Zhang J, Shi Y, Yu Z. Balances among reproduction, antioxidant responses and lipid metabolism underlying the multi-generational effects of N-butylpyridinium bromide on Caenorhabditis elegans.
THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022;
846:157468. [PMID:
35868368 DOI:
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157468]
[Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) are difficult to degrade and even accumulate in the environment. Accordingly, their long-term toxicities are particularly important to demonstrate their accurate risk assessment. However, their long-term toxicities over generations and the toxicity mechanisms lacked thorough investigation. Presently, N-butylpyridinium bromide ([bpyr]Br), a representative IL, was chosen to measure its long-term effects on Caenorhabditis elegans for seven consecutive generations at 0.0225 and 22.5 mg/L. Toxicity mechanisms were explored in F1, F3, F5 and F7 by combining both antioxidant responses and lipid metabolism. Results showed that [bpyr]Br at low concentration provoked oscillatory effects on the reproduction over 7 generations, with inhibition in F1 and F7 and stimulation in F2, F4 and F5. At high concentration, [bpyr]Br showed similar multi-generational oscillation with greater inhibition in F1 and greater stimulation in F5. The effects of [bpyr]Br on the antioxidant responses to oxidative stress also showed oscillation over generations. The integrated biomarker response (IBR) values showed that [bpyr]Br at low concentration did not provoke significant influences on the overall antioxidant homeostasis in F1 and F3, but significantly stimulated it in F5 and F7. Meanwhile, [bpyr]Br at high concentration stimulated the antioxidant homeostasis in F1 and F7 with non-significant influences in F3 and F5. The IBR values regarding indicators in lipid metabolism showed that [bpyr]Br significantly and commonly stimulated the overall metabolism without concentration-dependent differences. Further analysis implied that [bpyr]Br provoked different mechanisms underlying the responses at low and high concentrations.
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