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Tector AJ, Mosser M, Tector M, Bach JM. The Possible Role of Anti-Neu5Gc as an Obstacle in Xenotransplantation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:622. [PMID: 32351506 PMCID: PMC7174778 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Seventy to ninety percentage of preformed xenoreactive antibodies in human serum bind to the galactose-α(1,3)-galactose Gal epitope, and the creation of Gal knockout (KO) pigs has eliminated hyperacute rejection as a barrier to xenotransplantation. Now other glycan antigens are barriers to move ahead with xenotransplantation, and the N-glycolyl neuraminic acid, Neu5Gc (or Hanganutziu-Deicher antigen), is also a major pig xenoantigen. Humans have anti-Neu5Gc antibodies. Several data indicate a strong immunogenicity of Neu5Gc in humans that may contribute to an important part in antibody-dependent injury to pig xenografts. Pig islets express Neu5Gc, which reacted with diet-derived human antibodies and mice deleted for Neu5Gc reject pancreatic islets from wild-type counterpart. However, Neu5Gc positive heart were not rejected in Neu5Gc KO mice indicating that the role of Neu5Gc-specific antibodies has to be nuanced and depend of the graft situation parameters (organ/tissue, recipient, implication of other glycan antigens). Recently generated Gal/Neu5Gc KO pigs eliminate the expression of Gal and Neu5Gc, and improve the crossmatch of humans with the pig. This review summarizes the current and recent experimental and (pre)clinical data on the Neu5Gc immunogenicity and emphasize of the potential impact of anti-Neu5Gc antibodies in limiting xenotransplantation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred Joseph Tector
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Mathilde Mosser
- Immuno-Endocrinology Unit (IECM), USC1383, Oniris, INRA, Nantes, France
| | - Matthew Tector
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Jean-Marie Bach
- Immuno-Endocrinology Unit (IECM), USC1383, Oniris, INRA, Nantes, France
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Abstract
The availability of cells, tissues and organs from a non-human species such as the pig could, at least in theory, meet the demand of organs necessary for clinical transplantation. At this stage, the important goal of getting over the first year of survival has been reported for both cellular and solid organ xenotransplantation in relevant preclinical primate models. In addition, xenotransplantation is already in the clinic as shown by the broad use of animal-derived medical devices, such as bioprosthetic heart valves and biological materials used for surgical tissue repair. At this stage, however, prior to starting a wide-scale clinical application of xenotransplantation of viable cells and organs, the important obstacle represented by the humoral immune response will need to be overcome. Likewise, the barriers posed by the activation of the innate immune system and coagulative pathway will have to be controlled. As far as xenogeneic nonviable xenografts, increasing evidence suggests that considerable immune reactions, mediated by both innate and adaptive immunity, take place and influence the long-term outcome of xenogeneic materials in patients, possibly precluding the use of bioprosthetic heart valves in young individuals. In this context, the present article provides an overview of current knowledge on the immune processes following xenotransplantation and on the possible therapeutic interventions to overcome the immunological drawbacks involved in xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vadori
- CORIT (Consortium for Research in Organ Transplantation), Via dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - E Cozzi
- CORIT (Consortium for Research in Organ Transplantation), Via dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padua, Italy.,Transplant Immunology Unit, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Padua University Hospital, Via Giustiniani, 2, 35128 Padua, Italy
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Salama A, Evanno G, Harb J, Soulillou JP. Potential deleterious role of anti-Neu5Gc antibodies in xenotransplantation. Xenotransplantation 2014; 22:85-94. [PMID: 25308416 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human beings do not synthesize the glycolyl form of the sialic acid (Neu5Gc) and only express the acetylated form of the sugar, whereas a diet-based intake of Neu5Gc provokes a natural immunization and production of anti-Neu5Gc antibodies in human serum. However, Neu5Gc is expressed on mammal glycoproteins and glycolipids in most organs and cells. We review here the relevance of Neu5Gc and anti-Neu5Gc antibodies in the context of xenotransplantation and the use of animal-derived molecules and products, as well as the possible consequences of a long-term exposure to anti-Neu5Gc antibodies in recipients of xenografts. In addition, the importance of an accurate estimation of the anti-Neu5Gc response following xenotransplantation and the future contribution of knockout animals mimicking the human situation are also assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apolline Salama
- INSERM UMR1064, Centre for Research in Transplantation and Immunology-ITUN, Université de Nantes, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes, France; Société d'Accélération du Transfert de Technologies Ouest Valorisation, Rennes Cedex, France
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Nagaraju S, Bottino R, Wijkstrom M, Trucco M, Cooper DKC. Islet xenotransplantation: what is the optimal age of the islet-source pig? Xenotransplantation 2014; 22:7-19. [DOI: 10.1111/xen.12130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Nagaraju
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute; University of Pittsburgh Medical Center; Pittsburgh PA USA
| | - Rita Bottino
- Division of Immunogenetics; Department of Pediatrics; Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh; University of Pittsburgh Medical Center; Pittsburgh PA USA
| | - Martin Wijkstrom
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute; University of Pittsburgh Medical Center; Pittsburgh PA USA
| | - Massimo Trucco
- Division of Immunogenetics; Department of Pediatrics; Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh; University of Pittsburgh Medical Center; Pittsburgh PA USA
| | - David K. C. Cooper
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute; University of Pittsburgh Medical Center; Pittsburgh PA USA
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Xin AJ, Cheng L, Diao H, Wang P, Gu YH, Wu B, Wu YC, Chen GW, Zhou SM, Guo SJ, Shi HJ, Tao SC. Comprehensive profiling of accessible surface glycans of mammalian sperm using a lectin microarray. Clin Proteomics 2014; 11:10. [PMID: 24629138 PMCID: PMC4003823 DOI: 10.1186/1559-0275-11-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that cell surface glycans or glycocalyx play important roles in sperm motility, maturation and fertilization. A comprehensive profile of the sperm surface glycans will greatly facilitate both basic research (sperm glycobiology) and clinical studies, such as diagnostics of infertility. As a group of natural glycan binders, lectin is an ideal tool for cell surface glycan profiling. However, because of the lack of effective technology, only a few lectins have been tested for lectin-sperm binding profiles. To address this challenge, we have developed a procedure for high-throughput probing of mammalian sperm with 91 lectins on lectin microarrays. Normal sperm from human, boar, bull, goat and rabbit were collected and analyzed on the lectin microarrays. Positive bindings of a set of ~50 lectins were observed for all the sperm of 5 species, which indicated a wide range of glycans are on the surface of mammalian sperm. Species specific lectin bindings were also observed. Clustering analysis revealed that the distances of the five species according to the lectin binding profiles are consistent with that of the genome sequence based phylogenetic tree except for rabbit. The procedure that we established in this study could be generally applicable for sperm from other species or defect sperm from the same species. We believe the lectin binding profiles of the mammalian sperm that we established in this study are valuable for both basic research and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Jie Xin
- Shanghai Jiai Genetics & IVF Institute, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-Related Diseases, Shanghai 200011, China.,State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 20037, China
| | - Li Cheng
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai 200240, China.,School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hua Diao
- China National Population and Family Planning Key Laboratory of Contraceptive Drugs and Devices, SIPPR, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Peng Wang
- China National Population and Family Planning Key Laboratory of Contraceptive Drugs and Devices, SIPPR, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yi-Hua Gu
- China National Population and Family Planning Key Laboratory of Contraceptive Drugs and Devices, SIPPR, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Bin Wu
- China National Population and Family Planning Key Laboratory of Contraceptive Drugs and Devices, SIPPR, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yan-Cheng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 20037, China
| | - Guo-Wu Chen
- Shanghai Jiai Genetics & IVF Institute, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-Related Diseases, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Shu-Min Zhou
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Shu-Juan Guo
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai 200240, China.,School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hui-Juan Shi
- China National Population and Family Planning Key Laboratory of Contraceptive Drugs and Devices, SIPPR, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Sheng-Ce Tao
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai 200240, China.,School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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Schneider MKJ, Seebach JD. Xenotransplantation literature update, September-October 2013. Xenotransplantation 2013; 20:481-6. [PMID: 24289471 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mårten K J Schneider
- Laboratory of Vascular Immunology, Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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