or surgical nerve exploration with a specialized team depending upon the severity of neurological injury. In this review, we discuss the prevention, evaluation, and treatment of neurological complications related for arthroscopic procedures of the shoulder, elbow, hip, and knee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin P Leland
- Mayo Clinic Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, U.S.A
| | - Ayoosh Pareek
- Mayo Clinic Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, U.S.A
| | - Erik Therrien
- Mayo Clinic Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, U.S.A
| | - Ryan Wilbur
- Mayo Clinic Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, U.S.A
| | - Michael J Stuart
- Mayo Clinic Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, U.S.A
| | - Aaron J Krych
- Mayo Clinic Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, U.S.A
| | - Bruce A Levy
- Mayo Clinic Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, U.S.A
| | - Christopher L Camp
- Mayo Clinic Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, U.S.A
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Anatomic relations of the median nerve to the ulnar insertion of the brachialis muscle: safety issues and implications for medial approaches to the elbow joint. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2022; 142:813-821. [PMID: 33484309 PMCID: PMC8994731 DOI: 10.1007/s00402-021-03753-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Preventing nerve injury is critical in elbow surgery. Distal extension of medial approaches, required for coronoid fracture fixation and graft-replacement, may endanger the median nerve. This study aims to describe an easily identifiable and reproducible anatomical landmark to localize the median nerve distal to the joint line and to delineate how its relative position changes with elbow flexion and forearm rotation. MATERIALS AND METHODS The median nerve and the ulnar insertion of the brachialis muscle were identified in eleven fresh-frozen cadaveric specimens after dissection over an extended medial approach. The elbow was brought first in full extension and then in 90° flexion, and the shortest distance between the two structures was measured while rotating the forearm in full pronation, neutral position and full supination. RESULTS The distance between the median nerve and the brachialis insertion was highest with the elbow flexed and the forearm in neutral position. All distances measured in flexion were larger than those in extension, and all distances measured from the most proximal point of the brachialis insertion were larger than those from the most distal point. Distances in pronation and in supination were smaller than to those in neutral forearm position. CONCLUSIONS The ulnar insertion of the brachialis is a reliable landmark to localize and protect the median nerve at the level of the coronoid base. Elbow flexion and neutral forearm position increase significantly the safety margins between the two structures; this information suggests some modifications to the previously described medial elbow approaches. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Basic Science Study.
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Luceri F, Arrigoni P, Barco R, Cucchi D, Raj N, Frassoni S, Randelli PS. Does Sawbone-Based Arthroscopy Module (SBAM) Can Help Elbow Surgeons? Indian J Orthop 2021; 55:182-188. [PMID: 34113427 PMCID: PMC8149533 DOI: 10.1007/s43465-020-00133-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The use of elbow arthroscopy is becoming increasingly common in orthopaedic practice; nevertheless, it is still considered a difficult procedure with a long learning curve. The aim of the study is to evaluate the role of a new elbow Sawbone-Based Arthroscopy Module (e-SBAM) in the training of elbow surgeons. METHODS Fourteen surgeons were classified as "Expert" (n: 7; more than 10 years of experience in arthroscopic surgery) and "Not-expert" surgeons (n: 7; less than 10 years of experience). During a dedicated arthroscopic session, using the Sawbones Elbow model (Sawbones Europe AB®), all participants were asked to perform an arthroscopic round and to touch three specific landmarks. An independent observer measured the time that each participant needed to perform this task (Performance 1). The same measurement was repeated after two weeks of eSBAM training (Performance 2). RESULTS "Not-expert" surgeons needed significantly more time (41 s; range 26-120) than "Expert" ones (13 s; range 8-36) to complete Performance 1. One "Not-expert" surgeon did not complete Performance 1 and needed more than 120 s for Performance 2. The whole study group required a median of 5 s less to complete Performance 2. A tendency towards an improvement was observed in the group of the non-experienced surgeons as compared with the experienced ones. CONCLUSIONS The simulation training can be advantageous in the learning curve of young elbow surgeons and helpful for experienced surgeons. E-SBAM can be used as an effective tool for the current stepwise arthroscopic elbow training programs with the aim of improving arthroscopic elbow skills. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Basic Science Study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Luceri
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Via Riccardo Galeazzi, 4, 20161 Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Arrigoni
- U.O. Clinica Ortopedica e Traumatologica Universitaria CTO, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Centro Specialistico Ortopedico Traumatologico Gaetano Pini-CTO, Piazza Cardinal Ferrari 1, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Laboratory of Applied Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Raul Barco
- Shoulder and Elbow Unit, Hospital Universitario la Paz, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046 Madrid, Spain
| | - Davide Cucchi
- Laboratory of Applied Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Nishant Raj
- Krishna Hospital and Trauma Centre, Patel Nagar Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201001 India
| | - Samuele Frassoni
- Department of Statistics and Quantitative Methods, University of Milan-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Pietro Simone Randelli
- U.O. Clinica Ortopedica e Traumatologica Universitaria CTO, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Centro Specialistico Ortopedico Traumatologico Gaetano Pini-CTO, Piazza Cardinal Ferrari 1, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Laboratory of Applied Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Cucchi D, Arrigoni P, Luceri F, Menon A, Guerra E, Müller LP, Burger C, Eygendaal D, Wegmann K. Modified anteromedial and anterolateral elbow arthroscopy portals show superiority to standard portals in guiding arthroscopic radial head screw fixation. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2019; 27:3276-3283. [PMID: 30863912 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-019-05411-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Arthroscopic fixation of radial head radial head fractures is an appealing alternative to open reduction and internal fixation, which presents the advantage of minimal surgical trauma. The aim of this study was to evaluate if modifications to the standard anteromedial (AM) and anterolateral (AL) portals could allow screw placement for radial head fracture osteosynthesis closer to the plane of the radial head articular surface. METHODS Eight fresh-frozen specimens were prepared to mimic arthroscopic setting. Standard AL (ALst) and AM (AMst) and distal AL (ALdi) and AM (AMdi) portals were established. Eleven independent examiners were asked to indicate the optimal trajectory, when aiming to place a cannulated screw parallel to the radial head surface for radial head osteosynthesis. A three-dimensional digital protractor was used to measure the angle between the indicated position and a Kirschner wire placed parallel to the radial head articular surface (α). The Shapiro-Wilk normality test was used to evaluate the normal distribution of the samples. Means, standard deviations, and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated for each portal. A coefficient of variation (CoV) was calculated to determine agreement among observers and intra-observer variability. RESULTS Mean α angles were 25.1 ± 11.5° for AMst, 13.8 ± 4.8° for AMdi, 17.1 ± 13.4° for ALst, -2.6 ± 9.2° for ALdi. No overlapping in the 95% CI of ipsilateral standard and distal portals was observed, indicating that the difference between these means was statistically significant. The distal portals showed smaller inter-observer CoV as compared to the standard ones (AMst: 10.0%; AMdi: 4.6%; ALst: 12.5%; ALdi: 10.6%). Intra-observer CoV was similar for all portals (AMst: 5.5%; AMdi: 6.1%; ALst: 7.7%; ALdi: 7.1%). CONCLUSIONS The use of distal AM and AL portals permits to obtain α angles closer to the radial head articular surface than standard AM and AL portals. This is expected to allow screw placement in a flatter trajectory, which should correlate with a superior biomechanical performance of fixation. Good reproducibility of Kirschner wire placement from distal portals was observer among different examiners. Modifications to the standard AM and AL elbow arthroscopy portals allow to place screws for radial head fracture osteosynthesis in a position which should guarantee superior biomechanical performance of fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Cucchi
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Sigmund- Freud-Str. 25, 53127, Bonn, Germany. .,Laboratory of Applied Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 31, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Paolo Arrigoni
- Laboratory of Applied Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 31, 20133, Milan, Italy.,U.O. Clinica Ortopedica e Traumatologica Universitaria CTO, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Centro Specialistico Ortopedico Traumatologico Gaetano Pini-CTO, Piazza Cardinal Ferrari 1, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Luceri
- U.O. Clinica Ortopedica e Traumatologica Universitaria CTO, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Centro Specialistico Ortopedico Traumatologico Gaetano Pini-CTO, Piazza Cardinal Ferrari 1, 20122, Milan, Italy.,Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 31, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Menon
- Laboratory of Applied Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 31, 20133, Milan, Italy.,1° Clinica Ortopedica, ASST Centro Specialistico Ortopedico Traumatologico Gaetano Pini-CTO, Piazza Cardinal Ferrari 1, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Enrico Guerra
- Shoulder and Elbow Unit, Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via Pupilli 1, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lars Peter Müller
- Center for Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, University Medical Center, Kerpenerstrasse 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christof Burger
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Sigmund- Freud-Str. 25, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Denise Eygendaal
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Upper Limb Unit, Amphia Hospital, Breda, The Netherlands
| | - Kilian Wegmann
- Center for Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, University Medical Center, Kerpenerstrasse 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
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Grim C, Engelhardt M, Hoppe MW, Seil R, Hotfiel T. Lösungen für häufige Komplikationen der Ellenbogenarthroskopie. ARTHROSKOPIE 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00142-019-00299-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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