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Tolbert MK, Telles NJ, Simon BT, Scallan EM, Price JM, Gould EN, Papich MG, Lidbury JA, Steiner JM, Kathrani A. Gastrointestinal transit time is faster in Beagle dogs compared to cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2022; 260:S8-S14. [PMID: 36044730 DOI: 10.2460/javma.22.07.0287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize gastrointestinal transit times (GITTs) and pH in dogs, and to compare to data recently described for cats. ANIMALS 7 healthy, colony-housed Beagles. PROCEDURES The GITTs and pH were measured using a continuous pH monitoring system. For the first period (prefeeding), food was withheld for 20 hours followed by pH capsule administration. Five hours after capsule administration, dogs were offered 75% of their historical daily caloric intake for 1 hour. For the second period (postfeeding), food was withheld for 24 hours. Dogs were allowed 1 hour to eat, followed by capsule administration. Both periods were repeated 3 times. The GITTs and pH were compared to published feline data. RESULTS The mean ± SD transit times in dogs for the pre- and postfeeding periods, respectively, were esophageal, 3 ± 5 minutes and 13 ± 37 minutes; gastric, 31 ± 60 minutes and 829 ± 249 minutes; and intestinal, 795 ± 444 minutes and 830 ± 368 minutes. The mean ± SD gastrointestinal pH in dogs for the pre- and postfeeding periods, respectively, were esophageal, 6.6 ± 0.6 and 5.7 ± 1.0; gastric, 3.0 ± 1.4 and 1.8 ± 0.3; intestinal, 7.9 ± 0.3 and 7.7 ± 0.6; first-hour small intestinal, 7.6 ± 0.5 and 7.1 ± 0.4; and last-hour large intestinal, 7.9 ± 0.6 and 7.7 ± 1.0. The first-hour small intestinal pH and total transit times varied between dogs and cats depending on feed period (P = .002 and P = .04, respectively). Post hoc analysis revealed significantly shorter total transit times in dogs prefeeding (P = .005; mean ± SD for cats, 2,441 ± 1,359 minutes; for dogs, 828 ± 439 minutes) and postfeeding (P = .03; mean ± SD for cats, 3,009 ± 1,220 minutes; for dogs, 1,671 ± 513 minutes). Total transit time for dogs was also shorter pre- versus postfeeding (P = .003). CLINICAL RELEVANCE GITT is faster in Beagles compared to cats, but gastrointestinal pH are similar when fed the same diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Katherine Tolbert
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Naila J Telles
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Bradley T Simon
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Elizabeth M Scallan
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Joshua M Price
- Research Computing Support, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
| | - Emily N Gould
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Mark G Papich
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Jonathan A Lidbury
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Jörg M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Aarti Kathrani
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London,UK
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Effects of concurrent and staggered dosing of semi-solid enteral nutrients on pharmacokinetic behavior of antiepileptic drugs after oral administration in rats. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259400. [PMID: 34752482 PMCID: PMC8577762 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The use of enteral nutrients plays a highly important role in accurate nutrition management, but limited information is currently available on the cautionary points of semi-solid enteral nutrients. Aim In this study, we examined whether the pharmacokinetic profiles of sodium valproate (SVA), levetiracetam (LEV), and carbamazepine (CBZ) are affected by altering the dosing time of RACOL®-NF Semi Solid for Enteral Use (RASS), a prescribed semi-solid formula. We also investigated whether the pharmacokinetic interaction observed in this study can be avoided by staggered dosing of the chemical drug and semi-solid enteral nutrient. Methods The plasma concentration of SVA, LEV and CBZ after oral administration was measured by LC-MS/MS method. Results There was no difference in pharmacokinetic characteristics of SVA and LEV when the dosing time of RASS was altered. On the other hand, the plasma concentration of CBZ after oral administration at all sampling points decreased with the extension of the dosing time of RASS, which was consistent with the Cmax and AUC. However, no significant difference was observed in the pharmacokinetic profiles or parameters of CBZ between the short-term and long-term RASS dosing groups by prolonging the administered interval of CBZ and RASS for 2 hr. Conclusion We concluded that the pharmacokinetic profiles of CBZ, but not SVA and LEV, after its oral administration are affected by the dosing time of RASS, but staggered administration of CBZ and RASS prevented their interaction.
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Structuring for Elderly Foods. Food Hydrocoll 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-0320-4_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Nagai K, Omotani S, Shibano M, Kobayashi A, Ito A, Nishimura I, Hatsuda Y, Mukai J, Teramachi H, Myotoku M. Effects of semi-solidification of enteral nutrients on the pharmacokinetic behavior of orally administered carbamazepine in rats. Int J Med Sci 2019; 16:1283-1286. [PMID: 31588194 PMCID: PMC6775268 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.35471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of semi-solid enteral nutrients plays an extremely important role in accurate nutrition management. In the present study, we compared the pharmacokinetic profile of orally administered carbamazepine (CBZ) in rats treated with liquid RACOL®, semi-solid RACOL®, and HINE E-gel®, which are enteral nutrients marketed in Japan. Since liquid and semi-solid formulations are both marketed in Japan for RACOL®, liquid RACOL® was orally administered to control rats. The serum concentration of CBZ at each sampling point was lower in the semi-solid RACOL®-treated group than in the liquid RACOL®-treated group. No significant differences were observed in the pharmacokinetic behavior of CBZ between the semi-solid RACOL®-treated and HINE E-gel®-treated groups. Regarding pharmacokinetic parameters, the impact of the area under the curve (AUC0→5h) was the liquid RACOL® group > the semi-solid RACOL® group ≈ the HINE E-gel® group. Therefore, we concluded that serum concentrations of CBZ were lower when concurrently treating with semi-solid enteral nutrients than when simultaneously processing liquid enteral nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhito Nagai
- Laboratory of Practical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Care, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, 3-11-1 Nishikiori-kita, Tondabayashi, 584-0066, Japan
| | - Sachiko Omotani
- Laboratory of Practical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Care, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, 3-11-1 Nishikiori-kita, Tondabayashi, 584-0066, Japan
| | - Masahito Shibano
- Laboratory of Practical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Care, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, 3-11-1 Nishikiori-kita, Tondabayashi, 584-0066, Japan
| | - Akihide Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Practical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Care, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, 3-11-1 Nishikiori-kita, Tondabayashi, 584-0066, Japan
| | - Akihiko Ito
- National Hospital Organization Higashi-Ohmi General Medical Center, 255, Gochi-cho, Higashiomi, 527-8505, Japan
| | - Ikumi Nishimura
- National Hospital Organization Higashi-Ohmi General Medical Center, 255, Gochi-cho, Higashiomi, 527-8505, Japan
| | - Yasutoshi Hatsuda
- Laboratory of Practical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Care, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, 3-11-1 Nishikiori-kita, Tondabayashi, 584-0066, Japan
| | - Junji Mukai
- Laboratory of Practical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Care, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, 3-11-1 Nishikiori-kita, Tondabayashi, 584-0066, Japan
| | - Hitomi Teramachi
- Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifushi, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Michiaki Myotoku
- Laboratory of Practical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Care, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, 3-11-1 Nishikiori-kita, Tondabayashi, 584-0066, Japan
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Nagai K, Omotani S, Otani M, Sasatani M, Takashima T, Hatsuda Y, Mukai J, Myotoku M. In vitro and in vivo effects of selected fibers on the pharmacokinetics of orally administered carbamazepine: Possible interaction between therapeutic drugs and semisolid enteral nutrients. Nutrition 2017; 46:44-47. [PMID: 29290355 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The management of nutrition using semisolid enteral nutrients is considered useful for avoiding the adverse effects associated with liquid enteral nutrients. In the present study, we used an in vitro analysis to investigate whether carbamazepine (CBZ) is adsorbed by the fibers included in semisolid enteral nutrients. The effects of these fibers on the pharmacokinetic profile of CBZ following its oral administration were also examined in rats. METHODS The adsorption of CBZ onto fibers was examined by absorbance monitoring of the filtrate after centrifugation using an ultrafiltration device. Viscosities of each solution were measured by rotational viscosimeter. The CBZ concentration profile after its oral administration (50 mg/kg) was analyzed by a noncompartmental method. RESULTS In the two solutions used to reflect gastric juice and fluid in the intestinal tract, CBZ was more strongly adsorbed by water-soluble fibers (guar gum and xanthan gum) than by insoluble fibers (dextrin hydrate). The adsorption of CBZ also was observed even if the concentrations of guar gum and xanthan gum were reduced to such an extent that viscosity was 0 Pa・s. The pharmacokinetic examination of orally administered CBZ revealed that the area under the curve was significantly lower in the guar gum and xanthan gum groups than in the control group. CONCLUSION CBZ was adsorbed by fibers used for the semisolidification of enteral nutrients, which may be partially responsible for the alterations observed in the pharmacokinetic profile of CBZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhito Nagai
- Laboratory of Practical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Care, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Tondabayashi, Japan
| | - Sachiko Omotani
- Laboratory of Practical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Care, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Tondabayashi, Japan
| | - Miki Otani
- Laboratory of Practical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Care, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Tondabayashi, Japan
| | - Moe Sasatani
- Laboratory of Practical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Care, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Tondabayashi, Japan
| | - Takahiro Takashima
- Laboratory of Practical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Care, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Tondabayashi, Japan
| | - Yasutoshi Hatsuda
- Laboratory of Practical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Care, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Tondabayashi, Japan
| | - Junji Mukai
- Laboratory of Practical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Care, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Tondabayashi, Japan
| | - Michiaki Myotoku
- Laboratory of Practical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Care, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Tondabayashi, Japan.
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Toh Yoon EW, Yoneda K, Nishihara K. Semi-solid feeds may reduce the risk of aspiration pneumonia and shorten postoperative length of stay after percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG). Endosc Int Open 2016; 4:E1247-E1251. [PMID: 27995184 PMCID: PMC5161128 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-117218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and study aims: Feeding-related adverse events after percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) such as aspiration pneumonia may result in prolonged hospitalization and postoperative mortality. This study evaluated the efficacy of using semi-solid feeds to reduce feeding-related adverse events and improve clinical outcomes. Patients and methods: Patients who received PEG for enteral nutrition at our hospital between January 2014 and December 2015 were allocated to a postoperative feeding protocol that used either liquid feed or semi-solid feed. Baseline characteristics, postoperative feeding-related adverse events and clinical outcomes in the 2 groups were prospectively analysed and compared. Results: One hundred and seventeen PEG patients (age range: 59 - 97 years, male: 53) were enrolled with 72 patients given liquid feed and 45 patients receiving semi-solid feed. Baseline characteristics were similar in both groups. The semi-solid feed group experienced fewer incidence of feeding-related aspiration pneumonia (2.2 % vs. 22.2 %, P < 0.005) and shorter postoperative hospital length of stay (12.7 days vs. 18.8 days, P < 0.01). Significant differences were not observed in the frequency of peristomal infection (11.1 % vs. 12.5 %, P = 0.82), feeding-related diarrhea (2.2 % vs. 12.5 %, P = 0.09) and 30-day mortality rates (2.2 % vs. 8.3 %, P = 0.25). Conclusions: Semi-solid feeding may reduce the risk of aspiration pneumonia and shorten postoperative hospital length of stay after PEG. Semi-solid feeds are safe to use and can be employed either as a first line feeding protocol or an alternative when liquid feeding is unsuccessful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezekiel Wong Toh Yoon
- Department of Internal Medicine
(Gastroenterology), Hiroshima Kyoritsu Hospital, Hiroshima City,
Japan,Corresponding author Ezekiel Wong Toh
Yoon, MD Department of Internal
MedicineHiroshima Kyoritsu
Hospital2-20-20 Nakasu Asaminami-ku Hiroshima
CityJapan+81-82-879-1111
| | - Kaori Yoneda
- Endoscopy Center, Hiroshima Kyoritsu
Hospital, Hiroshima City, Japan
| | - Kazuki Nishihara
- Department of Internal Medicine
(Gastroenterology), Hiroshima Kyoritsu Hospital, Hiroshima City,
Japan
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Funami
- San-Ei Gen F.F.I., Inc.; 1-1-11 Sanwa-cho Toyonaka Osaka 561-8588 Japan
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Favarato ES, de Souza MV, Costa PRDS, Pompermayer LG, Favarato LSC, Ribeiro Júnior JI. Ambulatory esophageal pHmetry in healthy dogs with and without the influence of general anesthesia. Vet Res Commun 2011; 35:271-82. [PMID: 21461644 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-011-9471-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This research aimed to determine the value of esophageal pH in awake and anesthetized dogs, to evaluate the esophageal pH value in awake dogs, in different body positions, as well as to study the occurrence of gastroesophageal reflux episodes in these positions. Thus, 40 healthy male and female adult dogs with mean body weight of 15.5 ± 4.6 kg were used. Esophageal pHmetry was conducted by inserting a catheter through the oropharynx in 30 dogs (stage 1) anesthetized with acepromazine, propofol and isoflurane, submitted to elective ovariosalpingohysterectomy. In addition, 8-h esophageal pHmetry was carried out transnasally in 10 awake dogs (stage 2), allowed to move and change body positions (lateral and sternal decubitus, and standing position), which were recorded. The mean esophageal pH value was lower (p < 0.01) in the anesthetized dogs (7.3 ± 0.82) than in the awake dogs (8.2 ± 0.3). Only four anesthetized dogs (13.33%) suffered reflux episodes. Reflux was not observed in the awake dogs and no esophageal pH differences were found between the body positions studied. Compared to the alert state, general anesthesia in dogs submitted to the previously mentioned anesthesia protocol causes esophageal pH reduction and predisposes to the occurrence of gastroesophageal reflux episodes. Transnasal pHmetry of 8 h in healthy awake dogs reveals that the esophageal pH value is alkaline and does not vary according to body position. In these animals, decubitus position is not a determining factor for reflux episodes to occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evandro Silva Favarato
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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