Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt Infections Cause Acute Abdomen and Peritonitis: A Case Series

[The acute abdomen in children]

BACKGROUND

Because 8-10% of children in the emergency room present with acute abdominal pain, a systematic work-up is essential to rule out acute abdomen.

OBJECTIVES

This article highlights the etiology, symptoms, diagnostic workup, and treatment of acute abdomen in children.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Review of the current literature.

RESULTS

Abdominal inflammation, ischemia, bowel and ureteral obstruction, or abdominal bleeding are causes of acute abdomen. Extra-abdominal diseases such as otitis media in toddlers or testicular torsion in adolescent boys can also lead to symptoms of acute abdomen. Abdominal pain, (bilious) vomiting, abdominal guarding, constipation, blood-tinged stools, abdominal bruise marks, and poor condition of the patient with symptoms such as tachycardia, tachypnea, and hypotonia up to shock are leading symptoms of acute abdomen. In some cases, emergent abdominal surgery is needed to treat the cause of the acute abdomen. However, in patients with pediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome temporarily associated with SARS-CoV‑2 infection (PIMS-TS), a new disease causing an acute abdomen, surgical treatment is rarely needed.

CONCLUSIONS

Acute abdomen can lead to nonreversible loss of an abdominal organ, such as bowel or ovary, or develop into acute deterioration of the patient's condition up to the state of shock. Therefore, a complete history and thorough physical examination are needed to timely diagnose acute abdomen and initiate specific therapy.

Challenges in the Management of Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections in Patients With Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt

Gram-negative bacterial infections of the central nervous system (CNS) have worse clinical outcomes. The most common bacteria include Escherichia Coli, Citrobacter species, Enterobacter species, Serratia species, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. There are multiple risk factors for CNS infection after shunt insertion, including younger age, obstructive hydrocephalus, shunt revision surgery, and trauma. The clinical presentation of a ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt infection includes the signs and symptoms of meningitis to fever with abdominal pain and peritonitis. Apart from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, microbiological cultures and radiological studies are key diagnostic tools. Initial empirical intravenous antimicrobial therapy is preferably broad spectrum with appropriate coverage for resistant Gram-negative pathogens and the duration of treatment depends upon pathogenesis, host factors, and clinical response to the therapy.

Considering the importance of this disease and associated clinical outcomes, in this review article, we have summarized the epidemiology, clinical features, management, and prevention of Gram-negative VP shunt infections in adults.