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Rangra S, Rana D, Prajapati A, Benival D, Dwivedi P, Mandoli A. Nutritional and microbiota-based therapeutic interventions for alcohol-associated liver disease: From pathogenesis to therapeutic insights. Life Sci 2024; 352:122852. [PMID: 38909682 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) manifests as a consequence of prolonged and excessive alcohol consumption. This disease is closely associated with the interplay between gut health and liver function, which can lead to complex pathophysiological changes in the body. This review offers a comprehensive exploration of ALD's multifaceted nature, with a keen focus on its pathogenesis and the potential of nutritional and microbiota-based therapies. Insights derived from diverse case studies are utilized to shed light on how interventions can rebalance the gut microbiome and enhance liver function in ALD patients. Furthermore, the feasibility of liver transplantation and stem cell therapy as ultimate measures for ALD has been discussed, with acknowledgment of the inherent risks and challenges accompanying them. ALD's complexity underscores the necessity for a thorough understanding of its etiology and progression to devise effective treatments that mitigate its profound impact on an individual's health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shagun Rangra
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research- Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), 382355, India
| | - Dhwani Rana
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research- Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), 382355, India
| | - Arvee Prajapati
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research- Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), 382355, India
| | - Derajram Benival
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research- Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), 382355, India
| | - Pradeep Dwivedi
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) - Jodhpur, 342005, India
| | - Amit Mandoli
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research- Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), 382355, India.
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2
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Garcia Moreno AS, Guicciardi ME, Wixom AQ, Jessen E, Yang J, Ilyas SI, Bianchi JK, Pinto e Vairo F, Lazaridis KN, Gores GJ. IL-17 signaling in primary sclerosing cholangitis patient-derived organoids. Hepatol Commun 2024; 8:e0454. [PMID: 38829197 PMCID: PMC11150034 DOI: 10.1097/hc9.0000000000000454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathogenesis of primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is unclear, although studies implicate IL-17A as an inflammatory mediator in this disease. However, a direct assessment of IL-17 signaling in PSC cholangiocytes is lacking. In this study, we aimed to investigate and characterize the response of PSC extrahepatic cholangiocyte organoids (ECO) to IL-17A stimulation. METHODS Cholangiocytes obtained from patients with PSC and without PSC by endoscopic retrograde cholangiography were cultured as ECO. The ECO were treated with vehicle or IL-17A and assessed by transcriptomics, secretome analysis, and genome sequencing. RESULTS Unsupervised clustering of all integrated single-cell RNA sequencing data identified 8 cholangiocyte clusters that did not differ between PSC and non-PSC ECO. However, PSC ECO cells demonstrated a robust response to IL-17 treatment, as noted by an increased number of differentially expressed genes by transcriptomics and more abundant chemokine and cytokine expression and secretion. After rigorous filtering, genome sequencing identified candidate somatic variants shared among PSC ECO from unrelated individuals. However, no candidate rare variants in genes regulating the IL-17 pathway were identified, but rare variants regulating the MAPK signaling pathway were present in all PSC ECO. CONCLUSIONS PSC and non-PSC patient-derived ECO respond differently to IL-17 stimulation, implicating this pathway in the pathogenesis of PSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana S. Garcia Moreno
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Maria E. Guicciardi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Alexander Q. Wixom
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Erik Jessen
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jingchun Yang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Sumera I. Ilyas
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jackie K. Bianchi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Filippo Pinto e Vairo
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Konstantinos N. Lazaridis
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Gregory J. Gores
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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3
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Garcia Moreno AS, Guicciardi ME, Wixom AQ, Jessen E, Yang J, Ilyas SI, Bianchi JK, Pinto E Vairo F, Lazaridis KN, Gores GJ. IL-17 Signaling in Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis Patient-Derived Organoids. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3406046. [PMID: 37886596 PMCID: PMC10602181 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3406046/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is unclear, although studies implicate IL-17A as an inflammatory mediator in this disease. However, a direct assessment of IL-17 signaling in PSC cholangiocytes is lacking. In this study we aimed to investigate the response of PSC extrahepatic cholangiocyte organoids (ECO) to IL-17A stimulation. Cholangiocytes obtained from PSC and non-PSC patients by endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC) were cultured as ECO. The ECO were treated with vehicle or IL-17A and assessed by transcriptomics, secretome analysis, and genome sequencing (GS). Unsupervised clustering of all integrated scRNA-seq data identified 8 cholangiocyte clusters which did not differ between PSC and non-PSC ECO. However, PSC ECO cells demonstrated a robust response to IL-17 treatment, noted by an increased number of differentially expressed genes (DEG) by transcriptomics, and more abundant chemokine and cytokine expression and secretion. After rigorous filtering, GS identified candidate somatic variants shared among PSC ECO from unrelated individuals. However, no candidate rare variants in genes regulating the IL-17 pathway were identified, but rare variants regulating the MAPK signaling pathway were present in all PSC ECO. In conclusion, PSC and non-PSC patient derived ECO respond differently to IL-17 stimulation implicating this pathway in the pathogenesis of PSC.
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Lazcanoiturburu N, García‐Sáez J, González‐Corralejo C, Roncero C, Sanz J, Martín‐Rodríguez C, Valdecantos MP, Martínez‐Palacián A, Almalé L, Bragado P, Calero‐Pérez S, Fernández A, García‐Bravo M, Guerra C, Montoliu L, Segovia JC, Valverde ÁM, Fabregat I, Herrera B, Sánchez A. Lack of
EGFR
catalytic activity in hepatocytes improves liver regeneration following
DDC
‐induced cholestatic injury by promoting a pro‐restorative inflammatory response. J Pathol 2022; 258:312-324. [DOI: 10.1002/path.6002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Lazcanoiturburu
- Dept. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy Complutense University of Madrid (UCM) Health Research Institute of the “Hospital Clínico San Carlos” (IdISSC), Madrid Spain
| | - Juan García‐Sáez
- Dept. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy Complutense University of Madrid (UCM) Health Research Institute of the “Hospital Clínico San Carlos” (IdISSC), Madrid Spain
| | - Carlos González‐Corralejo
- Dept. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy Complutense University of Madrid (UCM) Health Research Institute of the “Hospital Clínico San Carlos” (IdISSC), Madrid Spain
| | - Cesáreo Roncero
- Dept. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy Complutense University of Madrid (UCM) Health Research Institute of the “Hospital Clínico San Carlos” (IdISSC), Madrid Spain
| | - Julián Sanz
- Anatomical Pathology Service of the “Clínica Universidad de Navarra”, Madrid, Spain, and UCM Madrid Spain
| | - Carlos Martín‐Rodríguez
- Dept. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy Complutense University of Madrid (UCM) Health Research Institute of the “Hospital Clínico San Carlos” (IdISSC), Madrid Spain
| | - M. Pilar Valdecantos
- “Alberto Sols” Biomedical Research Institute, Spanish National Research Council and Autonomous University of Madrid (IIBM, CSIC‐UAM) Biomedical Research Networking Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders of the Carlos III Health Institute (CIBERDEM‐ISCIII) Madrid Spain
| | - Adoración Martínez‐Palacián
- Dept. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy Complutense University of Madrid (UCM) Health Research Institute of the “Hospital Clínico San Carlos” (IdISSC), Madrid Spain
| | - Laura Almalé
- Dept. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy Complutense University of Madrid (UCM) Health Research Institute of the “Hospital Clínico San Carlos” (IdISSC), Madrid Spain
| | - Paloma Bragado
- Dept. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy Complutense University of Madrid (UCM) Health Research Institute of the “Hospital Clínico San Carlos” (IdISSC), Madrid Spain
| | - Silvia Calero‐Pérez
- “Alberto Sols” Biomedical Research Institute, Spanish National Research Council and Autonomous University of Madrid (IIBM, CSIC‐UAM) Biomedical Research Networking Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders of the Carlos III Health Institute (CIBERDEM‐ISCIII) Madrid Spain
| | - Almudena Fernández
- National Center for Biotechnology (CNB‐CSIC), Biomedical Research Networking Center on Rare Diseases (CIBERER‐ISCIII) Madrid Spain
| | - María García‐Bravo
- Cell Technology Division, Research Center for Energy, Environment and Technology (CIEMAT); Biomedical Research Networking Center on Rare Diseases (CIBERER‐ISCIII); Advanced Therapies Mixed Unit, “Fundación Jiménez Díaz” University Hospital Health Research Institute (CIEMAT/IIS‐FJD) Madrid Spain
| | - Carmen Guerra
- Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid Spain
| | - Lluis Montoliu
- National Center for Biotechnology (CNB‐CSIC), Biomedical Research Networking Center on Rare Diseases (CIBERER‐ISCIII) Madrid Spain
| | - José Carlos Segovia
- Cell Technology Division, Research Center for Energy, Environment and Technology (CIEMAT); Biomedical Research Networking Center on Rare Diseases (CIBERER‐ISCIII); Advanced Therapies Mixed Unit, “Fundación Jiménez Díaz” University Hospital Health Research Institute (CIEMAT/IIS‐FJD) Madrid Spain
| | - Ángela M. Valverde
- “Alberto Sols” Biomedical Research Institute, Spanish National Research Council and Autonomous University of Madrid (IIBM, CSIC‐UAM) Biomedical Research Networking Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders of the Carlos III Health Institute (CIBERDEM‐ISCIII) Madrid Spain
| | - Isabel Fabregat
- TGF‐β and Cancer Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL) , Barcelona, Spain; Oncology Program, Biomedical Research Networking Center in Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBEREHD‐ISCIII), Madrid, Spain; Department of Physiological Sciences Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona (UB) Barcelona Spain
| | - Blanca Herrera
- Dept. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy Complutense University of Madrid (UCM) Health Research Institute of the “Hospital Clínico San Carlos” (IdISSC), Madrid Spain
| | - Aránzazu Sánchez
- Dept. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy Complutense University of Madrid (UCM) Health Research Institute of the “Hospital Clínico San Carlos” (IdISSC), Madrid Spain
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Recent Advancements in Antifibrotic Therapies for Regression of Liver Fibrosis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091500. [PMID: 35563807 PMCID: PMC9104939 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cirrhosis is a severe form of liver fibrosis that results in the irreversible replacement of liver tissue with scar tissue in the liver. Environmental toxicity, infections, metabolic causes, or other genetic factors including autoimmune hepatitis can lead to chronic liver injury and can result in inflammation and fibrosis. This activates myofibroblasts to secrete ECM proteins, resulting in the formation of fibrous scars on the liver. Fibrosis regression is possible through the removal of pathophysiological causes as well as the elimination of activated myofibroblasts, resulting in the reabsorption of the scar tissue. To date, a wide range of antifibrotic therapies has been tried and tested, with varying degrees of success. These therapies include the use of growth factors, cytokines, miRNAs, monoclonal antibodies, stem-cell-based approaches, and other approaches that target the ECM. The positive results of preclinical and clinical studies raise the prospect of a viable alternative to liver transplantation in the near future. The present review provides a synopsis of recent antifibrotic treatment modalities for the treatment of liver cirrhosis, as well as a brief summary of clinical trials that have been conducted to date.
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Cheng QN, Yang X, Wu JF, Ai WB, Ni YR. Interaction of non‑parenchymal hepatocytes in the process of hepatic fibrosis (Review). Mol Med Rep 2021; 23:364. [PMID: 33760176 PMCID: PMC7986015 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis (HF) is the process of fibrous scar formation caused by chronic liver injury of different etiologies. Previous studies have hypothesized that the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) is the central process in HF. The interaction between HSCs and surrounding cells is also crucial. Additionally, hepatic sinusoids capillarization, inflammation, angiogenesis and fibrosis develop during HF. The process involves multiple cell types that are highly connected and work in unison to maintain the homeostasis of the hepatic microenvironment, which serves a key role in the initiation and progression of HF. The current review provides novel insight into the intercellular interaction among liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, HSCs and Kupffer cells, as well as the hepatic microenvironment in the development of HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Ni Cheng
- Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443002, P.R. China
- Institute of Organ Fibrosis and Targeted Drug Delivery, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443002, P.R. China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443002, P.R. China
| | - Xue Yang
- Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443002, P.R. China
- Institute of Organ Fibrosis and Targeted Drug Delivery, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443002, P.R. China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443002, P.R. China
| | - Jiang-Feng Wu
- Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443002, P.R. China
- Institute of Organ Fibrosis and Targeted Drug Delivery, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443002, P.R. China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443002, P.R. China
- The People's Hospital of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443000, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Bing Ai
- The Yiling Hospital of Yichang, Yichang, Hubei 443100, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Ran Ni
- Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443002, P.R. China
- Institute of Organ Fibrosis and Targeted Drug Delivery, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443002, P.R. China
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7
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Wan M, Han J, Ding L, Hu F, Gao P. Novel Immune Subsets and Related Cytokines: Emerging Players in the Progression of Liver Fibrosis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:604894. [PMID: 33869241 PMCID: PMC8047058 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.604894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a pathological process caused by persistent chronic injury of the liver. Kupffer cells, natural killer (NK) cells, NKT cells, and dendritic cells (DCs), which are in close contact with T and B cells, serve to bridge innate and adaptive immunity in the liver. Meanwhile, an imbalanced inflammatory response constitutes a challenge in liver disease. The dichotomous roles of novel immune cells, including T helper 17 (Th17), regulatory T cells (Tregs), mucosa-associated invariant T cells (MAIT), and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) in liver fibrosis have gradually been revealed. These cells not only induce damage during liver fibrosis but also promote tissue repair. Hence, immune cells have unique, and often opposing, roles during the various stages of fibrosis. Due to this heterogeneity, the treatment, or reversal of fibrosis through the target of immune cells have attracted much attention. Moreover, activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) constitutes the core of fibrosis. This activation is regulated by various immune mediators, including Th17, Th22, and Th9, MAIT, ILCs, and γδ T cells, as well as their related cytokines. Thus, liver fibrosis results from the complex interaction of these immune mediators, thereby complicating the ability to elucidate the mechanisms of action elicited by each cell type. Future developments in biotechnology will certainly aid in this feat to inform the design of novel therapeutic targets. Therefore, the aim of this review was to summarize the role of specific immune cells in liver fibrosis, as well as biomarkers and treatment methods related to these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjie Wan
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Central Laboratory, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiawen Han
- Central Laboratory, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lili Ding
- Central Laboratory, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Intensive Care Unit, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Feng Hu
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, The Second Part of First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Pujun Gao
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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8
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Aghbash PS, Hemmat N, Nahand JS, Shamekh A, Memar MY, Babaei A, Baghi HB. The role of Th17 cells in viral infections. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 91:107331. [PMID: 33418239 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The present review provides an overview of recent advances regarding the function of Th17 cells and their produced cytokines in the progression of viral diseases. Viral infections alone do not lead to virus-induced malignancies, as both genetic and host safety factors are also involved in the occurrence of malignancies. Acquired immune responses, through the differentiation of Th17 cells, form the novel components of the Th17 cell pathway when reacting with viral infections all the way from the beginning to its final stages. As a result, instead of inducing the right immune responses, these events lead to the suppression of the immune system. In fact, the responses from Th17 cells during persistent viral infections causes chronic inflammation through the production of IL-17 and other cytokines which provide a favorable environment for tumor growth and its development. Additionally, during the past decade, these cells have been understood to be involved in tumor progression and metastasis. However, further research is required to understand Th17 cells' immune mechanisms in the vast variety of viral diseases. This review aims to determine the roles and effects of the immune system, especially Th17 cells, in the progression of viral diseases; which can be highly beneficial for the diagnosis and treatment of these infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Shiri Aghbash
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, ZIP Code 15731 Tabriz, Iran; Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, ZIP Code 15731 Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nima Hemmat
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, ZIP Code 15731 Tabriz, Iran; Drug Applied Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, ZIP Code 15731 Tabriz, Iran
| | - Javid Sadri Nahand
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, ZIP Code 14155 Tehran, Iran; Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, ZIP Code 14155 Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Shamekh
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, ZIP Code 15731 Tabriz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, ZIP Code 15731 Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Yousef Memar
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, ZIP Code 15731 Tabriz, Iran
| | - Abouzar Babaei
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tarbiat Modares University, ZIP Code 14155 Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Bannazadeh Baghi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, ZIP Code 15731 Tabriz, Iran; Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, ZIP Code 15731 Tabriz, Iran; Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, ZIP Code 15731 Tabriz, Iran.
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9
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Garrido A, Djouder N. Cirrhosis: A Questioned Risk Factor for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Trends Cancer 2020; 7:29-36. [PMID: 32917550 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2020.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The liver is one of the major metabolic organs in the body, susceptible to injury caused by various factors. In response to injury, sophisticated mechanisms are engaged to repair and regenerate the damaged liver, preventing its failure. When the damage is chronic, regeneration goes awry, impairing liver function and causing cirrhosis. Hence, cirrhosis may rather be a protective response to injury, where wound-healing processes are set to primarily repair the damaged liver. Although cirrhosis is clinically considered a risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), comprehensive population-based studies demonstrate a very modest incidence, refuting the idea that cirrhosis progresses to HCC. Here, we discuss and shed light on the provocative question of whether cirrhosis predisposes to HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Garrido
- Molecular Oncology Programme, Growth Factors, Nutrients and Cancer Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Nabil Djouder
- Molecular Oncology Programme, Growth Factors, Nutrients and Cancer Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain.
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Xuan J, Huang A, Hu D, Geng J, Tian Y, Cheng Z, Qiu Y. Huagan tongluo Fang improves liver fibrosis via down-regulating miR-184 and up-regulating FOXO1 to inhibit Th17 cell differentiation. Exp Mol Pathol 2020; 115:104447. [PMID: 32380055 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2020.104447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this research is to reveal the improvement effect and potential mechanism of Huagan tongluo Fang (HGTLF) on liver fibrosis. METHODS A mouse model of liver fibrosis induced by CCl4 was established to analyze the effect of HGTLF on liver fibrosis. The expression changes of miRNA after HGTLF stimulation were detected by qRT-PCR. After interference with miR-184 in Th17 cells, the concentration of IL-17A in cell culture supernatants was detected by ELISA and the proportion of Th17 cells was analyzed by flow cytometry. The relationship between miR-184 and FOXO1 was verified by online software and dual-luciferase reporter system. After HGTLF treatment of Th17 cells overexpressing miR-184, the protein level of FOXO1 was detected by Western blot. RESULTS HGTLF could significantly improve liver fibrosis in mice. By qRT-PCR, miR-184 was most significantly expressed after HGTLF drug stimulation, and miR-184 was considered to be the major RNA involved in Th17 cell differentiation. Interference with miR-184 in Th17 cells inhibited the differentiation of Th17 cells. By online software and dual-luciferase reporter system assay, the direct interaction of miR-184 with FOXO1 was confirmed. After HGTLF treatment of Th17 cells overexpressing miR-184, FOXO1 protein levels were significantly up-regulated and inhibited the differentiation of Th17 cells, which was reversed by miR-184 inhibitors. The Vivo experiments also confirmed the improvement effect of HGTLF on liver fibrosis in mice. CONCLUSION Our results indicated that HGTLF could improve liver fibrosis via down-regulating miR-184 and up-regulating of FOXO1 to inhibit Th17 cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Xuan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ang Huang
- Department of non-infection liver disease, The Center of Liver Disease, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Dashan Hu
- Department of infection internal medicine, The Eighth Second Hospital of the General Hospital of the East War Zone, Huaian 223001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiabao Geng
- Department of infection internal medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yaozhou Tian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jiangsu Branch of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Zhengyuan Cheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuping Qiu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu, China
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11
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Hepatocarcinoma-intestine-pancreas/pancreatitis-associated protein (HIP/PAP) confers protection against hepatic fibrosis through downregulation of transforming growth factor β receptor II. J Transl Med 2020; 100:466-482. [PMID: 31641222 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-019-0314-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocarcinoma-intestine-pancreas/pancreatitis-associated protein (HIP/PAP) has antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, mitogenic, and antiapoptotic effects and thus exerts important functions in the maintenance of integrity and homeostasis of several organs, such as the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, and liver. Although the potent hepatoprotective effect of HIP/PAP has been validated, its impact on liver fibrosis has not been reported. In this study, we evaluated the role of HIP/PAP on hepatic fibrosis and explored the possible underlying mechanisms. We found that the expression of HIP/PAP and its mouse counterpart, Reg3B, was markedly upregulated in fibrotic human or mouse livers. Intraperitoneal (i.p.) interleukin (IL)-10, IL-6, and TNF-α but not TGF-β1 significantly induced hepatic overexpression of Reg3B in mice. In both CCl4 and BDL liver fibrosis models, adenovirus-mediated ectopic expression of HIP/PAP markedly alleviated liver injury, inflammation, collagen deposition, hepatic stellate cell activation, and the overexpression of profibrotic cytokines, including transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-A, B, connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), in mice. In vitro experiments demonstrated that, in addition to suppressing hepatic stellate cell proliferation and accelerating hepatocyte proliferation, HIP/PAP mitigated TGF-β1-induced hepatic stellate cell activation, hepatocyte epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and upregulated expression of profibrotic cytokines in both hepatic stellate cells and hepatocytes. Moreover, HIP/PAP attenuated the overexpression of TGF-β receptor II (TGF-βRII) in fibrotic mouse livers and decreased the basal expression of TGF-βRII in nonfibrotic mouse livers as well as in cultured hepatocytes and hepatic stellate cells, which is at least partly attributable to the TGF-β1-antagonizing function of HIP/PAP. This study indicates that increased expression of hepatic HIP/PAP serves as a countermeasure against liver injury and fibrosis. Exogenous supplementation of HIP/PAP might be a promising therapeutic agent for hepatic fibrosis as well as liver injury.
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Beringer A, Miossec P. Systemic effects of IL-17 in inflammatory arthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2019; 15:491-501. [PMID: 31227819 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-019-0243-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory arthritis occurs in many diseases and is characterized by joint inflammation and damage. However, the inflammatory state in arthritis is commonly associated with systemic manifestations, which are generally linked to a poor prognosis. The pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-17 functions within a complex network of cytokines and contributes to the pathogenesis of various inflammatory diseases. Three IL-17 inhibitors have already been approved for the treatment of psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis. After a brief description of IL-17 and its local effects on joints, this Review focuses on the systemic effects of IL-17 in inflammatory arthritis. Increased circulating concentrations of bioactive IL-17 mediate changes in blood vessels, liver and cardiac and skeletal muscles. The effects of IL-17 on vascular and cardiac cells might contribute to the increased risk of cardiovascular events that occurs in all patients with inflammatory disorders. In the liver, IL-17 contributes to the high circulating concentrations of acute-phase proteins, such as C-reactive protein, and the appearance of liver lesions. In skeletal muscle, IL-17 contributes to muscle contractibility defects and weakness. Thus, targeting IL-17 might have beneficial effects at both local and systemic levels, and could also be proposed for the treatment of a wider range of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Beringer
- Immunogenomics and Inflammation Research Unit, EA 4130, University of Lyon, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Pierre Miossec
- Immunogenomics and Inflammation Research Unit, EA 4130, University of Lyon, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.
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13
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Beringer A, Miossec P. IL-17 and TNF-α co-operation contributes to the proinflammatory response of hepatic stellate cells. Clin Exp Immunol 2019; 198:111-120. [PMID: 31102558 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) have a central role in liver inflammation and fibrosis by producing inflammatory and fibrotic mediators. Their activation is regulated through direct cell-cell interactions, but also through systemic and local effects of soluble factors such as cytokines. The effects of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-17 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and cell interactions with hepatocytes on HSC activation were assessed. Human HSC and HepaRG cells were exposed to IL-17 and/or TNF-α. IL-17 and TNF-α contribution from immune cells was determined in a co-culture model with phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), HSC and/or hepatocytes. IL-17 enhanced TNF-α effects on the induction of IL-6, IL-1β, and the chemokine IL-8, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 20 (CCL20) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) expression/secretion in isolated HSC cultures. HSC-hepatocyte interactions did not enhance IL-6, IL-8 and CCL20 production compared to hepatocyte alone. However, HSC-hepatocyte interactions increased C-reactive protein expression. IL-17 and/or TNF-α had no direct profibrotic effects on collagen 1 α1, tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase (TIMP) and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 2 gene expression, whereas mRNA levels of MMP3, an enzyme involved in matrix destruction, were up-regulated in HSCs. The use of specific inhibitors of IL-17 and TNF-α indicated their contribution to the strong increase of IL-6 and IL-8 production induced by PBMC, HSC and/or hepatocyte interactions. As chronic liver inflammation leads to liver fibrosis, IL-17 and/or TNF-α neutralization can be of interest to control liver inflammation and therefore its effects on fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Beringer
- Immunogenomics and Inflammation research Unit EA 4130, University of Lyon, Lyon, France.,Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - P Miossec
- Immunogenomics and Inflammation research Unit EA 4130, University of Lyon, Lyon, France.,Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
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Wang L, Yang G, Yuan L, Yang Y, Zhao H, Ho CT, Li S. Green Tea Catechins Effectively Altered Hepatic Fibrogenesis in Rats by Inhibiting ERK and Smad1/2 Phosphorylation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:5437-5445. [PMID: 30424599 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b05179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenols derived from green tea have been reported to have a wide range of profound functions. Tea catechins, including epicatechin, epigallocatechin (EGC), epicatechin-3- O-gallate (ECG), and epigallocatechin-3- O-gallate (EGCG), are considered as the major bioactive polyphenols in tea. The present study was designed to elucidate the potential antifibrogenic role of three abundant tea catechins (ECG, EGC, and EGCG) in a CCl4-induced fibrotic rat and their underlying molecular mechanisms. Tea catechins, especially groups of ECG, EGC, and EGCG, effectively induced several beneficial alterations of liver injury markers, oxidative status, and liver histology. Furthermore, catechins ameliorated liver fibrosis, as evidenced by the reduced expression of desmin, α-smooth muscle actin, transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), and downstream ERK1/2 and Smad1/2 phosphorylation. The most significant inhibitory effect on those proteins was observed in ECG (300 mg/kg) and EGCG (300 mg/kg) groups. In addition, catechins conferred their protective role by downregulating the proinflammation cytokines TGF-β, tumor necrosis factor α, and interleukin 17. It is postulated that tea catechins, particularly ECG and EGCG, are potential therapeutic candidates in antifibrotic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwen Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Economic Forest Germplasm Improvement and Resources , Huanggang Normal University , Huanggang , Hubei 438000 , People's Republic of China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology and Food Science , Tianjin University of Commerce , Tianjin 300134 , People's Republic of China
| | - Guliang Yang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Economic Forest Germplasm Improvement and Resources , Huanggang Normal University , Huanggang , Hubei 438000 , People's Republic of China
| | - Li Yuan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Economic Forest Germplasm Improvement and Resources , Huanggang Normal University , Huanggang , Hubei 438000 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yiwen Yang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Economic Forest Germplasm Improvement and Resources , Huanggang Normal University , Huanggang , Hubei 438000 , People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology and Food Science , Tianjin University of Commerce , Tianjin 300134 , People's Republic of China
| | - Chi-Tang Ho
- Department of Food Science , Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey , New Brunswick , New Jersey 08901 , United States
| | - Shiming Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Economic Forest Germplasm Improvement and Resources , Huanggang Normal University , Huanggang , Hubei 438000 , People's Republic of China
- Department of Food Science , Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey , New Brunswick , New Jersey 08901 , United States
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15
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Ramani K, Biswas PS. Interleukin-17: Friend or foe in organ fibrosis. Cytokine 2019; 120:282-288. [PMID: 30772195 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis affects all vital organs accounting for a staggering 45% of deaths worldwide and no effective therapies are currently available. Unresolved inflammation triggers downstream signaling events that lead to organ fibrosis. In recent years, proinflammatory cytokine Interleukin-17 (IL-17) has been implicated in several chronic inflammatory diseases that often culminate in organ damage followed by impaired wound healing and fibrosis. In this review, we outline the contribution of the IL-17 in mediating fibrotic diseases in various organs. A comprehensive understanding of the inflammatory events, and particularly the details of IL-17 signaling in vivo, could be beneficial in designing new therapeutic or preventive approaches to treat fibrosis. Additionally, understanding organ-specific differences in IL-17 activity could lead to targeted therapies and help spare other organs from unwanted side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kritika Ramani
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Partha S Biswas
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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16
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O’Rourke JM, Sagar VM, Shah T, Shetty S. Carcinogenesis on the background of liver fibrosis: Implications for the management of hepatocellular cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:4436-4447. [PMID: 30357021 PMCID: PMC6196335 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i39.4436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is now the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths globally and many patients have incurable disease. HCC predominantly occurs in the setting of liver cirrhosis and is a paradigm for inflammation-induced cancer. The causes of chronic liver disease promote the development of transformed or premalignant hepatocytes and predisposes to the development of HCC. For HCC to grow and progress it is now clear that it requires an immunosuppressive niche within the fibrogenic microenvironment of cirrhosis. The rationale for targeting this immunosuppression is supported by responses seen in recent trials with checkpoint inhibitors. With the impact of immunotherapy, HCC progression may be delayed and long term durable responses may be seen. This makes the management of the underlying liver cirrhosis in HCC even more crucial as studies demonstrate that measures of liver function are a major prognostic factor in HCC. In this review, we discuss the development of cancer in the setting of liver inflammation and fibrosis, reviewing the microenvironment that leads to this tumourigenic climate and the implications this has for patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Marie O’Rourke
- Centre for Liver Research, Institute of Biomedical Research, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
- NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Birmingham and University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom
| | - Vandana Mridhu Sagar
- Centre for Liver Research, Institute of Biomedical Research, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
- NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Birmingham and University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom
| | - Tahir Shah
- NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Birmingham and University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom
| | - Shishir Shetty
- Centre for Liver Research, Institute of Biomedical Research, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
- NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Birmingham and University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom
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17
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Beringer A, Miossec P. IL-17 and IL-17-producing cells and liver diseases, with focus on autoimmune liver diseases. Autoimmun Rev 2018; 17:1176-1185. [PMID: 30321671 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin(IL)-17 and IL-17-producing cells are important players in the pathogenesis of many autoimmune / inflammatory diseases. More recently, they have been associated with liver diseases. This review first describes the general knowledge on IL-17 and IL-17 producing cells. The second part describes the in vitro and in vivo effects of IL-17 on liver cells and the contribution of IL-17 producing cells to liver diseases. IL-17 induces immune cell infiltration and liver damage driving to hepatic inflammation and fibrosis and contributes to autoimmune liver diseases. The circulating levels of IL-17 and the frequency of IL-17-producing cells are elevated in a variety of acute and chronic liver diseases. The last part focuses on the effects of IL-17 deletion or neutralization in various murine models. Some of these observed beneficial effects suggest that targeting the IL-17 axis could be a new therapeutic strategy to prevent chronicity and progression of various liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Beringer
- Immunogenomics and Inflammation Research Unit EA4130, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Pierre Miossec
- Immunogenomics and Inflammation Research Unit EA4130, University of Lyon, Lyon, France.
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18
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Wree A, McGeough MD, Inzaugarat ME, Eguchi A, Schuster S, Johnson CD, Peña CA, Geisler LJ, Papouchado BG, Hoffman HM, Feldstein AE. NLRP3 inflammasome driven liver injury and fibrosis: Roles of IL-17 and TNF in mice. Hepatology 2018; 67:736-749. [PMID: 28902427 PMCID: PMC5849484 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The NLRP3 inflammasome, a caspase-1 activation platform, plays a key role in the modulation of liver inflammation and fibrosis. Here, we tested the hypothesis that interleukin 17 (IL-17) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) are key cytokines involved in amplifying and perpetuating the liver damage and fibrosis resulting from NLRP3 activation. To address this hypothesis, gain-of-function Nlrp3A350V knock-in mice were bred onto il17a and Tnf knockout backgrounds allowing for constitutive Nlrp3 activation in myeloid derived cells in mice deficient in IL-17 or TNF. Livers of Nlrp3A350V knock-in mice exhibited severe liver inflammatory changes characterized by infiltration with neutrophils, increased expression of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand (CXCL) 1 and CXCL2 chemokines, activated inflammatory macrophages, and elevated levels of IL-17 and TNF. Mutants with ablation of il17a signal showed fewer neutrophils when compared to intact Nlrp3A350V mutants, but still significant inflammatory changes when compared to the nonmutant il17a knockout littermates. The severe inflammatory changes associated with mutant Nlrp3 were almost completely rescued by Tnf knockout in association with a marked decrease in circulating IL-1β levels. Intact Nlrp3A350V mutants showed changes in liver fibrosis, as evidenced by morphometric quantitation of Sirius Red staining and increased mRNA levels of profibrotic genes, including connective tissue growth factor and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase 1. Il17a lacking mutants exhibited amelioration of the aforementioned fibrosis, whereas Tnf-deficient mutants showed no signs of fibrosis when compared to littermate controls. Conclusion: Our study uncovers key roles for TNF and, to a lesser extent, IL-17 as mediators of liver inflammation and fibrosis induced by constitutive NLRP3 inflammasome activation in myeloid-derived cells. These findings may lead to therapeutic strategies aimed at halting the progression of liver injury and fibrogenesis in various liver pathogeneses driven by NLRP3 activation. (Hepatology 2018;67:736-749).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Wree
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California – San Diego, La Jolla
- Department of Internal Medicine III, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Germany
| | | | | | - Akiko Eguchi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California – San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Susanne Schuster
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California – San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Casey D. Johnson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California – San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Carla A. Peña
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California – San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Lukas J. Geisler
- Department of Internal Medicine III, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Hal M. Hoffman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California – San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Ariel E. Feldstein
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California – San Diego, La Jolla
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19
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Paquissi FC. Immunity and Fibrogenesis: The Role of Th17/IL-17 Axis in HBV and HCV-induced Chronic Hepatitis and Progression to Cirrhosis. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1195. [PMID: 29033929 PMCID: PMC5626935 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cirrhosis is a common final pathway for most chronic liver diseases; representing an increasing burden worldwide and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Current evidence has shown that, after an initial injury, the immune response has a significant participation in the ongoing damage, and progression from chronic viral hepatitis (CVH) to cirrhosis, driving the activation and maintenance of main fibrogenic pathways. Among immune deregulations, those related to the subtype 17 of T helper lymphocytes (Th17)/interleukin-17 (IL-17) axis have been recognized as key immunopathological and prognostic elements in patients with CVH. The Th17/IL-17 axis has been found involved in several points of fibrogenesis chain from the activation of stellate cells, increased expression of profibrotic factors as TGF-β, promotion of the myofibroblastic or epithelial–mesenchymal transition, stimulation of the synthesis of collagen, and induction of imbalance between matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). It also promotes the recruitment of inflammatory cells and increases the expression of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and IL-23. So, the Th17/IL-17 axis is simultaneously the fuel and the flame of a sustained proinflammatory and profibrotic environment. This work aims to present the immunopathologic and prognostic role of the Th17/IL-17 axis and related pathways in fibrogenesis and progression to cirrhosis in patients with liver disease due to hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV).
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20
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Zepeda-Morales ASM, Del Toro-Arreola S, García-Benavides L, Bastidas-Ramírez BE, Fafutis-Morris M, Pereira-Suárez AL, Bueno-Topete MR. Liver fibrosis in bile duct-ligated rats correlates with increased hepatic IL-17 and TGF-β2 expression. Ann Hepatol 2017; 15:418-26. [PMID: 27049496 DOI: 10.5604/16652681.1198820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED BACKGROUND AND RATIONALE FOR THE STUDY: IL-17, TGF-β1/2 are cytokines involved in the development of kidney, pulmonary and liver fibrosis. However, their expression kinetics in the pathogenesis of cholestatic liver fibrosis have not yet been fully explored. The aim of the study was to analyze the expression of IL-17, RORγt, NKp46, TGF-β1, and TGF-β2 in the liver of rats with bile duct ligation (BDL). RESULTS Hepatic IL-17A gene expression analyzed by qRT-PCR showed a dramatic increase of 350 and 10 fold, at 8 and 30 days post BDL, respectively. TGFβ1 and TGFβ2 gene expression significantly increased throughout the whole fibrotic process. At the protein level in liver homogenates, IL-17, TGF-β1, and RORγt significantly increased at 8 and 30 days after BDL. Interestingly, a significant increase in the protein levels of TGF-β2 and decrease of NKp46 was observed only 30 days after BDL. Unexpectedly, TGF-β2 exhibited stronger signals than TGF-β1 at the gene expression and protein levels. Histological analysis showed bile duct proliferation and collagen deposition. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that pro-fibrogenic cytokines IL-17, TGF-β1 and, strikingly, TGF-β2 might be important players of liver damage in the pathogenesis of early and advanced experimental cholestatic fibrosis. Th17 cells might represent an important source of IL-17, while NK cell depletion may account for the perpetuation of liver damage in the BDL model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susana Del Toro-Arreola
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Fisiología. Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud , Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jal., México
| | - Leonel García-Benavides
- Instituto de Terapéutica Experimental y Clínica, Departamento de Fisiología. Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud , Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jal., México
| | - Blanca E Bastidas-Ramírez
- Instituto de Investigación en Enfermedades Crónico-Degenerativas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica
| | - Mary Fafutis-Morris
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Fisiología. Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud , Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jal., México
| | - Ana L Pereira-Suárez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Fisiología. Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud , Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jal., México
| | - Miriam R Bueno-Topete
- Instituto de Investigación en Enfermedades Crónico-Degenerativas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica
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Sato K, Hall C, Glaser S, Francis H, Meng F, Alpini G. Pathogenesis of Kupffer Cells in Cholestatic Liver Injury. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:2238-47. [PMID: 27452297 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Kupffer cells are the resident macrophages in the liver. They are located in hepatic sinusoid, which allows them to remove foreign materials, pathogens, and apoptotic cells efficiently. Activated Kupffer cells secrete various mediators, including cytokines and chemokines, to initiate immune responses, inflammation, or recruitment of other liver cells. Bile duct ligation (BDL) surgery in rodents is often studied as an animal model of cholestatic liver disease, characterized by obstruction of bile flow. BDL mice show altered functional activities of Kupffer cells compared with sham-operated mice, including elevated cytokine secretion and impaired bacterial clearance. Various mediators produced by other liver cells can regulate Kupffer cell activation, which suggest that Kupffer cells orchestrate with other liver cells to relay inflammatory signals and to maintain liver homeostasis during BDL-induced liver injury. Blocking or depletion of Kupffer cells, an approach for the treatment of liver diseases, has shown controversial implications. Procedures in Kupffer cell research have limitations and may produce various results in Kupffer cell research. It is important, however, to reveal underlying mechanisms of activation and functions of Kupffer cells, followed by hepatic inflammation and fibrosis. This review summarizes present Kupffer cell studies in cholestatic liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisaku Sato
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Department of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Temple, Texas
| | - Chad Hall
- Department of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Academic Research Integration, Department Surgery, Baylor Scott & White Healthcare, Temple, Texas
| | - Shannon Glaser
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Department of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Temple, Texas
| | - Heather Francis
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Department of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Temple, Texas
| | - Fanyin Meng
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Department of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Temple, Texas
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Department of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Temple, Texas.
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22
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Ebrahimi H, Naderian M, Sohrabpour AA. New Concepts on Pathogenesis and Diagnosis of Liver Fibrosis; A Review Article. Middle East J Dig Dis 2016; 8:166-178. [PMID: 27698966 PMCID: PMC5045669 DOI: 10.15171/mejdd.2016.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a potentially reversible response to hepatic insults, triggered by different chronic diseases most importantly viral hepatitis, alcoholic, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. In the course of the chronic liver disease, hepatic fibrogenesis may develop, which is attributed to various types of cells, molecules, and pathways. Activated hepatic stellate cell (HSC), the primary source of extracellular matrix (ECM), is fundamental in pathophysiology of fibrogenesis, and thus is the most attractable target for reversing liver fibrosis. Although, liver biopsy has long been considered as the gold standard for diagnosis and staging of hepatic fibrosis, assessing progression and regression by biopsy is hampered by its limitations. We provide recent views on noninvasive approaches including serum biomarkers and radiologic techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedyeh Ebrahimi
- Liver and Pancreaticobiliary Diseases Research Center, Digestive Disease Research Institute, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Naderian
- Liver and Pancreaticobiliary Diseases Research Center, Digestive Disease Research Institute, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Ali Sohrabpour
- Assistant Professor, Liver and Pancreaticobiliary Diseases Research Center, Digestive Disease Research Institute, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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23
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Rieder F, Bettenworth D, Imai J, Inagaki Y. Intestinal Fibrosis and Liver Fibrosis: Consequences of Chronic Inflammation or Independent Pathophysiology? Inflamm Intest Dis 2016; 1:41-49. [PMID: 29922656 DOI: 10.1159/000445135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Intestinal fibrosis and liver fibrosis represent a significant burden for our patients and health-care systems. Despite the severe clinical problem and the observation that fibrosis is reversible, no specific antifibrotic therapies exist. Summary In this review, using an 'East-West' scientific collaboration, we summarize the current knowledge on principal mechanisms shared by intestinal fibrosis and liver fibrosis. We furthermore discuss inflammation as the cause of fibrogenesis in both entities, depict unique features of intestinal and hepatic fibrosis, and provide a future outlook on the development of antifibrotic therapies. Key Messages A collaborative effort in the field of fibrosis, covering multiple organ systems, will have the highest chance of leading to the development of a successful antifibrotic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Rieder
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Jin Imai
- Center for Matrix Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokai University, Isehara, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Yutaka Inagaki
- Center for Matrix Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokai University, Isehara, Japan.,Department of Regenerative Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
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Sun C, Kono H, Furuya S, Hara M, Hirayama K, Akazawa Y, Nakata Y, Fujii H. Interleukin-17A Plays a Pivotal Role in Chemically Induced Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Mice. Dig Dis Sci 2016; 61:474-88. [PMID: 26467699 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-015-3888-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIM The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of interleukin (IL)-17A in the initiation and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma. METHODS IL-17A deficient (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice were intraperitoneal injected with diethyl nitrosamine (DEN) to induce hepatocellular carcinoma, and the incidence of tumours was assessed 38 weeks later. In order to investigate the effects of DEN on hepatocytes in the acute phase of DEN administration, DEN-treated mice were sacrificed at designated time points. Serum and liver tissues were harvested for further analyses. RESULTS The tumor incidence was approximately 65 % in WT mice, but was significantly lower (by 20 %) in KO mice. The number of tumours was also less in KO mice. Serum ALT levels increased in WT mice 7 days after the administration of DEN, but were significantly lower in KO mice. Furthermore, the number of neutrophils and Kupffer cells, and the expression of TNF-α and IL-6 were reduced in KO mice. The intrahepatic expression of the oxidative DNA damage marker 8-OHdG and lipid oxidative marker 4-HNE was markedly increased in WT mice, but was significantly lower in KO mice. In addition, the increase of cell proliferation, as assessed by Ki-67 immunohistochemistry, in WT mice was significantly reduced in KO mice. CONCLUSION These results demonstrated that IL-17A plays a pivotal role in chemically induced hepatic carcinogenesis, which is most likely through inflammation-initiated oxidative DNA damage and cell proliferation.
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Klemann C, Schröder A, Dreier A, Möhn N, Dippel S, Winterberg T, Wilde A, Yu Y, Thorenz A, Gueler F, Jörns A, Tolosa E, Leonhardt J, Haas JD, Prinz I, Vieten G, Petersen C, Kuebler JF. Interleukin 17, Produced by γδ T Cells, Contributes to Hepatic Inflammation in a Mouse Model of Biliary Atresia and Is Increased in Livers of Patients. Gastroenterology 2016; 150:229-241.e5. [PMID: 26404950 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Biliary atresia (BA) is a rare disease in infants, with unknown mechanisms of pathogenesis. It is characterized by hepatobiliary inflammatory, progressive destruction of the biliary system leading to liver fibrosis, and deterioration of liver function. Interleukin (IL) 17A promotes inflammatory and autoimmune processes. We studied the role of IL17A and cells that produce this cytokine in a mouse model of BA and in hepatic biopsy samples from infants with BA. METHODS We obtained peripheral blood and liver tissue specimens from 20 patients with BA, collected at the time of Kasai portoenterostomy, along with liver biopsies from infants without BA (controls). The tissue samples were analyzed by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), in situ PCR, and flow cytometry analyses. BA was induced in balb/cAnNCrl mice by rhesus rotavirus infection; uninfected mice were used as controls. Liver tissues were collected from mice and analyzed histologically and by reverse transcriptase PCR; leukocytes were isolated, stimulated, and analyzed by flow cytometry and PCR analyses. Some mice were given 3 intraperitoneal injections of a monoclonal antibody against IL17 or an isotype antibody (control). RESULTS Livers from rhesus rota virus-infected mice with BA had 7-fold more Il17a messenger RNA than control mice (P = .02). γδ T cells were the exclusive source of IL17; no T-helper 17 cells were detected in livers of mice with BA. The increased number of IL17a-positive γδ T cells liver tissues of mice with BA was associated with increased levels of IL17A, IL17F, retinoid-orphan-receptor C, C-C chemokine receptor 6, and the IL23 receptor. Mice that were developing BA and given antibodies against IL17 had lower levels of liver inflammation and mean serum levels of bilirubin than mice receiving control antibodies (191 μmol/L vs 78 μmol/L, P = .002). Liver tissues from patients with BA had 4.6-fold higher levels of IL17 messenger RNA than control liver tissues (P = .02). CONCLUSIONS In livers of mice with BA, γδ T cells produce IL17, which is required for inflammation and destruction of the biliary system. IL17 is up-regulated in liver tissues from patients with BA, compared with controls, and might serve as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Klemann
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Arne Schröder
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anika Dreier
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nora Möhn
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stephanie Dippel
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Winterberg
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anne Wilde
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Yi Yu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anja Thorenz
- Department of Nephrology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Faikah Gueler
- Department of Nephrology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anne Jörns
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Eva Tolosa
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Leonhardt
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, St Bernward Hospital, Hildesheim, Germany
| | - Jan D Haas
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Immo Prinz
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gertrud Vieten
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Claus Petersen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Joachim F Kuebler
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
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Abshagen K, König M, Hoppe A, Müller I, Ebert M, Weng H, Holzhütter HG, Zanger UM, Bode J, Vollmar B, Thomas M, Dooley S. Pathobiochemical signatures of cholestatic liver disease in bile duct ligated mice. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2015; 9:83. [PMID: 26589287 PMCID: PMC4654904 DOI: 10.1186/s12918-015-0229-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Disrupted bile secretion leads to liver damage characterized by inflammation, fibrosis, eventually cirrhosis, and hepatocellular cancer. As obstructive cholestasis often progresses insidiously, markers for the diagnosis and staging of the disease are urgently needed. To this end, we compiled a comprehensive data set of serum markers, histological parameters and transcript profiles at 8 time points of disease progression after bile duct ligation (BDL) in mice, aiming at identifying a set of parameters that could be used as robust biomarkers for transition of different disease progression phases. Results Statistical analysis of the more than 6,000 data points revealed distinct temporal phases of disease. Time course correlation analysis of biochemical, histochemical and mRNA transcript parameters (=factors) defined 6 clusters for different phases of disease progression. The number of CTGF-positive cells provided the most reliable overall measure for disease progression at histological level, bilirubin at biochemical level, and metalloproteinase inhibitor 1 (Timp1) at transcript level. Prominent molecular events exhibited by strong transcript peaks are found for the transcriptional regulator Nr0b2 (Shp) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) 24-hydroxylase (Cyp24a1) at 6 h. Based on these clusters, we constructed a decision tree of factor combinations potentially useful as markers for different time intervals of disease progression. Best prediction for onset of disease is achieved by fibronectin (Fn1), for early disease phase by Cytochrome P450 1A2 (Cyp1a2), passage to perpetuation phase by collagen1α-1 (Col1a1), and transition to the progression phase by interleukin 17-a (Il17a), with early and late progression separated by Col1a1. Notably, these predictions remained stable even for randomly chosen small sub-sets of factors selected from the clusters. Conclusion Our detailed time-resolved explorative study of liver homogenates following BDL revealed a well-coordinated response, resulting in disease phase dependent parameter modulations at morphological, biochemical, metabolic and gene expression levels. Interestingly, a small set of selected parameters can be used as diagnostic markers to predict disease stages in mice with cholestatic liver disease. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12918-015-0229-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Abshagen
- Institute for Experimental Surgery, University Medicine Rostock, Schillingallee 69a, Rostock, 18057, Germany.
| | - Matthias König
- Institute for Biochemistry, Computational Systems Biochemistry Group, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, 10117, Germany.
| | - Andreas Hoppe
- Institute for Biochemistry, Computational Systems Biochemistry Group, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, 10117, Germany.
| | - Isabell Müller
- Institute for Experimental Surgery, University Medicine Rostock, Schillingallee 69a, Rostock, 18057, Germany.
| | - Matthias Ebert
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, 68167, Germany.
| | - Honglei Weng
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, 68167, Germany.
| | - Herrmann-Georg Holzhütter
- Institute for Biochemistry, Computational Systems Biochemistry Group, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, 10117, Germany.
| | - Ulrich M Zanger
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Stuttgart, 70376, Germany.
| | - Johannes Bode
- Department for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectiology, Heinrich-Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany.
| | - Brigitte Vollmar
- Institute for Experimental Surgery, University Medicine Rostock, Schillingallee 69a, Rostock, 18057, Germany.
| | - Maria Thomas
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Stuttgart, 70376, Germany.
| | - Steven Dooley
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, 68167, Germany.
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Therapeutic Potential of IL-17-Mediated Signaling Pathway in Autoimmune Liver Diseases. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:436450. [PMID: 26146463 PMCID: PMC4471389 DOI: 10.1155/2015/436450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence reveals that various cytokines and tissue microenvironments contribute to liver inflammation and autoimmunity, and IL-17 family is one of highlights acknowledged. Although the implication of IL-17 family in most common autoimmune diseases (such as psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease, and rheumatoid arthritis) has been extensively characterized, the role of this critical family in pathophysiology of autoimmune liver diseases (AILD) still needs to be clarified. In the review, we look into the intriguing biology of IL-17 family and further dissect on the intricate role of IL-17-mediated pathway in AILD. Considering encouraging data from preclinical and clinical trials, IL-17 targeted therapy has shown promises in several certain autoimmune conditions. However, blocking IL-17-mediated pathway is just beginning, and more fully investigation and reflection are required. Taking together, targeting IL-17-mediated responses may open up new areas of potential clinical treatment for AILD.
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Lu DH, Guo XY, Qin SY, Luo W, Huang XL, Chen M, Wang JX, Ma SJ, Yang XW, Jiang HX. Interleukin-22 ameliorates liver fibrogenesis by attenuating hepatic stellate cell activation and downregulating the levels of inflammatory cytokines. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:1531-45. [PMID: 25663772 PMCID: PMC4316095 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i5.1531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effect of interleukin (IL)-22 on hepatic fibrosis in mice and the possible mechanism involved. METHODS Liver fibrosis was induced in male BALB/c mice by CCl₄. Recombinant IL-22 (rmIL-22) was administered intraperitoneally in CCl₄-treated mice. Fibrosis was assessed by histology and Masson staining. The activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) was investigated by analysis of α-smooth muscle actin expression. The frequencies of T helper (Th) 22 cells, Th17 cells and Th1 cells, the expression of inflammatory cytokines [IL-22, IL-17A, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-6, IL-1β] and transcription factors [aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), RAR-related orphan receptor (RORγt), T-bet] mRNA in the liver were investigated. In addition, the plasma levels of IL-22, IL-17A, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β were evaluated. RESULTS Significant elevations in circulating Th22 cells, Th17 cells, Th1 cells, IL-22, IL-17A, and IFN-γ were observed in the hepatic fibrosis group compared with the control group (P < 0.01). Treatment with rmIL-22 in mice with hepatic fibrosis ameliorated the severity of hepatic fibrosis, which was confirmed by lower hepatic fibrosis pathological scores (P < 0.01). RmIL-22 decreased the frequencies of Th22 cells (6.71% ± 0.97% vs 8.09% ± 0.74%, P < 0.01), Th17 cells (4.34% ± 0.37% vs 5.71% ± 0.24%, P < 0.01), Th1 cells (3.09% ± 0.49% vs 4.91% ± 0.73%, P < 0.01), and the levels of IL-22 (56.23 ± 3.08 vs 70.29 ± 3.01, P < 0.01), IL-17A (30.74 ± 2.77 vs 45.68 ± 2.71, P < 0.01), and IFN-γ (74.78 ± 2.61 vs 124.89 ± 2.82, P < 0.01). Down-regulation of IL-22, IL-17A, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, AHR RORγt, and T-bet gene expression in the liver was observed in the rmIL-22 group (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION The frequencies of Th22, Th17 and Th1 cells are elevated in hepatic fibrosis. RmIL-22 can attenuate HSC activation and down-regulate the levels of inflammatory cytokines, thereby ameliorating liver fibrogenesis.
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Peng X, Xiao Z, Zhang J, Li Y, Dong Y, Du J. IL-17A produced by bothγδT and Th17 cells promotes renal fibrosis via RANTES-mediated leukocyte infiltration after renal obstruction. J Pathol 2014; 235:79-89. [PMID: 25158055 DOI: 10.1002/path.4430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaogang Peng
- Beijing AnZhen Hospital; Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases. The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education; Beijing China
| | - Zhicheng Xiao
- Beijing AnZhen Hospital; Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases. The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education; Beijing China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Beijing AnZhen Hospital; Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases. The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education; Beijing China
| | - Yulin Li
- Beijing AnZhen Hospital; Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases. The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education; Beijing China
| | - Yanjun Dong
- Beijing AnZhen Hospital; Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases. The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education; Beijing China
| | - Jie Du
- Beijing AnZhen Hospital; Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases. The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education; Beijing China
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Zhou WC, Zhang QB, Qiao L. Pathogenesis of liver cirrhosis. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:7312-7324. [PMID: 24966602 PMCID: PMC4064077 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i23.7312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 03/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver cirrhosis is the final pathological result of various chronic liver diseases, and fibrosis is the precursor of cirrhosis. Many types of cells, cytokines and miRNAs are involved in the initiation and progression of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. Activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) is a pivotal event in fibrosis. Defenestration and capillarization of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells are major contributing factors to hepatic dysfunction in liver cirrhosis. Activated Kupffer cells destroy hepatocytes and stimulate the activation of HSCs. Repeated cycles of apoptosis and regeneration of hepatocytes contribute to pathogenesis of cirrhosis. At the molecular level, many cytokines are involved in mediation of signaling pathways that regulate activation of HSCs and fibrogenesis. Recently, miRNAs as a post-transcriptional regulator have been found to play a key role in fibrosis and cirrhosis. Robust animal models of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis, as well as the recently identified critical cellular and molecular factors involved in the development of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis will facilitate the development of more effective therapeutic approaches for these conditions.
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Kupffer Cells in Health and Disease. MACROPHAGES: BIOLOGY AND ROLE IN THE PATHOLOGY OF DISEASES 2014. [PMCID: PMC7121975 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1311-4_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Kupffer cells (KC), the resident macrophages of the liver, represent the largest population of mononuclear phagocytes in the body. Phenotypic, developmental, and functional aspects of these cells in steady state and in different diseases are the focus of this review. Recently it has become evident that KC precursors seed the liver already early in fetal development, and the population can be maintained independently from circulating monocytes. However, inflammatory conditions allow rapid differentiation of monocytes into mature cells that are indistinguishable from genuine KC. KC are located in the lumen of sinusoids that receive blood both from the portal vein, carrying nutrients and microbial products from the gut, and from the hepatic artery. This positions KC ideally for their prime function, namely surveillance and clearance of the circulation. As such, they are important in iron recycling by phagocytosing effete erythrocytes, for instance. The immunophenotype of KC, characterized by a wide variety of endocytic receptors, is indicative of this scavenger function. In maintaining homeostasis, KC have an ambivalent response to exogenous triggers. On the one hand, their surveillance function requires alert responses to potentially hazardous substances. On the other hand, continuous exposure of the cells to the trigger-rich content of blood originating from the gut dampens their responsiveness to further stimuli. This ambivalence is also reflected in their diverse roles in disease pathogenesis. For the latter, we sketch the contribution of KC by giving examples of their role in metabolic disease, infections, and liver injury.
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T helper 17 cells in autoimmune liver diseases. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:607073. [PMID: 24223606 PMCID: PMC3810350 DOI: 10.1155/2013/607073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Many autoimmune diseases are driven by self-reactive T helper (Th) cells. A new population of effector CD4+ T cells characterized by the secretion of interleukin (IL)-17, referred to as Th17 cells, has been demonstrated to be phenotypically, functionally, and developmentally distinct from Th1 and Th2 cells. Because the liver is known to be an important source of transforming growth factor-β and IL-6, which are cytokines that are crucial for Th17 differentiation, it is very likely that Th17 cells contribute to liver inflammation and autoimmunity. In contrast, another distinct subset of T cells, regulatory T cells (Treg), downregulate immune responses and play an important role in maintaining self-tolerance. In addition, there is a reciprocal relationship between Th17 cells and Tregs, in development and effector functions, and the balance between Th17 and Treg cells can affect the outcome of immune responses, particularly in autoimmune diseases. In this review, we will focus on the latest investigative findings related to Th17 cells in autoimmune liver disease.
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