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Koo Y, Na Y, Yun T, Chae Y, Lee D, Kim H, Yang MP, Kang BT. Case report: Absent fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in a dog with unexpected brain death. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:902475. [DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.902475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A 5-year-old male Maltese dog was presented with generalized tonic seizures and hypermetria. Multiple nodular subcortical cerebellar enhancements and meningeal enhancement were observed on magnetic resonance imaging. Fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography/computed tomography was performed due to suspicion of neoplastic disease, and no fluorodeoxyglucose uptake was observed in the intracranial structures. In PET images of this dog, absent fluorodeoxyglucose uptake was identified in the brain indicating no cerebral metabolism, strongly suggested brain death. The dog had no spontaneous breathing and no brainstem reflexes for more than 24 h after the termination of anesthesia. Through these results, this dog was diagnosed with unexpected brain death, and it is presumed that the cause was anesthesia. We report herein a case of brain death in a dog diagnosed using fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography/computed tomography.
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Wang X, O'Brien ME, Yu J, Xu C, Zhang Q, Lu S, Liang L, An X, McDyer JF, Mallampalli RK. Prolonged Cold Ischemia Induces Necroptotic Cell Death in Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury and Contributes to Primary Graft Dysfunction after Lung Transplantation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2020; 61:244-256. [PMID: 30742487 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2018-0207oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary graft dysfunction (PGD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality after lung transplantation. Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is a key event that contributes to PGD, though complex interactions affect donor lungs status, such as preceding brain death (BD), hemorrhagic shock (HS), and pre-engraftment lung management, the latter recognized as important risk factors for PGD. We hypothesized that a multi-hit isogenic mouse model of lung transplantation is more closely linked to PGD than IRI alone. Left lung transplants were performed between inbred C57BL/6 mice. A one-hit model of IRI was established by inducing cold ischemia (CI) of the donor lungs at 0°C for 1, 72, or 96 hours before engraftment. Multi-hit models were established by inducing 24 hours of HS and/or 3 hours of BD before 24 hours of CI. The recipients were killed at 24 hours after transplant and lung graft samples were analyzed. In the one-hit model of IRI, up to 72-hour CI time resulted in minimal cellular infiltration near small arteries after 24-hour reperfusion. Extension of CI time to 96 hours led to increased cellular infiltration and necroptotic pathway activation, without evidence of apoptosis, after 24-hour reperfusion. In a multi-hit model of PGD, "HS + BD + IRI" demonstrated increased lung injury, cellular infiltration, and activation of necroptotic and apoptotic pathways compared with IRI alone. Treatment with an inhibitor of receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 kinase, necrostatin-1, resulted in a significant decrease of downstream necroptotic pathway activation in both single- and multi-hit models of IRI. Thus, activation of necroptosis is a central event in IRI after prolonged CI, though it may not be sufficient to cause PGD alone. Pathological evaluation of donor lungs after CI-induced IRI, in conjunction with pre-engraftment donor lung factors in our multi-hit model, demonstrated early evidence of lung injury consistent with PGD. Our findings support the premise that pre-existing donor lung status is more important than CI time alone for inflammatory pathway activation in PGD, which may have important clinical implications for donor lung retrieval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingan Wang
- 1Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine.,2Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence.,3Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael Emmet O'Brien
- 1Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine.,2Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence
| | - Junyi Yu
- 1Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine.,2Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence.,4Hand and Microsurgery Department, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Che Xu
- 1Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine.,2Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence.,5Department of Biotherapy, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- 1Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine.,2Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence.,6Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; and
| | - Songjian Lu
- 7Department of Biomedical Informatics, and.,8Center for Causal Discovery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Lifan Liang
- 7Department of Biomedical Informatics, and.,8Center for Causal Discovery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Xiaojing An
- 1Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine.,2Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence
| | - John F McDyer
- 1Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine.,2Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence.,3Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Rama K Mallampalli
- 1Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine.,2Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence.,9Medical Specialty Service Line, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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