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Gunderson ZJ, Campbell ZR, McKinley TO, Natoli RM, Kacena MA. A comprehensive review of mouse diaphyseal femur fracture models. Injury 2020; 51:1439-1447. [PMID: 32362447 PMCID: PMC7323889 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2020.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Complications related to treatment of long bone fractures still stand as a major challenge for orthopaedic surgeons. Elucidation of the mechanisms of bone healing and development, and the subsequent alteration of these mechanisms to improve outcomes, typically requires animal models as an intermediary between in vitro and human clinical studies. Murine models are some of the most commonly used in translational research, and mouse fracture models are particularly diverse, offering a wide variety of customization with distinct benefits and limitations depending on the study. This review critically examines three common femur fracture models in the mouse, namely cortical hole, 3-point fracture (Einhorn), and segmental bone defect. We lay out the general procedure for execution of each model, evaluate the practical implications and important advantages/disadvantages of each and describe recent innovations. Furthermore, we explore the applications that each model is best adapted for in the context of the current state of murine orthopaedic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary J. Gunderson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, IN, USA
| | - Zachery R. Campbell
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, IN, USA
| | - Todd O. McKinley
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, IN, USA
| | - Roman M. Natoli
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, IN, USA
| | - Melissa A. Kacena
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, IN, USA,Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, IN, USA,Corresponding Author: Melissa A. Kacena, Ph.D., Director of Basic and Translational Research, Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1130 W. Michigan St, FH 115, Indianapolis, IN 46202, (317) 278-3482 – office, (317) 278-9568 – fax
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2
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Yu X, Wan Q, Ye X, Cheng Y, Pathak JL, Li Z. Cellular hypoxia promotes osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells and bone defect healing via STAT3 signaling. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2019; 24:64. [PMID: 31827540 PMCID: PMC6889321 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-019-0191-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hypoxia in the vicinity of bone defects triggers the osteogenic differentiation of precursor cells and promotes healing. The activation of STAT3 signaling in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has similarly been reported to mediate bone regeneration. However, the interaction between hypoxia and STAT3 signaling in the osteogenic differentiation of precursor cells during bone defect healing is still unknown. Methods In this study, we assessed the impact of different durations of CoCl2-induced cellular hypoxia on the osteogenic differentiation of MSCs. Role of STAT3 signaling on hypoxia induced osteogenic differentiation was analyzed both in vitro and in vivo. The interaction between cellular hypoxia and STAT3 signaling in vivo was investigated in a mouse femoral bone defect model. Results The peak osteogenic differentiation and expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) occurred after 3 days of hypoxia. Inhibiting STAT3 reversed this effect. Hypoxia enhanced the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α) and STAT3 phosphorylation in MSCs. Histology and μ-CT results showed that CoCl2 treatment enhanced bone defect healing. Inhibiting STAT3 reduced this effect. Immunohistochemistry results showed that CoCl2 treatment enhanced Hif-1α, ALP and pSTAT3 expression in cells present in the bone defect area and that inhibiting STAT3 reduced this effect. Conclusions The in vitro study revealed that the duration of hypoxia is crucial for osteogenic differentiation of precursor cells. The results from both the in vitro and in vivo studies show the role of STAT3 signaling in hypoxia-induced osteogenic differentiation of precursor cells and bone defect healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yu
- 1The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430079 China.,2Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Trauma and Plastic Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430079 China.,3Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022 China
| | - Qilong Wan
- 2Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Trauma and Plastic Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430079 China
| | - Xiaoling Ye
- 1The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430079 China
| | - Yuet Cheng
- 1The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430079 China
| | - Janak L Pathak
- 4Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Oral Disease, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510140 China
| | - Zubing Li
- 1The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430079 China.,2Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Trauma and Plastic Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430079 China
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Caplin JD, García AJ. Implantable antimicrobial biomaterials for local drug delivery in bone infection models. Acta Biomater 2019; 93:2-11. [PMID: 30654212 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Increased use of implantable biomedical devices demonstrates their potential in treating a wide variety of ailments and disorders in bone trauma and orthopaedic, reconstructive, and craniofacial applications. However, the number of cases involving implant failure or malfunction due to bacterial infection have also increased in recent years. Implanted devices can facilitate the growth of bacteria as these micro-organisms have the potential to adhere to the implant and grow and develop to form biofilms. In an effort to better understand and mitigate these occurrences, biomaterials containing antimicrobial agents that can be released or presented within the local microenvironment have become an important area of research. In this review, we discuss critical factors that regulate antimicrobial therapy to sites of bone infection, such as key biomolecular considerations and platforms for delivery, as well as current in vivo models and current advances in the field. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This review outlines the important factors that are taken into consideration for the development of biomaterials for local delivery of therapeutics to the site of bone infections. An overview of important criteria for development of this model (such as type of bone defect, antimicrobial therapeutic, and delivery vehicle) are provided, along with current research that utilizes these considerations. Additionally, this review highlights recent clinical trials that have utilized antimicrobial therapeutics for treatment of osteomyelitis.
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Yu X, Li Z, Wan Q, Cheng X, Zhang J, Pathak JL, Li Z. Inhibition of JAK2/STAT3 signaling suppresses bone marrow stromal cells proliferation and osteogenic differentiation, and impairs bone defect healing. Biol Chem 2018; 399:1313-1323. [PMID: 30044759 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2018-0253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) undergo osteogenic differentiation during bone defect healing. However, the role of JAK2/STAT3 in the osteogenic differentiation of MSCs and bone defect healing is still not fully understood. In this study, we aimed to analyze the effect of AG490, a JAK2-specific inhibitor, on MSCs proliferation and osteogenic differentiation as well as in bone defect healing. We used AG490 to inhibit the JAK2/STAT3 signaling in a mice bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) culture. AG490 inhibited BMSCs proliferation and osteogenic differentiation markers, i.e. Col1α, Alp and Ocn expression in mRNA and protein levels. Inhibition of JAK2 reduced ALP activity and matrix mineralization in BMSCs culture. Inhibition of JAK2 reduced phosphorylation of STAT3, AKT, P38, and JNK phosphorylation. Immunohistochemistry showed high numbers of pJAK2, pSTAT3 and ALP positive cells and AG490 reduced this effect in vivo. Histology and μ-computed tomography (CT) data showed that AG490 treatment inhibits bone regeneration and bone defect healing. Our results clearly showed the inhibitory effect of AG490 on proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs, bone regeneration and bone defect healing. Moreover, AG490 inhibited phosphorylation of STAT3, P38, JNK and AKT. This suggests the possible role of JAK2/STAT3 signaling in hypoxia-induced osteogenic differentiation of MSCs and bone defect healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology , Wuhan University , 237 Luoyu Road , Wuhan 430079 , China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Trauma and Plastic Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology , Wuhan University , 237 Luoyu Road , Wuhan 430079 , China
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital , Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430022 , China
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Trauma and Plastic Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology , Wuhan University , 237 Luoyu Road , Wuhan 430079 , China
| | - Qilong Wan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Trauma and Plastic Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology , Wuhan University , 237 Luoyu Road , Wuhan 430079 , China
| | - Xin Cheng
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology , Wuhan University , 237 Luoyu Road , Wuhan 430079 , China
| | - Jing Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology , Wuhan University , 237 Luoyu Road , Wuhan 430079 , China
| | - Janak L. Pathak
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Oral Disease , Stomatological Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou 510140 , China
| | - Zubing Li
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology , Wuhan University , 237 Luoyu Road , Wuhan 430079 , China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Trauma and Plastic Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology , Wuhan University , 237 Luoyu Road , Wuhan 430079 , China
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Lysophosphatidic Acid Analogue rather than Lysophosphatidic Acid Promoted the Bone Formation In Vivo. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:7537630. [PMID: 30003106 PMCID: PMC5996417 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7537630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a bioactive lipid molecule, has recently emerged as physiological and pathophysiological regulator in skeletal biology. Here we evaluate the effects of LPA on bone formation in vivo in murine femoral critical defect model. Primary femoral osteoblasts were isolated and treated with osteogenic induction conditional media supplemented with 20 μM LPA or LPA analogue. Mineralized nodules were visualized by Alizarin Red S staining. Forty-five C57BL/6 mice underwent unilateral osteotomy. The femoral osteotomy gap was filled with porous scaffolds of degradable chitosan/beta-tricalcium phosphate containing PBS, LPA, or LPA analogue. 2, 5, and 10 weeks after surgery, mice were sacrificed and femurs were harvested and prepared for Micro-Computed Tomography (Micro-CT) and histological analysis. Alizarin Red S staining showed that LPA and LPA analogue significantly enhanced the mineral deposition in osteoblasts. Micro-CT 3D reconstruction images and HE staining revealed that significantly more newly formed bone in osteotomy was treated with LPA analogue when compared to control and LPA group, which was verified by histological analysis and biomechanical characterization testing. In summary, our study demonstrated that although LPA promotes mineralized matrix formation in vitro, the locally administrated LPA was not effective in promoting bone formation in vivo. And bone formation was enhanced by LPA analogue, administrated locally in vivo. LPA analogue was a potent stimulating factor for bone formation in vivo due to its excellent stability.
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Ning B, Zhao Y, Buza JA, Li W, Wang W, Jia T. Surgically‑induced mouse models in the study of bone regeneration: Current models and future directions (Review). Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:1017-1023. [PMID: 28138711 PMCID: PMC5367352 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone regeneration has been extensively studied over the past several decades. The surgically‑induced mouse model is the key animal model for studying bone regeneration, of the various research strategies used. These mouse models mimic the trauma and recovery processes in vivo and serve as carriers for tissue engineering and gene modification to test various therapies or associated genes in bone regeneration. The present review introduces a classification of surgically induced mouse models in bone regeneration, evaluates the application and value of these models and discusses the potential development of further innovations in this field in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Ning
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Jinan Central Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250013, P.R. China
| | - Yunpeng Zhao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - John A Buza
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Jinan Central Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250013, P.R. China
| | - Wenzhao Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Jinan Central Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250013, P.R. China
| | - Tanghong Jia
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Jinan Central Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250013, P.R. China
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Manassero M, Decambron A, Huu Thong BT, Viateau V, Bensidhoum M, Petite H. Establishment of a Segmental Femoral Critical-size Defect Model in Mice Stabilized by Plate Osteosynthesis. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27768070 PMCID: PMC5092194 DOI: 10.3791/52940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of tissue-engineered bone constructs is an appealing strategy to overcome drawbacks of autografts for the treatment of massive bone defects. As a model organism, the mouse has already been widely used in bone-related research. Large diaphyseal bone defect models in mice, however, are sparse and often use bone fixation which fills the bone marrow cavity and does not provide optimal mechanical stability. The objectives of the current study were to develop a critical-size, segmental, femoral defect in nude mice. A 3.5-mm mid-diaphyseal femoral ostectomy (approximately 25% of the femur length) was performed using a dedicated jig, and was stabilized with an anterior located locking plate and 4 locking screws. The bone defect was subsequently either left empty or filled with a bone substitute (syngenic bone graft or coralline scaffold). Bone healing was monitored noninvasively using radiography and in vivo micro-computed-tomography and was subsequently assessed by ex vivo micro-computed-tomography and undecalcified histology after animal sacrifice, 10 weeks postoperatively. The recovery of all mice was excellent, a full-weight-bearing was observed within one day following the surgical procedure. Furthermore, stable bone fixation and consistent fixation of the implanted materials were achieved in all animals tested throughout the study. When the bone defects were left empty, non-union was consistently obtained. In contrast, when the bone defects were filled with syngenic bone grafts, bone union was always observed. When the bone defects were filled with coralline scaffolds, newly-formed bone was observed in the interface between bone resection edges and the scaffold, as well as within a short distance within the scaffold. The present model describes a reproducible critical-size femoral defect stabilized by plate osteosynthesis with low morbidity in mice. The new load-bearing segmental bone defect model could be useful for studying the underlying mechanisms in bone regeneration pertinent to orthopaedic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Manassero
- Laboratoire de Bioingénierie et Biomécanique Ostéo-Articulaires (B2OA - UMR CNRS 7052), Université Paris Diderot; Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est
| | - Adeline Decambron
- Laboratoire de Bioingénierie et Biomécanique Ostéo-Articulaires (B2OA - UMR CNRS 7052), Université Paris Diderot; Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est
| | - Bui Truong Huu Thong
- Laboratoire de Bioingénierie et Biomécanique Ostéo-Articulaires (B2OA - UMR CNRS 7052), Université Paris Diderot
| | - Véronique Viateau
- Laboratoire de Bioingénierie et Biomécanique Ostéo-Articulaires (B2OA - UMR CNRS 7052), Université Paris Diderot; Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est
| | - Morad Bensidhoum
- Laboratoire de Bioingénierie et Biomécanique Ostéo-Articulaires (B2OA - UMR CNRS 7052), Université Paris Diderot
| | - Hervé Petite
- Laboratoire de Bioingénierie et Biomécanique Ostéo-Articulaires (B2OA - UMR CNRS 7052), Université Paris Diderot;
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Chen Y, Maeda A, Bu J, DaCosta R. Femur Window Chamber Model for In Vivo Cell Tracking in the Murine Bone Marrow. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27500928 DOI: 10.3791/54205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow is a complex organ that contains various hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells. These cells are involved in many biological processes, including hematopoiesis, immune regulation and tumor regulation. Commonly used methods for understanding cellular actions in the bone marrow, such as histology and blood counts, provide static information rather than capturing the dynamic action of multiple cellular components in vivo. To complement the standard methods, a window chamber (WC)-based model was developed to enable serial in vivo imaging of cells and structures in the murine bone marrow. This protocol describes a surgical procedure for installing the WC in the femur, in order to facilitate long-term optical access to the femoral bone marrow. In particular, to demonstrate its experimental utility, this WC approach was used to image and track neutrophils within the vascular network of the femur, thereby providing a novel method to visualize and quantify immune cell trafficking and regulation in the bone marrow. This method can be applied to study various biological processes in the murine bone marrow, such as hematopoiesis, stem cell transplantation, and immune responses in pathological conditions, including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Azusa Maeda
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto
| | | | - Ralph DaCosta
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto; Techna Institute, University Health Network;
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Wang C, Inzana JA, Mirando AJ, Ren Y, Liu Z, Shen J, O'Keefe RJ, Awad HA, Hilton MJ. NOTCH signaling in skeletal progenitors is critical for fracture repair. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:1471-81. [PMID: 26950423 DOI: 10.1172/jci80672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fracture nonunions develop in 10%-20% of patients with fractures, resulting in prolonged disability. Current data suggest that bone union during fracture repair is achieved via proliferation and differentiation of skeletal progenitors within periosteal and soft tissues surrounding bone, while bone marrow stromal/stem cells (BMSCs) and other skeletal progenitors may also contribute. The NOTCH signaling pathway is a critical maintenance factor for BMSCs during skeletal development, although the precise role for NOTCH and the requisite nature of BMSCs following fracture is unknown. Here, we evaluated whether NOTCH and/or BMSCs are required for fracture repair by performing nonstabilized and stabilized fractures on NOTCH-deficient mice with targeted deletion of RBPjk in skeletal progenitors, maturing osteoblasts, and committed chondrocytes. We determined that removal of NOTCH signaling in BMSCs and subsequent depletion of this population result in fracture nonunion, as the fracture repair process was normal in animals harboring either osteoblast- or chondrocyte-specific deletion of RBPjk. Together, this work provides a genetic model of a fracture nonunion and demonstrates the requirement for NOTCH and BMSCs in fracture repair, irrespective of fracture stability and vascularity.
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Xing J, Jin H, Hou T, Chang Z, Luo F, Wang P, Li Z, Xie Z, Xu J. Establishment of a bilateral femoral large segmental bone defect mouse model potentially applicable to basic research in bone tissue engineering. J Surg Res 2014; 192:454-63. [PMID: 24972741 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2014.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To understand the cellular mechanism underlying bone defect healing in the context of tissue engineering, a reliable, reproducible, and standardized load-bearing large segmental bone defect model in small animals is indispensable. The aim of this study was to establish and evaluate a bilateral femoral defect model in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Donor mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (mBMSCs) were obtained from six mice (FVB/N) and incorporated into partially demineralized bone matrix scaffolds to construct tissue-engineered bones. In total, 36 GFP(+) mice were used for modeling. Titanium fixation plates with locking steel wires were attached to the femurs for stabilization, and 2-mm-long segmental bone defects were created in the bilateral femoral midshafts. The defects in the left and right femurs were transplanted with tissue-engineered bones and control scaffolds, respectively. The healing process was monitored by x-ray radiography, microcomputed tomography, and histology. The capacity of the transplanted mBMSCs to recruit host CD31(+) cells was investigated by immunofluorescence and real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Postoperatively, no complication was observed, except that two mice died of unknown causes. Stable fixation of femurs and implants with full load bearing was achieved in all animals. The process of bone defect repair was significantly accelerated due to the introduction of mBMSCs. Moreover, the transplanted mBMSCs attracted more host CD31(+) endothelial progenitors into the grafts. CONCLUSIONS The present study established a feasible, reproducible, and clinically relevant bilateral femoral large segmental bone defect mouse model. This model is potentially suitable for basic research in the field of bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junchao Xing
- National and Local United Engineering Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China; Laboratory of Tissue Engineering in Chongqing City, Chongqing, 400038, China; Center of Regenerative and Reconstructive Engineering Technology in Chongqing City, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Huiyong Jin
- National and Local United Engineering Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China; Laboratory of Tissue Engineering in Chongqing City, Chongqing, 400038, China; Center of Regenerative and Reconstructive Engineering Technology in Chongqing City, Chongqing, 400038, China; Department of Orthopaedics, No. 519 Hospital of PLA, Xichang, 615000, China
| | - Tianyong Hou
- National and Local United Engineering Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China; Laboratory of Tissue Engineering in Chongqing City, Chongqing, 400038, China; Center of Regenerative and Reconstructive Engineering Technology in Chongqing City, Chongqing, 400038, China.
| | - Zhengqi Chang
- National and Local United Engineering Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China; Laboratory of Tissue Engineering in Chongqing City, Chongqing, 400038, China; Center of Regenerative and Reconstructive Engineering Technology in Chongqing City, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Fei Luo
- National and Local United Engineering Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China; Laboratory of Tissue Engineering in Chongqing City, Chongqing, 400038, China; Center of Regenerative and Reconstructive Engineering Technology in Chongqing City, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Pinpin Wang
- National and Local United Engineering Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China; Laboratory of Tissue Engineering in Chongqing City, Chongqing, 400038, China; Center of Regenerative and Reconstructive Engineering Technology in Chongqing City, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Zhiqiang Li
- National and Local United Engineering Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China; Laboratory of Tissue Engineering in Chongqing City, Chongqing, 400038, China; Center of Regenerative and Reconstructive Engineering Technology in Chongqing City, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Zhao Xie
- National and Local United Engineering Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China; Laboratory of Tissue Engineering in Chongqing City, Chongqing, 400038, China; Center of Regenerative and Reconstructive Engineering Technology in Chongqing City, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Jianzhong Xu
- National and Local United Engineering Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China; Laboratory of Tissue Engineering in Chongqing City, Chongqing, 400038, China; Center of Regenerative and Reconstructive Engineering Technology in Chongqing City, Chongqing, 400038, China.
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