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Fox A, Leonard GD, Adzibolosu N, Wong T, Tedja R, Sharma S, Gogoi R, Morris R, Mor G, Fehl C, Alvero AB. Adipose microenvironment promotes hypersialylation of ovarian cancer cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.13.593990. [PMID: 38798490 PMCID: PMC11118282 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.13.593990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Sialylation, the addition of negatively charged sialic acid sugars to terminal ends of glycans, is upregulated in most cancers. Hypersialylation supports multiple pro-tumor mechanisms such as enhanced migration and invasion, resistance to apoptosis and immune evasion. A current gap in knowledge is the lack of understanding on how the tumor microenvironment regulates cancer cell sialylation. The adipose niche is a main component of most peritoneal cancers' microenvironment. This includes ovarian cancer (OC), which causes most deaths from all gynecologic cancers. In this report, we demonstrate that the adipose microenvironment is a critical regulator of OC cell sialylation. In vitro adipose conditioning led to an increase in both ⍺2,3- and ⍺2,6-linked cell surface sialic acids in both human and mouse models of OC. Adipose-induced sialylation reprogramming was also observed in vivo from intra-peritoneal OC tumors seeded in the adipose-rich omentum. Mechanistically, we observed upregulation of at least three sialyltransferases, ST3GAL1, ST6GAL1 and ST3GALNAC3. Hypersialylated OC cells consistently formed intra-peritoneal tumors in both immune-competent mice and immune-compromised athymic nude mice. In contrast, hyposiaylated OC cells persistently formed tumors only in athymic nude mice demonstrating that sialylation impacts OC tumor formation in an immune dependent manner. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of the effect of adipose microenvironment on OC tumor sialylation. Our results set the stage for translational applications targeting sialic acid pathways in OC and other peritoneal cancers.
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Taylor SJ, Hollis RL, Gourley C, Herrington CS, Langdon SP, Arends MJ. RFWD3 modulates response to platinum chemotherapy and promotes cancer associated phenotypes in high grade serous ovarian cancer. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1389472. [PMID: 38711848 PMCID: PMC11071161 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1389472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Background DNA damage repair is frequently dysregulated in high grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC), which can lead to changes in chemosensitivity and other phenotypic differences in tumours. RFWD3, a key component of multiple DNA repair and maintenance pathways, was investigated to characterise its impact in HGSOC. Methods RFWD3 expression and association with clinical features was assessed using in silico analysis in the TCGA HGSOC dataset, and in a further cohort of HGSOC tumours stained for RFWD3 using immunohistochemistry. RFWD3 expression was modulated in cell lines using siRNA and CRISPR/cas9 gene editing, and cells were characterised using cytotoxicity and proliferation assays, flow cytometry, and live cell microscopy. Results Expression of RFWD3 RNA and protein varied in HGSOCs. In cell lines, reduction of RFWD3 expression led to increased sensitivity to interstrand crosslinking (ICL) inducing agents mitomycin C and carboplatin. RFWD3 also demonstrated further functionality outside its role in DNA damage repair, with RFWD3 deficient cells displaying cell cycle dysregulation, reduced cellular proliferation and reduced migration. In tumours, low RFWD3 expression was associated with increased tumour mutational burden, and complete response to platinum chemotherapy. Conclusion RFWD3 expression varies in HGSOCs, which can lead to functional effects at both the cellular and tumour levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J. Taylor
- Edinburgh Pathology, Cancer Research UK Scotland Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Nicola Murray Centre for Ovarian Cancer Research, Cancer Research UK Scotland Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Robert L. Hollis
- Nicola Murray Centre for Ovarian Cancer Research, Cancer Research UK Scotland Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Charlie Gourley
- Nicola Murray Centre for Ovarian Cancer Research, Cancer Research UK Scotland Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - C. Simon Herrington
- Edinburgh Pathology, Cancer Research UK Scotland Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Nicola Murray Centre for Ovarian Cancer Research, Cancer Research UK Scotland Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Simon P. Langdon
- Edinburgh Pathology, Cancer Research UK Scotland Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Mark J. Arends
- Edinburgh Pathology, Cancer Research UK Scotland Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Liu J, Shu G, Wu A, Zhang X, Zhou Z, Alvero AB, Mor G, Yin G. TWIST1 induces proteasomal degradation of β-catenin during the differentiation of ovarian cancer stem-like cells. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15650. [PMID: 36123378 PMCID: PMC9485151 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18662-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) is one of the leading gynecologic cancers worldwide. Cancer stem-like cells are correlated with relapse and resistance to chemotherapy. Twist1, which is involved in ovarian cancer stem-like cell differentiation, is positively correlated with CTNNB1 in different differentiation stages of ovarian cancer cells: primary epithelial ovarian cancer cells (primary EOC cells), mesenchymal spheroid-forming cells (MSFCs) and secondary epithelial ovarian cancer cells (sEOC cells). However, the expression of β-catenin is inversed compared to CTNNB1 in these 3 cell states. We further demonstrated that β-catenin is regulated by the protein degradation system in MSFCs and secondary EOC but not in primary EOC cells. The differentiation process from primary EOC cells to MSFCs and sEOC cells might be due to the downregulation of β-catenin protein levels. Finally, we found that TWIST1 can enhance β-catenin degradation by upregulating Axin2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Liu
- grid.452223.00000 0004 1757 7615Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013 China
| | - Guang Shu
- grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013 China ,grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164China-Africa Research Center of Infectious Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013 China
| | - Anqi Wu
- grid.452223.00000 0004 1757 7615Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013 China
| | - Xiaojun Zhang
- grid.452223.00000 0004 1757 7615Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013 China
| | - Zhengwei Zhou
- grid.452223.00000 0004 1757 7615Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013 China
| | - Ayesha B. Alvero
- grid.254444.70000 0001 1456 7807C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI USA
| | - Gil Mor
- grid.254444.70000 0001 1456 7807C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI USA
| | - Gang Yin
- grid.452223.00000 0004 1757 7615Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013 China ,grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164China-Africa Research Center of Infectious Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013 China ,grid.452223.00000 0004 1757 7615National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 China
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Liu S, Huang J, Gao F, Yin Z, Zhang R. Ginsenoside RG1 augments doxorubicin-induced apoptotic cell death in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2021; 36:e22945. [PMID: 34783124 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This study determined the chemosensitizing potential of ginsenoside Rg1 in triple-negative MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines. Ginsenoside Rg1 (10 µM) treated breast cancer cells were exposed to 8 nM of doxorubicin, and the chemosensitizing potential was measured by cell-based assays. Ginsenoside Rg1 (10 µM) treatment lowered the doxorubicin IC50 value to 0.01 nM. Furthermore, the ginsenoside pretreatment augments doxorubicin-mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and subsequent alterations of mitochondrial membrane potential in MDA-MB-231 cell lines. The alkaline comet assay results illustrated an increased % tail DNA during ginsenoside Rg1 plus doxorubicin treatment than doxorubicin alone treatment. In addition, the number of apoptotic cells was also increased in ginsenoside Rg1 plus doxorubicin-treated cells. Furthermore, the polymerase chain reaction array results illustrate activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) gene expression (AKT, ERK, and MAPK) during doxorubicin alone treatment and it has been attenuated by ginsenoside Rg1 pretreatment. Moreover, ginsenoside Rg1 treatment before doxorubicin activates the DNA damage response elements (ATM, H2AX, RAD51, and XRCC1) and subsequent apoptosis-related gene expression (p21, TP53. APAF1, Bax, CASP3, and CASP9) patterns in MDA-MB-231 cell lines. The ginsenoside Rg1 plus doxorubicin combination shows less cytotoxicity and ROS generation in MDA10A normal breast cancer cell lines. Therefore, the present results support the chemosensitizing property of ginsenoside Rg1 in triple-negative breast cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengcui Liu
- Department of Galactophore, Linyi Central Hospital, Linyi, China
| | - Junhua Huang
- Thyroid and Breast Surgery Department, Chengdu Fifth People's Hospital, Sichuan Chengdu, China
| | - Fucun Gao
- Department of Galactophore, Linyi Central Hospital, Linyi, China
| | - Zhiping Yin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Ruikui Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Special Service Emergency, Special Medical Center of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Tianjin, China
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Hamilton G, Rath B. Applicability of tumor spheroids for in vitro chemosensitivity assays. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2018; 15:15-23. [DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2019.1554055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Hamilton
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Rath
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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6
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Adipocyte microenvironment promotes Bcl xl expression and confers chemoresistance in ovarian cancer cells. Apoptosis 2018; 22:558-569. [PMID: 28012060 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-016-1339-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to mitochondria-initiated apoptosis is a hallmark of chemoresistant cancer stem cells including CD44+/MyD88+ epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) stem cells. This is controlled by members of the Bcl2 family of proteins, which function as rheostats of mitochondrial stability. We observed a differential expression profile of Bcl2 family members comparing the chemoresistant EOC stem cells and the chemosensitive CD44-/MyD88- EOC cells. Chemoresistant EOC stem cells surprisingly express higher levels of the pro-apoptotic members Bak and Bax compared to the chemosensitive EOC cells. In addition, whereas chemosensitive EOC cells preferentially express Bcl2, chemoresistant EOC stem cells preferentially express Bclxl. In the EOC stem cells, 40% knock-down of Bclxl expression was sufficient to induce the full activation of caspases and this can be reversed by concurrent knock-down of Puma. More importantly, we demonstrate that Bclxl expression levels in EOC cells is dynamic and can be regulated by microenvironments that are enriched with the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 such as the cancer stem cell and adipocyte niches. Adipocyte-induced upregulation of Bclxl correlated with acquisition of chemoresistance and thus demonstrates how a specific microenvironment can regulate the expression of apoptotic proteins and confer chemoresistance.
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7
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Gencoglu MF, Barney LE, Hall CL, Brooks EA, Schwartz AD, Corbett DC, Stevens KR, Peyton SR. Comparative Study of Multicellular Tumor Spheroid Formation Methods and Implications for Drug Screening. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2017. [PMID: 29527571 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.7b00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Improved in vitro models are needed to better understand cancer progression and bridge the gap between in vitro proof-of-concept studies, in vivo validation, and clinical application. Multicellular tumor spheroids (MCTS) are a popular method for three-dimensional (3D) cell culture, because they capture some aspects of the dimensionality, cell-cell contact, and cell-matrix interactions seen in vivo. Many approaches exist to create MCTS from cell lines, and they have been used to study tumor cell invasion, growth, and how cells respond to drugs in physiologically relevant 3D microenvironments. However, there are several discrepancies in the observations made of cell behaviors when comparing between MCTS formation methods. To resolve these inconsistencies, we created and compared the behavior of breast, prostate, and ovarian cancer cells across three MCTS formation methods: in polyNIPAAM gels, in microwells, or in suspension culture. These methods formed MCTS via proliferation from single cells or passive aggregation, and therefore showed differential reliance on genes important for cell-cell or cell-matrix interactions. We also found that the MCTS formation method dictated drug sensitivity, where MCTS formed over longer periods of time via clonal growth were more resistant to treatment. Toward clinical application, we compared an ovarian cancer cell line MCTS formed in polyNIPAAM with cells from patient-derived malignant ascites. The method that relied on clonal growth (PolyNIPAAM gel) was more time and cost intensive, but yielded MCTS that were uniformly spherical, and exhibited the most reproducible drug responses. Conversely, MCTS methods that relied on aggregation were faster, but yielded MCTS with grapelike, lobular structures. These three MCTS formation methods differed in culture time requirements and complexity, and had distinct drug response profiles, suggesting the choice of MCTS formation method should be carefully chosen based on the application required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria F Gencoglu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, N540 Life Sciences Laboratories, 240 Thatcher Road, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003-9364, United States
| | - Lauren E Barney
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, N540 Life Sciences Laboratories, 240 Thatcher Road, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003-9364, United States
| | - Christopher L Hall
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, N540 Life Sciences Laboratories, 240 Thatcher Road, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003-9364, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Brooks
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, N540 Life Sciences Laboratories, 240 Thatcher Road, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003-9364, United States
| | - Alyssa D Schwartz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, N540 Life Sciences Laboratories, 240 Thatcher Road, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003-9364, United States
| | - Daniel C Corbett
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-5061, United States
| | - Kelly R Stevens
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-5061, United States
| | - Shelly R Peyton
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, N540 Life Sciences Laboratories, 240 Thatcher Road, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003-9364, United States
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8
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Novel Monte Carlo approach quantifies data assemblage utility and reveals power of integrating molecular and clinical information for cancer prognosis. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15563. [PMID: 26503707 PMCID: PMC4622081 DOI: 10.1038/srep15563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Current clinical practice in cancer stratifies patients based on tumour histology to determine prognosis. Molecular profiling has been hailed as the path towards personalised care, but molecular data are still typically analysed independently of known clinical information. Conventional clinical and histopathological data, if used, are added only to improve a molecular prediction, placing a high burden upon molecular data to be informative in isolation. Here, we develop a novel Monte Carlo analysis to evaluate the usefulness of data assemblages. We applied our analysis to varying assemblages of clinical data and molecular data in an ovarian cancer dataset, evaluating their ability to discriminate one-year progression-free survival (PFS) and three-year overall survival (OS). We found that Cox proportional hazard regression models based on both data types together provided greater discriminative ability than either alone. In particular, we show that proteomics data assemblages that alone were uninformative (p = 0.245 for PFS, p = 0.526 for OS) became informative when combined with clinical information (p = 0.022 for PFS, p = 0.048 for OS). Thus, concurrent analysis of clinical and molecular data enables exploitation of prognosis-relevant information that may not be accessible from independent analysis of these data types.
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Dellinger AE, Nixon AB, Pang H. Integrative Pathway Analysis Using Graph-Based Learning with Applications to TCGA Colon and Ovarian Data. Cancer Inform 2014; 13:1-9. [PMID: 25125969 PMCID: PMC4125381 DOI: 10.4137/cin.s13634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent method development has included multi-dimensional genomic data algorithms because such methods have more accurately predicted clinical phenotypes related to disease. This study is the first to conduct an integrative genomic pathway-based analysis with a graph-based learning algorithm. The methodology of this analysis, graph-based semi-supervised learning, detects pathways that improve prediction of a dichotomous variable, which in this study is cancer stage. This analysis integrates genome-level gene expression, methylation, and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data in serous cystadenocarcinoma (OV) and colon adenocarcinoma (COAD). The top 10 ranked predictive pathways in COAD and OV were biologically relevant to their respective cancer stages and significantly enhanced prediction accuracy and area under the ROC curve (AUC) when compared to single data-type analyses. This method is an effective way to simultaneously predict binary clinical phenotypes and discover their biological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew E Dellinger
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Elon University, Elon, NC, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Andrew B Nixon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Herbert Pang
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Jiang L, Luo RY, Yang J, Cheng YX. Knockdown of survivin contributes to antitumor activity in cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer cells. Mol Med Rep 2013; 7:425-30. [PMID: 23229441 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2012.1216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Survivin (SVV) is an important member of the inhibitor of apoptosis family. It is overexpressed in a number of cancer types, including human ovarian carcinomas. SVV promotes invasion, metastasis, growth and survival of malignant cells and confers resistance to specific chemotherapeutic drugs. The present study aimed to elucidate the role and possible mechanisms of SVV in cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer cells (A2780/CP). Using a loss-of-function approach, we investigated the effects of adenovirus-mediated knockdown of SVV by small hairpin RNA (ad5-SVV) on the expression of pro-caspase-3, cleaved caspase-3, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) in A2780/CP cells by real-time PCR and western blot analysis. Proliferation was measured by MTT assay, invasive potential by Transwell, and cell apoptosis by FITC-Annexin V and propidium iodide for the functional analysis of A2780/CP cells following infection with ad5-SVV. As a result, knockdown of SVV downregulated the expression of PCNA and MMP-2 and upregulated the expression of pro-caspase-3 and cleaved caspase-3. In addition, knockdown of SVV enhanced cisplatin-induced proliferative activities, induced cell apoptosis and inhibited the invasive potential in A2780/CP cells. The present findings demonstrate that knockdown of SVV contributes to antitumor activity in cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer cells via the downregulation of PCNA and MMP-2 expression and the upregulation of caspase-3 expression and indicate that SVV is a potential target for therapeutic anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Jiang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, P.R. China
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Chefetz I, Alvero AB, Holmberg JC, Lebowitz N, Craveiro V, Yang-Hartwich Y, Yin G, Squillace L, Gurrea Soteras M, Aldo P, Mor G. TLR2 enhances ovarian cancer stem cell self-renewal and promotes tumor repair and recurrence. Cell Cycle 2013; 12:511-21. [PMID: 23324344 DOI: 10.4161/cc.23406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary ovarian cancer is responsive to treatment, but chemoresistant recurrent disease ensues in majority of patients. Recent compelling evidence demonstrates that a specific population of cancer cells, the cancer stem cells, initiates and sustains tumors. It is therefore possible that this cell population is also responsible for recurrence. We have shown previously that CD44+/MyD88+ epithelial ovarian cancer stem cells (CD44+/MyD88+ EOC stem cells) are responsible for tumor initiation. In this study, we demonstrate that this population drives tumor repair following surgery- and chemotherapy-induced tumor injury. Using in vivo and in vitro models, we also demonstrate that during the process of tumor repair, CD44+/MyD88+ EOC stem cells undergo self-renewal as evidenced by upregulation of stemness-associated genes. More importantly, we show that a pro-inflammatory microenvironment created by the TLR2-MyD88-NFκB pathway supports EOC stem cell-driven repair and self-renewal. Overall, our findings point to a specific cancer cell population, the CD44+/MyD88+ EOC stem cells and a specific pro-inflammatory pathway, the TLR2-MyD88-NFκB pathway, as two of the required players promoting tumor repair, which is associated with enhanced cancer stem cell load. Identification of these key players is the first step in elucidating the steps necessary to prevent recurrence in EOC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilana Chefetz
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Reproductive Immunology Unit, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Spitzer D, Simon PO, Kashiwagi H, Xu J, Zeng C, Vangveravong S, Zhou D, Chang K, McDunn JE, Hornick JR, Goedegebuure P, Hotchkiss RS, Mach RH, Hawkins WG. Use of multifunctional sigma-2 receptor ligand conjugates to trigger cancer-selective cell death signaling. Cancer Res 2011; 72:201-9. [PMID: 22065721 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-1354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
One major challenge in the development of cancer therapeutics is the selective delivery of the drugs to their cellular targets. In the case of pancreatic cancer, the σ-2 receptor is a unique target that triggers apoptosis upon activation. We have previously developed a series of chemical compounds with high affinity for the σ-2 receptor and showed rapid internalization of the ligands. One particular specific ligand of the σ-2 receptor, SV119, binds to pancreatic cancer cells and induces target cell death in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we characterized the ability of SV119 to selectively deliver other death-inducing cargos to augment the cytotoxic properties of SV119 itself. When conjugated to SV119, small molecules that are known to interfere with intracellular prosurvival pathways retained their ability to induce cell death, the efficiency of which was enhanced by the combinatorial effect of SV119 delivered with its small molecule cargo. Our findings define a simple platform technology to increase the tumor-selective delivery of small molecule therapeutics via σ-2 ligands, permitting chemotherapeutic synergy that can optimize efficacy and patient benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Spitzer
- Department of Surgery, Alvin J Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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13
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Wen Y, Gorsic LK, Wheeler HE, Ziliak DM, Huang RS, Dolan ME. Chemotherapeutic-induced apoptosis: a phenotype for pharmacogenomics studies. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2011; 21:476-88. [PMID: 21642893 PMCID: PMC3134538 DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0b013e3283481967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM To determine whether cellular apoptosis is a suitable phenotypic trait for pharmacogenomics studies by evaluating caspase 3/7-mediated activity in lymphoblastoid cell lines after treatment with six chemotherapeutic agents: 5'-deoxyfluorouridine, pemetrexed, cytarabine, paclitaxel, carboplatin, and cisplatin. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using monozygotic twin pair and sibling pair lymphoblastoid cell lines, we identified conditions for measurement of caspase 3/7 activity in lymphoblastoid cell lines. Genome-wide association studies were performed with over 2 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and cisplatin-induced apoptosis in HapMap CEU cell lines (n=77). RESULTS Although treatment with 5'-deoxyfluorouridine and pemetrexed for up to 24 h resulted in low levels of apoptosis or interindividual variation in caspase-dependent cell death; paclitaxel, cisplatin, carboplatin, and cytarabine treatment for 24 h resulted in 9.4-fold, 9.1-fold, 7.0-fold, and 6.0-fold increases in apoptosis relative to control, respectively. There was a weak correlation between caspase activity and cytotoxicity (r(2)=0.03-0.29) demonstrating that cytotoxicity and apoptosis are two distinct phenotypes that may produce independent genetic associations. Estimated heritability (h(2)) for apoptosis was 0.57 and 0.29 for cytarabine (5 and 40 μmol/l, respectively), 0.22 for paclitaxel (12.5 nmol/l), and 0.34 for cisplatin (5 μmol/l). In the genome-wide association study using the HapMap CEU panel, we identified a significant enrichment of cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity SNPs within the significant cisplatin-induced apoptosis SNPs and an enrichment of expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL). Among these eQTLs, we identified several eQTLs with known function related to apoptosis and/or cytotoxicity. CONCLUSION Our study identifies apoptosis as a phenotype for pharmacogenomic studies in lymphoblastoid cell lines after treatment with paclitaxel, cisplatin, carboplatin, and cytarabine that may have utility for discovering biomarkers to predict response to certain chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Heather E. Wheeler
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, the University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Dana M. Ziliak
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, the University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - R. Stephanie Huang
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, the University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - M. Eileen Dolan
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, the University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Alvero AB, Montagna MK, Holmberg JC, Craveiro V, Brown D, Mor G. Targeting the mitochondria activates two independent cell death pathways in ovarian cancer stem cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2011; 10:1385-93. [PMID: 21677151 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-11-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells are responsible for tumor initiation and chemoresistance. In ovarian cancer, the CD44+/MyD88+ ovarian cancer stem cells are also able to repair the tumor and serve as tumor vascular progenitors. Targeting these cells is therefore necessary to improve treatment outcome and patient survival. The previous demonstration that the ovarian cancer stem cells are resistant to apoptotic cell death induced by conventional chemotherapy agents suggests that other forms of targeted therapy should be explored. We show in this study that targeting mitochondrial bioenergetics is a potent stimulus to induce caspase-independent cell death in a panel of ovarian cancer stem cells. Treatment of these cells with the novel isoflavone derivative, NV-128, significantly depressed mitochondrial function exhibited by decrease in ATP, Cox-I, and Cox-IV levels, and by increase in mitochondrial superoxide and hydrogen peroxide. This promotes a state of cellular starvation that activates two independent pathways: (i) AMPKα1 pathway leading to mTOR inhibition; and (ii) mitochondrial MAP/ERK kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway leading to loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. The demonstration that a compound can specifically target the mitochondria to induce cell death in this otherwise chemoresistant cell population opens a new venue for treating ovarian cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha B Alvero
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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Leizer AL, Alvero AB, Fu HH, Holmberg JC, Cheng YC, Silasi DA, Rutherford T, Mor G. Regulation of inflammation by the NF-κB pathway in ovarian cancer stem cells. Am J Reprod Immunol 2010; 65:438-47. [PMID: 20825380 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2010.00914.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM The NFκB pathway is a major source of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which may contribute to cancer chemoresistance. We showed that constitutive NFκB activity is characteristic of the ovarian cancer stem cells (OCSCs). The aim of this study is to determine whether the inhibition of NFκB by Eriocalyxin B (EriB) in the OCSCs may induce cell death in otherwise chemoresistant cells. METHODS OCSCs and mature ovarian cancer cells (mOCCs) were treated with increasing concentrations of EriB. Cell viability was measured using the Celltiter 96 assay, and caspase activity was quantified using Caspase-Glo™ assay. Cytokine levels were quantified using xMAP technology. RESULTS EriB decreased the percent of viable cells in all cultures tested with GI(50) of 0.5-1 μm after 48 hrs of treatment. The intracellular changes associated with EriB-induced cell death are: (i) inhibition of NF-κB activity; (ii) decreased cytokine production; (iii) activation of caspases; and (iv) down-regulation of XIAP. In addition, EriB is able to sensitize OCSCs to TNFα and FasL-mediated cell death. CONCLUSION Inhibition of the NFκB pathway induces cell death in the OCSCs. Because the OCSCs may represent the source of recurrence and chemoresistance, the use of NFκB inhibitors like EriB may prevent recurrence in patients with ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliza L Leizer
- Department of Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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Alvero AB, Fu HH, Holmberg J, Visintin I, Mor L, Marquina CC, Oidtman J, Silasi DA, Mor G. Stem-like ovarian cancer cells can serve as tumor vascular progenitors. Stem Cells 2010; 27:2405-13. [PMID: 19658191 DOI: 10.1002/stem.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Neovascularization is required for solid tumor maintenance, progression, and metastasis. The most described contribution of cancer cells in tumor neovascularization is the secretion of factors, which attract various cell types to establish a microenvironment that promotes blood vessel formation. The cancer stem cell hypothesis suggests that tumors are composed of cells that may share the differentiation capacity of normal stem cells. Similar to normal stem cells, cancer stem cells (CSCs) have the capacity to acquire different phenotypes. Thus, it is possible that CSCs have a bigger role in the process of tumor neovascularization. In this study, we show the capacity of a specific population of ovarian cancer cells with stem-like properties to give rise to xenograft tumors containing blood vessels, which are lined by human CD34+ cells. In addition, when cultured in high-density Matrigel, these cells mimic the behavior of normal endothelial cells and can form vessel-like structures in 24 hours. Microscopic analysis showed extensive branching and maturation of vessel-like structures in 7 days. Western blot and flow cytometry analysis showed that this process is accompanied by the acquisition of classic endothelial markers, CD34 and VE-cadherin. More importantly, we show that this process is vascular endothelial growth factor-independent, but IKK beta-dependent. Our findings suggest that anti-angiogenic therapies should take into consideration the inherent capacity of these cells to serve as vascular progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha B Alvero
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Reproductive Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
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Wu X, Feng QM, Wang Y, Shi J, Ge HL, Di W. The immunologic aspects in advanced ovarian cancer patients treated with paclitaxel and carboplatin chemotherapy. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2010; 59:279-91. [PMID: 19727719 PMCID: PMC11030086 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-009-0749-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2009] [Accepted: 07/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Till now, little is known about the effects of chemotherapy on the immunity of cancer patients and the ideal timing ("window" period) for immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy. In this study, we addressed the immunogenicity of apoptotic ovarian cancer cells induced by paclitaxel and carboplatin, the immunologic aspects in ovarian cancer patients under chemotherapy, and the CTL response when CD8(+) T cells were stimulated with tumor antigen in the "window" period. The immunogenicity of apoptotic ovarian cancer cells was detected first. Then, blood samples from each ovarian cancer patient were obtained before (S(0)) and at days 5-7 (S(1)), days 12-14 (S(2)) and days 25-28 (S(3)) after chemotherapy. The proportions of immunocyte subsets and the function of NK cells were studied. We found that apoptotic ovarian cancer cells elicited a powerful CTL response with antitumor activity in vitro. The proportions of CD3(+) T cells, CD4(+) T cells and the ratio of CD4(+) to CD8(+) cells did not change significantly on S(1), S(2) and S(3), compared to S(0), whereas the percentage of Treg cells decreased remarkably on S(2). The proportions of Th1, Tc1, CD45RO memory T, NKT cells and the ratio of Tc1 to Tc2 cells increased significantly on S(2). IFN-gamma secreting CD8(+) T cells also increased remarkably on S(2), especially when CD8(+) T cells were stimulated with autologous tumor antigen. From our point of view, chemotherapy induces temporary immune reconstitution and augments anti-tumor immune response. It is probable that the "window" period of days 12-14 after chemotherapy provides the best opportunity for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 200127 Shanghai, China.
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Green JM, Alvero AB, Kohen F, Mor G. 7-(O)-Carboxymethyl daidzein conjugated to N-t-Boc-hexylenediamine: a novel compound capable of inducing cell death in epithelial ovarian cancer stem cells. Cancer Biol Ther 2009; 8:1747-53. [PMID: 19738422 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.8.18.9285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the major difficulties in the treatment of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the high rate of recurrent disease. This is thought to be due to the survival of a population of chemo-resistant cells within the tumor, the ovarian cancer stem cells (OCSCs), that are able to regenerate the tumor following chemotherapy. Therefore, the identification of a compund that can target the OCSCs is one of the main steps in improving overall survival of ovarian cancer patients. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of N-t-boc-Daidzein, a novel daidzain derivative, on OCSCs. The efficacy of this compound was evaluated in OCSC and mature ovarian cancer cell (mOCC) lines isolated from malignant ovarian cancer asicites. Cells were treated with increasing concentrations of N-t-boc-Daidzein (0.003-10 microM) and cell growth was monitored by "real time in vitro micro-imaging" using the IncuCyte system. Cell viability was measured using the CellTiter 96 Assay. Apoptosis was determined by Caspase-Glo 3/7, 8 and 9 assays. The components of the apoptotic cascade were characterized by western blot analysis. N-t-boc-Daidzein was able to significantly inhibit cell growth and decrease cell viability of OCSC as well as mOCC cells in a dose and time dependent maner. This effect was due to the induction of apoptosis, which is characterized by caspase activation, XIAP and AKT degradation, and mitochondrial depolarization. This study describes a novel compound that can target the OCSCs. These findings may provide vital aide in improving overall survival in patients with EOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie M Green
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Reproductive Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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Kashiwagi H, McDunn JE, Simon PO, Goedegebuure PS, Vangveravong S, Chang K, Hotchkiss RS, Mach RH, Hawkins WG. Sigma-2 receptor ligands potentiate conventional chemotherapies and improve survival in models of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. J Transl Med 2009; 7:24. [PMID: 19323815 PMCID: PMC2669042 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-7-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2008] [Accepted: 03/26/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously reported that the sigma-2 receptor is highly expressed in pancreas cancer. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that sigma-2 receptor specific ligands induce apoptosis in a dose-dependent fashion. Here, we examined whether sigma-2 receptor ligands potentiate conventional chemotherapies such as gemcitabine and paclitaxel. METHODS Mouse (Panc-02) and human (CFPAC-1, Panc-1, AsPC-1) pancreas cancer cell lines were used in this study. Apoptosis was determined by FACS or immunohistochemical analysis after TUNEL and Caspase-3 staining. Combination therapy with the sigma-2 ligand SV119 and the conventional chemotherapies gemcitabine and paclitaxel was evaluated in an allogenic animal model of pancreas cancer. RESULTS SV119, gemcitabine, and paclitaxel induced apoptosis in a dose-dependent fashion in all pancreas cancer cell lines tested. Combinations demonstrated increases in apoptosis. Mice were treated with SV119 (1 mg/day) which was administered in combination with paclitaxel (300 microg/day) over 7 days to mice with established tumors. A survival benefit was observed with combination therapy (p = 0.0002). Every other day treatment of SV119 (1 mg/day) in combination with weekly treatment of gemcitabine (1.5 mg/week) for 2 weeks also showed a survival benefit (p = 0.046). Animals tolerated the combination therapy and no gross toxicity was noted in serum biochemistry data or on necropsy. CONCLUSION SV119 augments tumoricidal activity of paclitaxel and gemcitabine without major side effects. These results highlight the potential utility of the sigma-2 ligand as an adjuvant treatment in pancreas cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kashiwagi
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S, Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8109, St, Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Anticancer effect of tetrandrine on primary cancer cells isolated from ascites and pleural fluids. Cancer Lett 2008; 268:166-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2007] [Revised: 03/16/2008] [Accepted: 03/27/2008] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Chen R, Alvero AB, Silasi DA, Kelly MG, Fest S, Visintin I, Leiser A, Schwartz PE, Rutherford T, Mor G. Regulation of IKKbeta by miR-199a affects NF-kappaB activity in ovarian cancer cells. Oncogene 2008; 27:4712-23. [PMID: 18408758 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2008.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cancer progression is an abnormal form of tissue repair characterized by chronic inflammation. IkappaB kinase-beta (IKKbeta) required for nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation plays a critical role in this process. Using EOC cells isolated from malignant ovarian cancer ascites and solid tumors, we identified IKKbeta as a major factor promoting a functional TLR-MyD88-NF-kappaB pathway that confers to EOC cell the capacity to constitutively secrete proinflammatory/protumor cytokines and therefore promoting tumor progression and chemoresistance. Furthermore, we describe for the first time the identification of the microRNA hsa-miR-199a as a regulator of IKKbeta expression. Our study describes the property of ovarian cancer cells to enhance the inflammatory microenvironment as a result of the expression of an active IKKbeta pathway. Identification of these markers in patients' tumor samples may facilitate the adequate selection of treatment and open new venues for the development of effective therapy for chemoresistant ovarian cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Chen
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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Wang T, Wei J, Qian X, Ding Y, Yu L, Liu B. Gambogic acid, a potent inhibitor of survivin, reverses docetaxel resistance in gastric cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2008; 262:214-22. [PMID: 18248784 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2007.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2007] [Revised: 11/29/2007] [Accepted: 12/03/2007] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chemoresistance is a major obstacle to successful cancer chemotherapy. In this study, we examined the ability of gambogic acid (GA) to reverse docetaxel resistance in BGC-823/Doc gastric cancer cells. METHODS The cytotoxic and apoptotic effect of drugs were evaluated by MTT assay and double staining with both Annexin-V-FITC and PI. Cell cycle analysis was determined by PI-stained flow cytometry. Expression of survivin and bcl-2 were evaluated by real-time quantitative RT-PCR. RESULTS Treatment of BGC-823/Doc cells with gambogic acid at concentrations of 0.05 microM, 0.1 microM, and 0.2 microM, led to a dramatic increase in docetaxel-induced cytotoxicity without any cytotoxicity by itself. In parallel, gambogic acid treatment caused an increase in apoptotic cell death by docetaxel. Cell cycle analysis indicated that gambogic acid treatment potentiated docetaxel-induced G2/M arrest. Analysis of apoptotic associated gene revealed that gambogic acid singly or in combination with docetaxel significantly downregulate the mRNA expression of survivin, while with no effect on bcl-2. CONCLUSIONS Our results describe the potential role of gambogic acid to reverse docetaxel resistance though downregulation of survivin, which may make it an attractive new agent for the chemosensitization of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Wang
- Department of Oncology, Drum Tower Hospital, Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Zhongshan Road 321, Nanjing 210008, China
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Alvero AB, Montagna MK, Mor G. Correlation of caspase activity and in vitro chemo-response in epithelial ovarian cancer cell lines. Methods Mol Biol 2008; 414:79-82. [PMID: 18175813 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-339-4_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The immediate assessment of response to therapy is most beneficial to ovarian cancer patients. This study shows the correlation of drug-induced caspase activation determined by western blot analysis and by Caspase-Glotrade mark assay. Our findings demonstrate that the use of the Caspase-Glotrade mark assay allows a simple, fast, and sensitive alternative for the evaluation of in vitro response to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha B Alvero
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Abstract
Interference with the innate apoptotic activity is a hallmark of neoplastic transformation and tumor formation. Modulation of the apoptotic cascade has been proposed as a new approach for the treatment of cancer. In this chapter, we discuss the role of apoptosis in ovarian cancer and the use of phenoxodiol as a model for the regulation of apoptosis and potential use as chemosensitizer for chemoresistant ovarian cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil Mor
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Kelly MG, Alvero AB, Chen R, Silasi DA, Abrahams VM, Chan S, Visintin I, Rutherford T, Mor G. TLR-4 signaling promotes tumor growth and paclitaxel chemoresistance in ovarian cancer. Cancer Res 2006; 66:3859-68. [PMID: 16585214 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-3948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 388] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that an inflammatory profile of cytokines and chemokines persisting at a particular site would lead to the development of a chronic disease. Recent studies implicate bacterial infection as one possible link between inflammation and carcinogenesis; however, the crucial molecular pathways involved remain unknown. We hypothesized that one possible upstream signaling pathway leading to inflammation in carcinogenesis may be mediated by Toll-like receptors (TLR). We describe for the first time an adaptive mechanism acquired by ovarian cancer cells that allows them to promote a proinflammatory environment and develop chemoresistance. We propose that the TLR-4-MyD88 signaling pathway may be a risk factor for developing cancer and may represent a novel target for the development of biomodulators. Our work explains how bacterial products, such as lipopolysaccharide, can promote, directly from the tumor, the production of proinflammatory cytokines and the enhancement of tumor survival. In addition, we provide new evidence that links TLR-4 signaling, inflammation, and chemoresistance in ovarian cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Kelly
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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