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Luisa Valerio de Mello Braga L, Simão G, Silva Schiebel C, Caroline Dos Santos Maia A, Mulinari Turin de Oliveira N, Barbosa da Luz B, Rita Corso C, Soares Fernandes E, Maria Ferreira D. Rodent models for anticancer toxicity studies: contributions to drug development and future perspectives. Drug Discov Today 2023:103626. [PMID: 37224998 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Antineoplastic treatment induces a type of gastrointestinal toxicity known as mucositis. Findings in animal models are usually easily reproducible, and standardized treatment regimens are often used, thus supporting translational science. Essential characteristics of mucositis, including intestinal permeability, inflammation, immune and oxidative responses, and tissue repair mechanisms, can be easily investigated in these models. Given the effects of mucositis on the quality of life of patients with cancer, and the importance of experimental models in the development of more effective new therapeutic alternatives, this review discusses progress and current challenges in using experimental models of mucositis in translational pharmacology research. Teaser Experimental models for studying gastrointestinal mucositis have provided a wealth of information improving the understanding of antineoplastic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Luisa Valerio de Mello Braga
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, PR, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia Aplicada à Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente, Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Gisele Simão
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, PR, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia Aplicada à Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente, Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Carolina Silva Schiebel
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, PR, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia Aplicada à Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente, Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Andressa Caroline Dos Santos Maia
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, PR, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia Aplicada à Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente, Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Natalia Mulinari Turin de Oliveira
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, PR, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia Aplicada à Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente, Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Bruna Barbosa da Luz
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Claudia Rita Corso
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, PR, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia Aplicada à Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente, Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth Soares Fernandes
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, PR, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia Aplicada à Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente, Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Daniele Maria Ferreira
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, PR, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia Aplicada à Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente, Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
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Experimental Chemotherapy-Induced Mucositis: A Scoping Review Guiding the Design of Suitable Preclinical Models. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315434. [PMID: 36499758 PMCID: PMC9737148 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucositis is a common and most debilitating complication associated with the cytotoxicity of chemotherapy. The condition affects the entire alimentary canal from the mouth to the anus and has a significant clinical and economic impact. Although oral and intestinal mucositis can occur concurrently in the same individual, these conditions are often studied independently using organ-specific models that do not mimic human disease. Hence, the purpose of this scoping review was to provide a comprehensive yet systematic overview of the animal models that are utilised in the study of chemotherapy-induced mucositis. A search of PubMed/MEDLINE and Scopus databases was conducted to identify all relevant studies. Multiple phases of filtering were conducted, including deduplication, title/abstract screening, full-text screening, and data extraction. Studies were reported according to the updated Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines. An inter-rater reliability test was conducted using Cohen's Kappa score. After title, abstract, and full-text screening, 251 articles met the inclusion criteria. Seven articles investigated both chemotherapy-induced intestinal and oral mucositis, 198 articles investigated chemotherapy-induced intestinal mucositis, and 46 studies investigated chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis. Among a total of 205 articles on chemotherapy-induced intestinal mucositis, 103 utilised 5-fluorouracil, 34 irinotecan, 16 platinum-based drugs, 33 methotrexate, and 32 other chemotherapeutic agents. Thirteen articles reported the use of a combination of 5-fluorouracil, irinotecan, platinum-based drugs, or methotrexate to induce intestinal mucositis. Among a total of 53 articles on chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis, 50 utilised 5-fluorouracil, 2 irinotecan, 2 methotrexate, 1 topotecan and 1 with other chemotherapeutic drugs. Three articles used a combination of these drugs to induce oral mucositis. Various animal models such as mice, rats, hamsters, piglets, rabbits, and zebrafish were used. The chemotherapeutic agents were introduced at various dosages via three routes of administration. Animals were mainly mice and rats. Unlike intestinal mucositis, most oral mucositis models combined mechanical or chemical irritation with chemotherapy. In conclusion, this extensive assessment of the literature revealed that there was a large variation among studies that reproduce oral and intestinal mucositis in animals. To assist with the design of a suitable preclinical model of chemotherapy-induced alimentary tract mucositis, animal types, routes of administration, dosages, and types of drugs were reported in this study. Further research is required to define an optimal protocol that improves the translatability of findings to humans.
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Mousa AM, Allemailem KS, Alhumaydhi FA, Alrumaihi F, Almatroudi A, Alwashmi AS, Aljasir M, Al Rugaie O, Aljohani ASM, Soliman KEA, Rezk MY, Hegazy AMS, Seleem HS. Could Mesna and Celery Seed Cotherapy Modulate Oxidative Stress and Inflammation of the Urinary Bladder Induced by Ifosfamide in Rabbits? J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:5837-5847. [PMID: 34795496 PMCID: PMC8594558 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s337405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ifosfamide (IFS) has potential complications such as nephropathy and hemorrhagic cystitis (HC). Although mesna can prevent IFS-induced cystitis by direct binding and neutralization of acrolein, HC symptoms have still been observed clinically in most of these cases. Celery is a powerful healing vegetable that has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer effects. The current study evaluated the synergistic effects of mesna and celery seed on IFS-induced HC in rabbits. Methods Twenty male rabbits (four groups) were administered distilled water, IFS, mesna, and mesna+celery seed cotherapy (MCC) for three weeks. The serum and urinary bladder of experimental rabbits underwent biochemical (TNF-α, MDA, iNOS, SOD, GPx, and CAT), histopathological and ultrastructural investigations to evaluate the structural changes of the urinary bladder (UB). Results IFS injection resulted in severe cystitis with a remarkable increase in the scale of hematuria, elevations of TNF-α, MDA, and iNOS activity, and reduced activity of SOD, GPx, and CAT antioxidants. Additionally, the structure of UB exhibited evident mucosal edema and ulceration. In contrast, the MCC regimen group revealed partial synergistic improvement of all mentioned parameters. Conclusion IFS induced cystitis by releasing acrolein, which exerted a significant role in the pathogenesis of HC. In contrast, the MCC intake partially ameliorated the UB damage through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman M Mousa
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, 51452, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, 13518, Egypt
| | - Khaled S Allemailem
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, 51452, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad A Alhumaydhi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faris Alrumaihi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Almatroudi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ameen S Alwashmi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Aljasir
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osamah Al Rugaie
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Unaizah, 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah S M Aljohani
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agricultural and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah, 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled E A Soliman
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Unaizah, 51452, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, 82524, Egypt
| | - Mohamad Y Rezk
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Unaizah, 51452, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Al-Sharquia, 44519, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M S Hegazy
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Northern Border University, Arar, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, 13518, Egypt
| | - Hanan S Seleem
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Unaizah, 51452, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin Elkoum, Egypt
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Filiz S, Enis U, Mustafa I, Aysegul C, Elvan B. Protective Effect of Mesna on Intestinal Ischemia-reperfusion Injury by Nitric Oxide and Arginase in an Experimental Rat Model. INT J PHARMACOL 2017. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2017.1038.1046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Triantafyllidis I, Poutahidis T, Taitzoglou I, Kesisoglou I, Lazaridis C, Botsios D. Treatment with Mesna and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ameliorates experimental ulcerative colitis in rats. Int J Exp Pathol 2016; 96:433-43. [PMID: 26852691 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative damage is a central feature of ulcerative colitis. Here, we tested whether the antioxidant Mesna, when administered alone or in combination with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), affects the outcome of dextran sodium sulphate (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis in rats. After the induction of colitis, DSS-treated rats were further treated orally (p.o), intraperitoneally (i.p) or intrarectally (i.r) for either 7 or 14 days with Mesna, n-3 PUFAs or both. Rats were euthanized at the end of each treatment period. Clinical disease activity index was recorded throughout the experiment. At necropsy colorectal gross lesions were scored. Colitis was scored histologically, and the expression of myeloperoxidase (MPO), caspase-3, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and nuclear factor κB (NF-κΒ) in colonic tissue was assessed by immunohistochemistry. Mesna alone was sufficient to significantly reduce colorectal tissue damage when administered orally or intraperitoneally. Orally coadministered n-3 PUFAs enhanced this effect, resulting in the significant suppression of DSS colitis after 7 days, and a remarkable recovery of colorectal mucosa was evident after 14 days of treatment. The amelioration of colon pathology co-existed with a significant decrease in MPO expression, overexpression of iNOS and reduction of nuclear NF-κB p65 in inflammatory cells, and the suppression of apoptosis in colonic epithelial cells. The simultaneous administration of Mesna and n-3 PUFAs is particularly effective in ameliorating DSS colitis in rats, by reducing oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis, probably through a mechanism that involves the inhibition of NF-κB and overexpression of iNOS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Theofilos Poutahidis
- Laboratory of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Taitzoglou
- Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Isaak Kesisoglou
- 3rd Department of Surgery, AHEPA University Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Charalampos Lazaridis
- 4th Department of Surgery, Papanikolaou University Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Botsios
- 4th Department of Surgery, Papanikolaou University Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Li X, Yang S, Lv X, Sun H, Weng J, Liang Y, Zhou D. The mechanism of mesna in protection from cisplatin-induced ovarian damage in female rats. J Gynecol Oncol 2013; 24:177-85. [PMID: 23653836 PMCID: PMC3644695 DOI: 10.3802/jgo.2013.24.2.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Cisplatin is a widely used chemotherapeutic agent in the treatment of cancers in clinic; but it often induces adverse effects on ovarian functions such as reduced fertility and premature menopause. Mesna could attenuate the cisplatin-induced ovarian damages; however, the underlying mechanism is still unknown. This study aimed to figure out the underlying mechanism of the protection of mesna for ovaries against cisplatin therapy in cancers. Methods We performed female adult Sprague-Dawley rats into normal saline control (NS), low-dose cisplatin (CL), high-dose cisplatin (CH), CL plus mesna (CL+M), and CH plus mesna (CH+M) groups and detected anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH)-positive follicle, oxidative stress status and anti-oxidative capability in ovaries. Results AMH-positive follicles were significantly decreased after cisplatin administration, which was significantly reversed when mesna was co-administered with cisplatin. The end product of lipid peroxidation, malondialdehyde (MDA), was significantly increased, but the anti-oxidative enzymatic activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) were significantly decreased in cisplatin groups when compared with NS group. In contrast, after co-administration of cisplatin with mesna, MDA was significantly decreased whereas the activity of SOD and the concentration of GSH were increased. Moreover, mesna did not decrease the anti-tumor property of cisplatin in HePG2 cell lines. Conclusion Cisplatin damages the granulosa cells by oxidative stress to deplete the ovarian reserve and mesna could protect ovarian reserve through anti-oxidation. These results might highlight the mechanism of the protection of mesna for ovarian reserve and open an avenue for the application of mesna as a protective additive in cisplatin chemotherapy in clinical practise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohuan Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Yilmaz ER, Kertmen H, Gürer B, Kanat MA, Arikok AT, Ergüder BI, Hasturk AE, Ergil J, Sekerci Z. The protective effect of 2-mercaptoethane sulfonate (MESNA) against traumatic brain injury in rats. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2013; 155:141-9; discussion 149. [PMID: 23053276 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-012-1501-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The agent, 2-mercaptoethane sulfonate (MESNA), is a synthetic small molecule, widely used as a systemic protective agent against chemotherapy toxicity, but is primarily used to reduce hemorrhagic cystitis induced by cyclophosphamide. Because MESNA has potential antioxidant and cytoprotective effects, so we hypothesized that MESNA may protect the brain against traumatic injury. METHOD Thirty-two rats were randomized into four groups of eight animals each; Group 1 (sham), Group 2 (trauma), Group 3 (150 mg/kg MESNA), Group 4 (30 mg/kg methylprednisolone). Only skin incision was performed in the sham group. In all the other groups, the traumatic brain injury model was created by an object weighing 450 g falling freely from a height of 70 cm through a copper tube on to the metal disc over the skull. The drugs were administered immediately after the injury. The animals were killed 24 h later. Brain tissues were extracted for analysis, where levels of tissue malondialdehyde, caspase-3, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, nitric oxide, nitric oxide synthetase and xanthine oxidase were analyzed. Also, histopathological evaluation of the tissues was performed. RESULTS After head trauma, tissue malondialdehyde levels increased; these levels were significantly decreased by MESNA administration. Caspase-3 levels were increased after trauma, but no effect of MESNA was determined in caspase-3 activity. Following trauma, both glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase levels were decreased; MESNA increased the activity of both these antioxidant enzymes. Also, after trauma, nitric oxide, nitric oxide synthetase and xanthine oxidase levels were increased; administration of MESNA significantly decreased the levels of nitric oxide, nitric oxide synthetase and xanthine oxidase, promising an antioxidant activity. Histopathological analysis showed that MESNA protected the brain tissues well from injury. CONCLUSIONS Although further studies considering different dose regimens and time intervals are required, MESNA was shown to be at least as effective as methylprednisolone in the traumatic brain injury model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdal Resit Yilmaz
- Neurosurgery Clinic, Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Education and Research Hospital, Ministry of Health, Ankara, Turkey
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Dolgun H, Sekerci Z, Turkoglu E, Kertmen H, Yilmaz ER, Anlar M, Erguder IB, Tuna H. Neuroprotective effect of mesna (2-mercaptoethane sulfonate) against spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion injury in rabbits. J Clin Neurosci 2010; 17:486-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2009.07.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2009] [Revised: 07/02/2009] [Accepted: 07/07/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Tutuian R. Adverse effects of drugs on the esophagus. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2010; 24:91-7. [PMID: 20227023 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2010.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2009] [Revised: 02/09/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Given the function of the esophagus to transport orally ingested solids and liquids into the stomach there are several medications with adverse effect on esophageal structures and function. Various pharmacologic agents can induce esophageal injury, promote gastroesophageal reflux by decreasing lower esophageal sphincter tone or affect esophageal perception and motility. The risks of bisphosphonates, doxycycline, ferrous sulfate, ascorbic acid, aspirin/NSAIDs and chemotherapeutic agents to induce esophageal lesions have been documented in case reports and short series. In addition to direct mucosal injury, many commonly used medications including nitroglycerins, anticholinergics, beta-adrenergic agonists, aminophyllines, and benzodiazepines promote/facilitate gastroesophageal reflux by reducing lower esophageal sphincter pressure. Additional evidence accumulates on the adverse effects of various medications on esophageal motility and perception. The treatment of medication-induced esophageal lesions includes (1) identifying and discontinuing the causative medication, (2) promoting healing of esophageal injury by decreasing esophageal acid exposure or coating already existing esophageal lesions, (3) eventual use of protective compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radu Tutuian
- Division of Gastroenterology, University Clinics of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Bern University Hospital, Inselspital Bern, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland.
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Das U, Sharma RK, Dimmock JR. 1,5-diaryl-3-oxo-1,4-pentadienes: a case for antineoplastics with multiple targets. Curr Med Chem 2009; 16:2001-20. [PMID: 19519378 PMCID: PMC3326067 DOI: 10.2174/092986709788682218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A number of organic molecules which contain the 1,5-diaryl-3-oxo-1,4-pentadienyl group, referred to hereafter as the dienone moiety, have antineoplastic properties. Emphasis is made on the attachment of this structural moiety to several molecular scaffolds, namely piperidines, N-acylpiperidines, cycloalkanes and 3,4-dihydro-1H-napthalenes. Many of these compounds are potent cytotoxins having micromolar and nanomolar IC(50) values towards a wide range of neoplastic and transformed cells. On occasions, greater toxicity towards neoplasms than normal cells has been demonstrated. A number of these compounds have in vivo anticancer properties and in general excellent tolerability in rodents is demonstrated. The way in which a number of physicochemical properties such as redox potentials, torsion angles, atomic charges and logP values govern cytotoxic potencies are presented. The importance of the shapes of different compounds as determined by molecular modeling in contributing to antineoplastic properties is outlined. Arguments are presented in favour of designing antineoplastics which have multiple sites of action in contrast to those bioactive molecules which have only one molecular target. A number of compounds which possess the dienone group have different modes of action some of which are chronicled in this review, such as inducing apoptosis, affecting respiration in mitochondria, inhibiting macromolecular biosynthesis and both inhibiting and stimulating certain enzymes. Other important properties of these compounds are discussed including their anti-angiogenic, MDR-revertant and antioxidant properties. It is hoped that this eulogy of the importance of the dienone group will encourage researchers to consider incorporating this structural unit into candidate cytotoxins in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Das
- Drug Design and Discovery Research Group, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
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Ypsilantis P, Tentes I, Lambropoulou M, Anagnostopoulos K, Papadopoulos N, Kortsaris A, Simopoulos C. Prophylaxis with mesna prevents oxidative stress induced by ischemia reperfusion in the intestine via inhibition of nuclear factor-kappaB activation. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008; 23:328-35. [PMID: 17868332 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2007.05154.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Mesna (2-mercaptoethane-sulfonate) has been shown to attenuate oxidative injury induced by ischemia reperfusion (I/R) in the kidneys, the liver, and the intestine; however, its mechanism of action has not been fully elucidated. We sought to determine a prophylactic administration schedule of mesna that would confer optimal antioxidant protection on the intestinal mucosa following I/R and to investigate whether mesna's action is mediated via inhibition of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activity. METHODS Wistar rats were subjected to one of the following: (a) induction of 30 min ischemia followed by 60 min reperfusion (I30/R60) of the intestine, (b) pretreatment with intraperitoneal or oral mesna at various time- and dose- administration schedules plus I30/R60, (c) sham operation, (d) no operation (controls), or (e) oral mesna alone. At the end of the reperfusion period or at various time points after mesna alone administration, the oxidative state of the intestinal mucosa was assessed in terms of glutathione to glutathione disulfide ratio, malondialdehyde concentration, and superoxide dismutase activity. In addition, NF-kappaB activity in the intestinal mucosa was assessed immunohistochemically in the oral mesna plus I/R and in the oral mesna alone groups. RESULTS Sham operation caused mild stress, while I/R caused substantial oxidative stress in the intestinal mucosa. Mesna pretreatment had an antioxidant effect which varied from attenuation to prevention of oxidative stress. Over the two routes of administration, the oral proved to be more effective and had a time- and dose- dependent effect. The antioxidant action of mesna was not related to enhancement of the intestinal mucosa oxidative state. Furthermore, I/R induced NF-kappaB activation in the intestinal mucosa which was inhibited by mesna pretreatment. In the absence of oxidative damage, mesna led to downregulation of activated NF-kappaB. CONCLUSIONS Prophylaxis with mesna prevents oxidative stress induced by I/R in the intestine via inhibition of NF-kappaB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petros Ypsilantis
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research, School of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece.
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Pati HN, Das U, Quail JW, Kawase M, Sakagami H, Dimmock JR. Cytotoxic 3,5-bis(benzylidene)piperidin-4-ones and N-acyl analogs displaying selective toxicity for malignant cells. Eur J Med Chem 2007; 43:1-7. [PMID: 17499885 PMCID: PMC3276587 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2007.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2007] [Revised: 03/06/2007] [Accepted: 03/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A series of 3,5-bis(benzylidene)piperidin-4-ones 1, 1-acryloyl-3,5-bis(benzylidene)piperidin-4-ones 2 and adducts of 2 with sodium 2-mercaptoethanesulfonate (mesna), namely series 3, were prepared as candidate cytotoxic agents. These compounds were examined against neoplastic HSC-2, HSC-4 and HL-60 cells as well as HGF, HPC and HPLF normal cell lines and many of the compounds displayed selective toxicity for malignant cells. The CC50 values of the analogs in series 2 towards the cancer cell lines were mainly submicromolar. The relative potencies, selectivity and logP values were in the order of 2>1>3. The sulfonic acid group of a representative compound in series 3 was replaced by a thiol function to produce 4 leading to substantial increases in cytotoxic potencies and hydrophobicity indicating that the presence of a hydrophilic sulfonic acid group was disadvantageous in terms of potency. Molecular modeling suggested that the superior cytotoxicity of various members of series 1-3 over an acyclic analog 5 may have been due to the greater torsion angles theta1 and theta2 created between the arylidene aryl rings and the adjacent olefinic groups in series 1-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari N. Pati
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - Umashankar Das
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - J. Wilson Quail
- Saskatchewan Structural Sciences Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon SK S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - Masami Kawase
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Matsuyama University, 4-2 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790 8578, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sakagami
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Sciences, Meikai University School of Dentistry, Saitama 350 0283, Japan
| | - Jonathan R. Dimmock
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 306 966 6331; fax: +1 306 966 6377. (J.R. Dimmock)
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Ypsilantis P, Lambropoulou M, Tentes I, Kortsaris A, Papadopoulos N, Simopoulos C. Mesna Protects Intestinal Mucosa from Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. J Surg Res 2006; 134:278-84. [PMID: 16500680 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2005.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2005] [Revised: 10/24/2005] [Accepted: 12/27/2005] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesna is a thiol used for the prevention of oxazaphosphorine-induced hemorrhagic cystitis. However, its antioxidant properties on renal and hepatorenal oxidative damage, as well as its mucoprotective effect on the intestinal epithelium have also been shown. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential beneficial effect of mesna on ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced oxidant damage of the intestinal mucosa. MATERIALS AND METHODS Wistar rats were subjected to intestinal I/R for 30 min, induced by occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery, followed by 60 min reperfusion. Mesna was administered at 3 time points relative to ischemia; 60 min before ischemia, at the onset of ischemia or at the onset of reperfusion. At the end of the study period, jejunal segments were excised and assessed for histopathologic score, apoptotic index using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate-biotin nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay and glutathione/glutathione disulfide (GSH/GSSG) ratio, as a marker of oxidative stress. RESULTS I/R caused deterioration of histological characteristics and induction of apoptosis and oxidative stress in the intestinal mucosa. Changes regarding histology and apoptosis were prevented when mesna was administered 60 min before ischemia, but were attenuated when mesna was administered at the onset of ischemia or reperfusion. In all mesna groups, oxidative stress was reduced. CONCLUSIONS Mesna can ameliorate or even prevent intestinal I/R injury by reducing oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petros Ypsilantis
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, School of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review aims to cover the methods and techniques currently used by researchers to evaluate intestinal trophism. RECENT FINDINGS Although subjected to criticisms, conventional gut trophism evaluation by both morphological and histological parameters continues to be largely reported. The metaphase arrest technique and the detection of H-tymidine have been used less frequently in recent years due to increasing interest in the immunohistochemical methods such as 5-bromo-2'deoxy-uridine, Ki-67, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen. Along with common techniques for the evaluation of intestinal trophism, the combination of methods that includes a measurement of cell proliferation and an apoptotic index in the same study are most valuable and are increasing in the current literature. SUMMARY Evaluation of intestinal trophism is an important issue for both clinical and experimental nutritional studies. The immunohistochemical techniques are the gold standard to access cell proliferation. Evaluation of proliferation and apoptosis at the same time may offer a more reliable evaluation of the actual status of gut trophism.
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