1
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Li X, Wang K, Li Y, Liu Z, Wang Y, Xu S, Yu H, Chen B. Luminescence, temperature sensing and Judd-Ofelt analysis of Bi 2Mo 3O 12:Eu 3+ phosphors and the application in latent fingerprint visualization. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2025; 327:125285. [PMID: 39461084 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.125285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2024] [Revised: 09/29/2024] [Accepted: 10/11/2024] [Indexed: 10/29/2024]
Abstract
Eu3+-activated materials have garnered significant attention due to their outstanding optical characteristics. In this work, the sol-gel method was successfully used to prepare Bi2Mo3O12 phosphors doped with different amounts of Eu3+. The generated samples were identified as orthorhombic Bi2Mo3O12 with a scheelite-like structure by X-ray diffraction analysis of the crystal structure. The sample's morphology and size were examined using scanning electron microscopy and transmmission electron microscopy, which revealed irregular block morphology and tens to hundreds nanometers scale dimension. From the analysis of the concentration-dependent luminescence intensity of Eu3+, it was confirmed that the exchange interaction was responsible for the quenching of 5D0 fluorescence of Eu3+. When excited at 374 nm, the phosphor emitted brilliant red light, with the highest emission occurring at 616 nm (5D0→7F2 transition), and the calculated color coordinates of the sample were (0.663, 0.336). By examining the temperature dependence of the emission spectra, the temperature sensing performance of the sample and the thermal quenching behavior of Eu3+ luminescence was explored. Furthermore, the optical transition property of Eu3+ was investigated by using the emission spectra and fluorescence lifetime within the context of Judd-Ofelt theory. Ultimately, latent fingerprint visualization of the sample on various object surfaces was studied, thanks to the intense luminescence and small particle size of the Bi2Mo3O12:Eu3+ phosphor. The results indicated that the sample can clearly display the different hierarchical features of fingerprint on different object surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangping Li
- School of Science, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, Liaoning 116026, China.
| | - Ke Wang
- School of Science, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, Liaoning 116026, China
| | - Yan Li
- School of Science, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, Liaoning 116026, China
| | - Ziru Liu
- School of Science, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, Liaoning 116026, China
| | - Yichao Wang
- School of Science, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, Liaoning 116026, China
| | - Sai Xu
- School of Science, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, Liaoning 116026, China
| | - Hongquan Yu
- School of Science, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, Liaoning 116026, China
| | - Baojiu Chen
- School of Science, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, Liaoning 116026, China.
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2
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Saroar S, Sultana S, Nishat SS, Hossain QS, Khan MNI, Islam D, Akhtar US, Shahriar Bashar M, Jahan S, Hossain KS, Ahmed I. First-Principles Calculations on Electronic, Optical, and Phonon Properties of γ-Bi 2MoO 6. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:36314-36325. [PMID: 39220486 PMCID: PMC11360022 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c03171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
The wide band gap γ-Bi2MoO6 (BMO) has tremendous potential in emergent solar harvesting applications. Here we present a combined experimental-first-principles density functional theory (DFT) approach to probe physical properties relevant to the light sensitivity of BMO like dynamic and structural stability, Raman and infrared absorption modes, value and nature of band gap (i.e., direct or indirect), dielectric constant, and optical absorption, etc. We solvothermally synthesized wide band gap Pca21 phase pure BMO (≳3 eV) for two different pH values of 7 and 9. The structural parameters were correlated with the stability of BMO derived from elastic tensor simulations. The desired dynamical stability at T = 0 K was established from the phonon vibrational band structure using a finite difference-based supercell approach. The DFT-based Raman modes and phonon density of states (DOS) reliably reproduced the experimental Raman and infrared absorption. The electronic DOS calculated from Heyd-Scuseria-Ernzerhof HSE06 with van der Waals (vdW) and relativistic spin-orbit coupling (SOC) corrections produced a good agreement with the band gap obtained from diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). The optical absorption obtained from the complex dielectric constant for the HSE06+SOC+vdW potential closely resembled the DRS-derived absorption of BMO. The BMO shows ∼43% photocatalytic efficiency in degrading methylene blue dye under 75 min optical illumination. This combined DFT-experimental approach may provide a better understanding of the properties of BMO relevant to solar harvesting applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahad Saroar
- Materials
Science Research Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Electronic
Engineering, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Shadmin Sultana
- Materials
Science Research Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Electronic
Engineering, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Sadiq Shahriyar Nishat
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Rensselaer
Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Quazi Shafayat Hossain
- Materials
Science Research Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Electronic
Engineering, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - M. N. I. Khan
- Materials
Science Division, Atomic Energy Centre, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Dipa Islam
- Biomedical
and Toxicological Research Institute, Bangladesh
Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Umme Sarmeen Akhtar
- Institute
of Glass and Ceramic Research and Testing, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Muhammad Shahriar Bashar
- Institute
of Energy Research and Development, Bangladesh
Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Sharmin Jahan
- Institute
of Food Science and Technology, Bangladesh
Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Khandker Saadat Hossain
- Nanophysics
and Soft Matter Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Imtiaz Ahmed
- Materials
Science Research Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Electronic
Engineering, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
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3
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Saraiva GD, Ramiro de Castro AJ, Teixeira AMR, Sousa Neto VO, Lima JA, Juca RF, Soares JM, Freire PTC, de Sousa FF, Paraguassu W. Pressure-dependence Raman spectroscopy and the lattice dynamic calculations of Bi 2(MoO 4) 3 crystal. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 297:122711. [PMID: 37054566 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.122711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
This work reports a pressure-dependent Raman spectroscopic study and the theoretical lattice dynamics calculations of a Bi2(MoO4)3 crystal. The lattice dynamics calculations were performed, based on a rigid ion model, to understand the vibrational properties of the Bi2(MoO4)3 system and to assign the experimental Raman modes under ambient conditions. The calculated vibrational properties were helpful to support pressure-dependent Raman results, including eventual structural changes induced by pressure changes. Raman spectra were measured in the spectral region between 20 and 1000 cm-1 and the evolution of the pressures values was recorded in the range of 0.1-14.7 GPa. Pressure-dependent Raman spectra showed changes observed at 2.6, 4.9 and 9.2 GPa, these changes being associated with structural phase transformations. Finally, principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were performed to infer the critical pressure of phase transformations undergone by the Bi2(MoO4)3 crystal.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Saraiva
- Faculdade de Educação Ciências e Letras do Sertão Central, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, CEP 63.902-098 Quixadá, CE, Brazil.
| | - A J Ramiro de Castro
- Universidade Federal do Ceará - Campus Quixadá, Cedro, Quixadá, CE 63902-580, Brazil
| | - A M R Teixeira
- Faculdade de Filosofia Dom Aureliano Matos, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, CEP 62.930-000 Limoeiro do Norte, CE, Brazil
| | - V O Sousa Neto
- Faculdade de Educação Ciências e Letras do Sertão Central, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, CEP 63.902-098 Quixadá, CE, Brazil
| | - J A Lima
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Ceará, CEP 60.455-970 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - R F Juca
- Faculdade de Educação Ciências e Letras do Sertão Central, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, CEP 63.902-098 Quixadá, CE, Brazil
| | - J M Soares
- Departamento de Física, Universidade do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Mossoró-RN CEP 59610-210, Brazil
| | - P T C Freire
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Ceará, CEP 60.455-970 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - F F de Sousa
- Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Pará, CEP 66075-110 Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - W Paraguassu
- Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Pará, CEP 66075-110 Belém, PA, Brazil
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4
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Nour A, Hamida RS, El-Dissouky A, Soliman HMA, Refaat HM. One-pot facile synthesis of hexagonal Bi 2Te 3 nanosheets and its novel nanocomposites: Characterization, anticancer, antibacterial, and antioxidant activities. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2023; 225:113230. [PMID: 36907134 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2023.113230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Bismuth Telluride (Bi2Te3) layered structure results in extraordinary features in diagnostic and therapeutic applications. However, Bi2Te3 synthesis with reliable stability and biocompatibility in biological systems was the major challenge that limited its biological application. Herein, reduced graphene oxide (RGO) or graphitic carbon nitride (CN) nanosheets were incorporated into Bi2Te3 matrix to improve exfoliation. Bi2Te3 nanoparticles (NPs) and its novel nanocomposites (NCs): CN@Bi2Te3 and CN-RGO@Bi2Te3 were solvothermally synthesized, physiochemically characterized and assessed for their anticancer, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities. X-ray diffraction depicted Bi2Te3 rhombohedral lattice structure. Fourier-transform infrared and Raman spectra confirmed NC formation. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy revealed 13 nm thickness and 400-600 nm diameter of hexagonal, binary, and ternary nanosheets of Bi2Te3-NPs/NCs. Energy dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy revealed the presence of Bi, Te, and carbon atoms in the tested NPs with negatively charged surfaces as depicted by zeta sizer. CN-RGO@Bi2Te3-NC displayed the smallest nanodiameter (359.7 nm) with the highest Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area and antiproliferative activity against MCF-7, HepG2 and Caco-2. Bi2Te3-NPs had the greatest scavenging activity (96.13 ± 0.4%) compared to the NCs. The NPs inhibitory activity was greater against Gram-negative bacteria than that of Gram-positive bacteria. Integration of RGO and CN with Bi2Te3-NPs enhanced their physicochemical properties and therapeutic activities giving rise to their promising capacity for future biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa Nour
- Composites and Nano-Structured Materials Research Department, Advanced Technology and New Materials Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, P.O. Box 21934, New Borg El-Arab, Alexandria, Egypt; Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, P.O. Box 21568, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Reham Samir Hamida
- Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - A El-Dissouky
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, P.O. Box 21568, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Hesham M A Soliman
- Composites and Nano-Structured Materials Research Department, Advanced Technology and New Materials Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, P.O. Box 21934, New Borg El-Arab, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Heba M Refaat
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, P.O. Box 21568, Alexandria, Egypt
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5
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Khademi D, Zargazi M, Chahkandi M, Baghayeri M. A novel γ‒BMO@BMWO Z‒Scheme heterojunction for promotion photocatalytic performance: Nanofibers thin film by Co‒axial‒electrospun. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 219:115154. [PMID: 36574798 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.115154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Bismuth molybdate has three phases α-Bi2MoO6, β-Bi2Mo2O9, and γ- Bi2Mo3O12, each of which has unique properties that distinguish them from each other. Among them, Bi2MoO6 and Bi2Mo3O12 have the most stability. In this research, γ-Bi2MoO6@Bi2Mo2.66W0.34O12 core‒shell nanofibers were deposited on the stainless steel mesh as effective and low‒cost substrate. The co‒axial electrospinning as a simple method was applied to form nanofibers on the substrate. Both of the abovementioned bismuth molybdates contents include different crystal facets, controlling the Red‒Ox properties. α-Bi2MoO6 possesses the vast numbers of oxygen vacancies in Mo-O bonding makes the oxidant {100} crystal facet. Likewise, γ‒Bi2Mo2.66W0.34O12 contains brittle facet of {010} with high concentration of Oxygen vacancies resulted in oxidative capability of the core‒shell composite. The obtained data indicated the key role of OH radical through photocatalytic reactions and a new heterojunction having direct Z‒scheme standing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davoud Khademi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran; Central Laboratory of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahboobeh Zargazi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, 91775, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Chahkandi
- Department of Chemistry, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, 96179-76487, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Baghayeri
- Department of Chemistry, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, 96179-76487, Iran
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6
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Shunmughananthan B, Dheivasigamani T, Sthevan Kovil Pitchai J, Periyasamy S. Performance comparison of distinct bismuth molybdate single phases for asymmetric supercapacitor applications. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:15579-15592. [PMID: 36169008 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt02092k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The enticing features of metal molybdates make them an attractive candidate for energy storage systems. This report describes the synthesis of three distinct single-phase bismuth molybdates (Bi2MoxOy; α-Bi2Mo3O12, β-Bi2Mo2O9, and γ-Bi2MoO6) using the gel matrix particle growth method and their application in high-performance asymmetric supercapacitors. The single phase and purity of the synthesized Bi2MoxOy particles were confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and further verified by Raman analysis. The UV-visible spectra show the electronic and optical behaviours of the as-synthesized α, β, and γ Bi2MoxOy. The morphologies of the as-synthesized three different Bi2MoxOy phases were analysed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The particle formation was further investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and the interplanar spacings of the Bi2MoxOy phases were in accordance with the planes. The surface area and pore volume of the prepared samples were analysed using Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis. The electrochemical properties of the products were confirmed by various tests, including cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge discharge (GCD), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in 3 M KOH. Among the three phases, α-Bi2Mo3O12 exhibits a huge specific capacitance (Cs) of 714 F g-1 at a current density of 1 A g-1. Furthermore, it displays an admirable cycling stability of 86.55% after 5000 cycles. The chosen α-Bi2Mo3O12 electrode possesses an increased energy density of 47.5 W h kg-1 at 1 A g-1 with a capacitive retention rate of 71.90% at 5 A g-1 after 10 000 cycles. A remarkable electrochemical performance of Bi2Mo3O12 with an exceptional power density of 750 W kg-1 was observed for the prepared asymmetric device. Bismuth molybdate's notable performance indicates that it can be an active material for energy storage applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bagavathy Shunmughananthan
- Nano-crystal Design and Application Lab (n-DAL), Department of Physics, PSG Institute of Technology and Applied Research, Coimbatore-641062, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Thangaraju Dheivasigamani
- Nano-crystal Design and Application Lab (n-DAL), Department of Physics, PSG Institute of Technology and Applied Research, Coimbatore-641062, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Jesman Sthevan Kovil Pitchai
- Solid State Ionics Lab, PG & Research Department of Physics, Thanthai Periyar Government Arts and Science College (Autonomous), (Affiliated to Bharathidasan University), Tiruchirappalli-620023, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sivakumar Periyasamy
- Solid State Ionics Lab, PG & Research Department of Physics, Thanthai Periyar Government Arts and Science College (Autonomous), (Affiliated to Bharathidasan University), Tiruchirappalli-620023, Tamil Nadu, India
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7
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Facial synthesis of mesoporous {Mo132}/BiOCl for the efficient oxidative desulfurization of fuel. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2022.109568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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8
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Jatav S, Liu J, Herber M, Hill EH. Facet Engineering of Bismuth Molybdate via Confined Growth in a Nanoscale Template toward Water Remediation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:18713-18723. [PMID: 33856756 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c01144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Certain nanomaterials can filter and alter unwanted compounds due to a high surface area, surface reactivity, and microporous structure. Herein, γ-Bi2MoO6 particles are synthesized via a colloidal hydrothermal approach using organically modified Laponite as a template. This organically modified Laponite interlayer serves as a template promoting the growth of the bismuth molybdate crystals in the [010] direction to result in hybrid Laponite-Bi2MoO6 particles terminating predominantly in the {100} crystal facets. This resulted in an increase in particle size from lateral dimensions of <100 nm to micron scale and superior adsorption capacity compared to bismuth molybdate nanoparticles. These {100}-facet terminated particles can load both cationic and anionic dyes on their surfaces near-spontaneously and retain the photocatalytic properties of Bi2MoO6. Furthermore, dye-laden hybrid particles quickly sediment, rendering the task of particle recovery trivial. The adsorption of dyes is completed within minutes, and near-complete photocatalytic degradation of the adsorbed dye in visible light allowed recycling of these particles for multiple cycles of water decontamination. Their adsorption capacity, facile synthesis, good recycling performance, and increased product yield compared to pure bismuth molybdate make them promising materials for environmental remediation. Furthermore, this synthetic approach could be exploited for facet engineering in other Aurivillius-type perovskites and potentially other materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Jatav
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Junying Liu
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marcel Herber
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eric H Hill
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging (CUI), Luruper Chausee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
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9
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Kumar EA, Chen TW, Chen SM, Wang TJ, Anthuvan AJ, AlOmar SY, Ahmad N, Chang YH. A disposable electrochemical sensor based on iron molybdate for the analysis of dopamine in biological samples. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj01718g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Developing cost-effective approaches for the fabrication of electrochemical devices is instantly needed for transferring from basic research to point-care technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elumalai Ashok Kumar
- Department of Electro-Optical Engineering
- National Taipei University of Technology
- Taipei 106
- Taiwan
- Department of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering
| | - Tse-Wei Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology
- National Taipei University of Technology
- Taipei 106
- Taiwan
- Research and Development Center for Smart Textile Technology
| | - Shen-Ming Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology
- National Taipei University of Technology
- Taipei 106
- Taiwan
| | - Tzyy-Jiann Wang
- Department of Electro-Optical Engineering
- National Taipei University of Technology
- Taipei 106
- Taiwan
| | | | - Suliman Yousef AlOmar
- Doping Research Chair, Zoology Department
- College of Science
- King Saud University
- Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Naushad Ahmad
- Chemistry Department
- College of Science
- King Saud University
- Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Yu-Hsu Chang
- Department of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering
- Institute of Mineral Resources Engineering
- National Taipei University of Technology
- Taipei 106
- Taiwan
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10
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Gao A, Li X, Wan Z, Huang Q, Chen X. Introduction of Bi‐Functional Cu/SiO
2
for Modulating the Chemical States of MoO
3
‐Bi
2
SiO
5
/SiO
2. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202000199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Along Gao
- National Engineering Research Center for Chemical Fertilizer Catalyst College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350002 Fujian China
| | - Xiaohan Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Chemical Fertilizer Catalyst College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350002 Fujian China
| | - Zhehong Wan
- National Engineering Research Center for Chemical Fertilizer Catalyst College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350002 Fujian China
| | - Qingming Huang
- Testing Center Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350116 Fujian China
| | - Xiaohui Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Chemical Fertilizer Catalyst College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350002 Fujian China
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