Electronic structure and magnetic properties of LiMn1.5M0.5O4 (M=Al, Mg, Ni, Fe) and LiMn2O4/TiO2 nanocrystalline electrode materials

Atomic Layer Deposition of a Nanometer-Thick Li3PO4 Protective Layer on LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 Films: Dream or Reality for Long-Term Cycling?

LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ (LNMO) is a promising 5V-class electrode for Li-ion batteries but suffers from manganese dissolution and electrolyte decomposition owing to the high working potential. An attractive solution to stabilize the surface chemistry consists in mastering the interface between the LNMO electrode and the liquid electrolyte with a surface protective layer made from the powerful surface deposition method. Here, we show that a 7400 nm thick sputtered LNMO film coated with a nanometer-thick lithium-ion-conductive Li₃PO₄ layer was deposited by the atomic layer deposition method. We demonstrate that this "material model system" can deliver a remarkable surface capacity (∼0.4 mAh cm^-2 at 1C) and exhibits improved cycling lifetime (×650%) compared to the nonprotected electrode. Nevertheless, we observe that mechanical failure occurs within the LNMO and Li₃PO₄ films when long-term cycling is performed. This in-depth study gives new insights regarding the mechanical degradation of LNMO electrodes upon charge/discharge cycling and reveals for the first time that the surface protective layer made from the ALD method is not sufficient for long-term stability applications.