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Cleary SR, Starace AK, Curran-Velasco CC, Ruddy DA, McGuirk CM. The Overlooked Potential of Sulfated Zirconia: Reexamining Solid Superacidity Toward the Controlled Depolymerization of Polyolefins. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:6612-6653. [PMID: 38509763 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Closed-loop recycling via an efficient chemical process can help alleviate the global plastic waste crisis. However, conventional depolymerization methods for polyolefins, which compose more than 50% of plastics, demand high temperatures and pressures, employ precious noble metals, and/or yield complex mixtures of products limited to single-use fuels or oils. Superacidic forms of sulfated zirconia (SZrO) with Hammet Acidity Functions (H0) ≤ - 12 (i.e., stronger than 100% H2SO4) are industrially deployed heterogeneous catalysts capable of activating hydrocarbons under mild conditions and are shown to decompose polyolefins at temperatures near 200 °C and ambient pressure. Additionally, confinement of active sites in porous supports is known to radically increase selectivity, coking and sintering resistance, and acid site activity, presenting a possible approach to low-energy polyolefin depolymerization. However, a critical examination of the literature on SZrO led us to a surprising conclusion: despite 40 years of catalytic study, engineering, and industrial use, the surface chemistry of SZrO is poorly understood. Ostensibly spurred by SZrO's impressive catalytic activity, the application-driven study of SZrO has resulted in deleterious ambiguity in requisite synthetic conditions for superacidity and insufficient characterization of acidity, porosity, and active site structure. This ambiguity has produced significant knowledge gaps surrounding the synthesis, structure, and mechanisms of hydrocarbon activation for optimized SZrO, stunting the potential of this catalyst in olefin cracking and other industrially relevant reactions, such as isomerization, esterification, and alkylation. Toward mitigating these long extant issues, we herein identify and highlight these current shortcomings and knowledge gaps, propose explicit guidelines for characterization of and reporting on characterization of solid acidity, and discuss the potential of pore-confined superacids in the efficient and selective depolymerization of polyolefins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott R Cleary
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Anne K Starace
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Caleb C Curran-Velasco
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Daniel A Ruddy
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - C Michael McGuirk
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
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2
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Wang N, Zhou X, Yu X, Song Y, Ullah S, Nie X, Wang N, Zhang L. Preparation of Solid Superacid SO 42-/ZrO 2 and SO 42-/ZrO 2-M xO y (M=Ce, Co, Mn, and Zn) and Its Application in Toluene Nitration. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:12037-12045. [PMID: 38496941 PMCID: PMC10938450 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c09663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
The nitration reaction of aromatic compounds is one of the extensively studied chemical reactions that result in the manufacturing of various industrial products applied in pharmaceuticals, dyes, perfumes, and explosives. A series of modified sulfated zirconia (SZ) catalysts SO42-/ZrO2-MxOy (M=Ce, Co, Mn, Zn, and M/SZ) doped with different metal elements by a coprecipitation method were investigated in the toluene nitration reaction. Various characterization techniques (X-ray diffraction, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia) indicated that doping metal elements in SZ led to excellent catalytic properties, increasing the specific surface area of the catalyst and facilitating the formation of a stable tetragonal zirconia phase. Doping zinc and cobalt in SZ enhanced the acidity of the catalyst and formed stronger acidic sites, promoting the generation of nitronium ions and providing more active sites for the toluene nitration reaction. Additionally, it reduced the loss of sulfate ions in the catalytic system that helped in improving the stability of the catalyst. Under the same conditions, the catalytic activity of toluene nitration reaction demonstrated the following order: Zn/SZ > Ce/SZ > Co/SZ > Mn/SZ > SZ, with the zinc-doped SZ catalyst exhibiting the best catalytic performance, achieving a toluene conversion rate of 78.58% and a para/ortho nitrotoluene ratio of 0.67.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- School
of Chemical Engineering, East China University
of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200231, China
| | - Xiaolong Zhou
- East
China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200231, China
| | - Xiaoyan Yu
- School
of Chemical Engineering, East China University
of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200231, China
| | - Yueqin Song
- East
China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200231, China
| | - Saif Ullah
- School
of Chemical Engineering, East China University
of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200231, China
| | - Xinyao Nie
- Qingyang
Chemical Industry Corporation, Liaoyang 111000, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Qingyang
Chemical Industry Corporation, Liaoyang 111000, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Qingyang
Chemical Industry Corporation, Liaoyang 111000, China
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3
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Zirconia-Based Nanomaterials for Alternative Energy Application: Concept of Research in Smart Laboratory. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-022-06976-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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4
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Baranchikov AE, Kopitsa GP, Yorov KE, Sipyagina NA, Lermontov SA, Pavlova AA, Kottsov SY, Garamus VM, Ryukhtin V, Ivanov VK. SiO2–TiO2 Binary Aerogels: A Small-Angle Scattering Study. RUSS J INORG CHEM+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s003602362106005x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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5
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Mohd Yusoff MH, Abdullah AZ. Effect of calcination temperature on the physicochemical and catalytic properties of SZSBA-15 catalyst in the production of monopalmitin. CHEM ENG COMMUN 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00986445.2017.1404460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmad Zuhairi Abdullah
- School of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
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6
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Said AEAA, El-Aal MA. Effect of different metal sulfate precursors on structural and catalytic performance of zirconia in dehydration of methanol to dimethyl ether. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-5813(18)30004-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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7
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Effects of zirconia loading in sulfated zirconia/SBA-15 on esterification of palmitic acid with glycerol. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-017-0306-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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8
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Dhar A, Dutta A, Sharma P, Panda B, Roy S. Synthesis and characterization of solid-phase super acid catalysts and their application for isomerization of n-alkanes. CHEM ENG COMMUN 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00986445.2017.1365059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Dhar
- Department of Chemical Technology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Abhishek Dutta
- Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Heverlee-Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pushan Sharma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Biswajit Panda
- Department of Chemistry, City College, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Subhasis Roy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
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9
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Raia RZ, da Silva LS, Marcucci SMP, Arroyo PA. Biodiesel production from Jatropha curcas L. oil by simultaneous esterification and transesterification using sulphated zirconia. Catal Today 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2016.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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10
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Thimmaraju N, Shamshuddin SZM, Pratap SR, Raja K, Shyamsundar M, Mohankumar TE. Simple but efficient synthesis of novel substituted benzimidazoles over ZrO2-Al2O3. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2016.1215468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Thimmaraju
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, HMS Institute of Technology, Tumkur, Karnataka, India
- Research and Development Center, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India
| | - S. Z. Mohamed Shamshuddin
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, HMS Institute of Technology, Tumkur, Karnataka, India
- Research and Development Center, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India
| | - S. R. Pratap
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, HMS Institute of Technology, Tumkur, Karnataka, India
- Research and Development Center, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India
| | - K. Raja
- Department of Chemistry, Bangalore University, Bangalore, India
| | - M. Shyamsundar
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, HMS Institute of Technology, Tumkur, Karnataka, India
- Research and Development Center, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India
| | - T. E. Mohankumar
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, HMS Institute of Technology, Tumkur, Karnataka, India
- Research and Development Center, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India
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Korotkov RF, Baranchikov AE, Boytsova OV, Goldt AE, Kurzeev SA, Ivanov VK. Selective hydrothermal microwave synthesis of various manganese dioxide polymorphs. RUSS J INORG CHEM+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036023616020091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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12
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Lermontov SA, Yurkova LL, Straumal EA, Baranchikov AE, Shunina IG, Ivanov VK. Sulfated alumina aerogel-based superacid catalysts for 1-hexene oligomerization. RUSS J INORG CHEM+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036023616010137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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13
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Kobayashi Y, Takashima Y, Hashidzume A, Yamaguchi H, Harada A. Manual control of catalytic reactions: Reactions by an apoenzyme gel and a cofactor gel. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16254. [PMID: 26537172 PMCID: PMC4633677 DOI: 10.1038/srep16254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymes play a vital role in catalysing almost all chemical reactions that occur in biological systems. Some enzymes must form complexes with non-protein molecules called cofactors to express catalytic activities. Although the control of catalytic reactions via apoenzyme–cofactor complexes has attracted significant attention, the reports have been limited to the microscale. Here, we report a system to express catalytic activity by adhesion of an apoenzyme gel and a cofactor gel. The apoenzyme and cofactor gels act as catalysts when they form a gel assembly, but they lose catalytic ability upon manual dissociation. We successfully construct a system with switchable catalytic activity via adhesion and separation of the apoenzyme gel with the cofactor gel. We expect that this methodology can be applied to regulate the functional activities of enzymes that bear cofactors in their active sites, such as the oxygen transport of haemoglobin or myoglobin and the electron transport of cytochromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Kobayashi
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Takashima
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Akihito Hashidzume
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Yamaguchi
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Akira Harada
- Project Research Center for Fundamental Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
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14
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Gubanova NN, Baranchikov AY, Kopitsa GP, Almásy L, Angelov B, Yapryntsev AD, Rosta L, Ivanov VK. Combined SANS and SAXS study of the action of ultrasound on the structure of amorphous zirconia gels. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2015; 24:230-237. [PMID: 25466600 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2014.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, we have studied for the first time the combined effect of both sonication and precipitation pH on the structure of amorphous zirconia gels synthesized from zirconium(IV) propoxide. The techniques of small-angle neutron and X-ray scattering (SANS and SAXS) and low temperature nitrogen adsorption provided the integral data on the changes in the microstructure and mesostructure of these materials caused by ultrasonic (US) treatment. Amorphous ZrO2·xH2O synthesized under ultrasonic treatment was found to possess a very structured surface, characterized by the surface fractal dimension 2.9-3.0, compared to 2.3-2.5 for the non US-assisted synthesis, and it was also found to possess a higher specific surface area, while the sizes of the primary particles remain unchanged.
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Affiliation(s)
- N N Gubanova
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchina, Russia
| | - A Ye Baranchikov
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
| | - G P Kopitsa
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchina, Russia
| | - L Almásy
- Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary
| | - B Angelov
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - A D Yapryntsev
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - L Rosta
- Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary
| | - V K Ivanov
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
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15
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Said AEAA, Abd El-Wahab MM, El-Aal MA. The catalytic performance of sulfated zirconia in the dehydration of methanol to dimethyl ether. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcata.2014.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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