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Spiller PF, da Silva CAA, Francescato HDC, Moraes DJA. The role of carotid bodies in the generation of active inspiratory and expiratory responses to exercise in rats. Exp Physiol 2020; 105:1349-1359. [PMID: 32362040 DOI: 10.1113/ep088203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? What is the carotid bodies' contribution to active inspiratory and expiratory response to exercise? What is the main finding and its importance? Removal of the carotid bodies reduced the active inspiratory and expiratory responses of diaphragm and abdominal internal oblique muscles, respectively, to high-intensity, but not to low-intensity, exercise in rats. Removal of the carotid bodies increased P aC O 2 and decreased arterial pH in response to high-intensity exercise. The carotid bodies contribute to the inspiratory and expiratory adjustments to high-intensity exercise in rats. ABSTRACT Exercise involves the interaction of several physiological processes, in which adjustments in pulmonary ventilation occur in response to increased O2 consumption, CO2 production and altered acid-base equilibrium. The peripheral chemoreceptors (carotid bodies; CBs) are sensitive to changes in the chemical composition of arterial blood, and their activation induces active inspiratory and expiratory responses. Herein, we tested the hypothesis that the CBs contribute to the active inspiratory and expiratory responses to exercise in rats. We performed electromyographic recordings of the diaphragm (DiaEMG ) and abdominal internal oblique (AbdEMG ) muscles in rats before and after bilateral removal of the CBs (CBX) during constant-load low-intensity and high-intensity progressive treadmill exercise. We also collected arterial blood samples for gaseous and pH analyses. Similar increases in DiaEMG frequency in both experimental conditions (before and after CBX) during low-intensity exercise were observed, without significant changes in the DiaEMG amplitude. During high-intensity exercise, lower responses of both DiaEMG frequency and DiaEMG amplitude were observed in rats after CBX. The AbdEMG phasic active expiratory response was not significant either before or after CBX during low-intensity exercise. However, CBX reduced the phasic active expiratory responses during high-intensity exercise. The blunted responses of inspiratory and expiratory adjustments to high-intensity exercise after CBX were associated with higher P aC O 2 levels and lower arterial pH values. Our data show that in rats the CBs do not participate in the inspiratory and expiratory responses to low-intensity exercise, but are involved in the respiratory compensation against the metabolic acidosis induced by high-intensity exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro F Spiller
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos A A da Silva
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Heloísa D C Francescato
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Davi J A Moraes
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Light exercise without lactate elevation induces ischemic tolerance through the modulation of microRNA in the gerbil hippocampus. Brain Res 2020; 1732:146710. [PMID: 32035888 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.146710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Previously we studied the possible neuroprotective effects of ischemia-resistant exercise in a gerbil model of transient whole-brain ischemia and evaluated the histology, expression of specific proteins, and brain function under different conditions. The present study investigated the neuroprotective effects of light exercise, without lactate elevation, in a gerbil model of ischemia/reperfusion injury. Transient whole-brain ischemia was induced by occlusion of the bilateral common carotid arteries for 5 min. A group of animals was subjected to treadmill exercise before ischemia induction. Hippocampal neuronal damage and miRNA expression, as well as behavioral deficits and plasma lactate levels, were evaluated. Light exercise suppressed hippocampal neuron loss and preserved short-term memory. Moreover, 14 miRNAs (mmu-miR-211-3p, -327, -451b, -711, -3070-3p, -3070-2-3p, -3097-5p, -3620-5p, -6240, -6916-5p, -6944-5p, 7083-5p, -7085-5p, and -7674-5p) were upregulated and 6 miRNAs (mmu-miR-148b-3p, -152-3p, -181c-5p, -299b-5p, -455-3p, and -664-3p) were downregulated due to ischemia. However, the expression of these miRNAs remained unchanged when animals performed light exercise before the ischemic event. Differentially expressed miRNAs regulate multiple biological processes such as inflammation, metabolism, and cell death. These findings suggest that light exercise reduces neuronal death and behavioral deficits after transient ischemia by regulating hippocampal miRNAs.
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Corbianco S, Dini M, Bongioanni P, Carboncini MC, Cavallini G. Exercise training in ad libitum and food-restricted old rats: effects on metabolic and physiological parameters. Biogerontology 2019; 21:69-82. [PMID: 31641969 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-019-09844-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Aging is accompanied by a decline in the healthy function of multiple organs, leading to increased incidence and mortality from diseases such as cancer and inflammatory, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Dietary restriction is the most effective experimental intervention known to consistently slow the aging process and with positive effects on health span in different organisms, from invertebrates to mammals. Age is also associated with progressive decline in physical activity levels in a wide range of animal species: therefore, regular physical exercise could represent a safe intervention to antagonize aging. In this research we explore the effects of exercise training initiated in late middle aged rats fed with different lifelong dietary regimens: one group was fed ad libitum and the second group was subjected to every-other-day fasting. These two groups might represent examples of "normal" aging and "successful" aging. The study shows the effects of exercise and food restriction and their interaction on plasma levels of total antioxidant capacity, lactate, amino acids, and on products of protein oxidation in soleus and tibialis anterior muscles. In addition, we evaluated body composition measurement by bioelectrical impedance analysis and muscle strength by grasping test. Results show that late-onset exercise training has the potential to improve some metabolic and physiological parameters in rats with the same "chronological age" but different "biological age", without negative effects, and highlight the relevance of a personalised and selected exercise protocol, since the responsiveness to exercise may depend on the individual's "biological age".
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Corbianco
- Interdepartmental Research Centre on Biology and Pathology of Aging, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126, Pisa, Italy.,Human Movement and Rehabilitation Research Laboratory, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Dini
- Interdepartmental Research Centre on Biology and Pathology of Aging, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126, Pisa, Italy.,Human Movement and Rehabilitation Research Laboratory, Pisa, Italy
| | - Paolo Bongioanni
- Interdepartmental Research Centre on Biology and Pathology of Aging, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126, Pisa, Italy.,Severe Acquired Brain Injuries Dpt Section, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Carboncini
- Interdepartmental Research Centre on Biology and Pathology of Aging, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126, Pisa, Italy.,Severe Acquired Brain Injuries Dpt Section, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy
| | - Gabriella Cavallini
- Interdepartmental Research Centre on Biology and Pathology of Aging, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126, Pisa, Italy.
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Pin-Barre C, Constans A, Brisswalter J, Pellegrino C, Laurin J. Effects of High- Versus Moderate-Intensity Training on Neuroplasticity and Functional Recovery After Focal Ischemia. Stroke 2017; 48:2855-2864. [DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.117.017962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Pin-Barre
- From the Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Université de Toulon, LAMHESS, Nice, France (C.P.-B., J.B.); and Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, ISM, Marseille, France (A.C., J.L.); and Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, INMED, Marseille, France (C.P.)
| | - Annabelle Constans
- From the Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Université de Toulon, LAMHESS, Nice, France (C.P.-B., J.B.); and Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, ISM, Marseille, France (A.C., J.L.); and Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, INMED, Marseille, France (C.P.)
| | - Jeanick Brisswalter
- From the Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Université de Toulon, LAMHESS, Nice, France (C.P.-B., J.B.); and Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, ISM, Marseille, France (A.C., J.L.); and Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, INMED, Marseille, France (C.P.)
| | - Christophe Pellegrino
- From the Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Université de Toulon, LAMHESS, Nice, France (C.P.-B., J.B.); and Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, ISM, Marseille, France (A.C., J.L.); and Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, INMED, Marseille, France (C.P.)
| | - Jérôme Laurin
- From the Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Université de Toulon, LAMHESS, Nice, France (C.P.-B., J.B.); and Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, ISM, Marseille, France (A.C., J.L.); and Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, INMED, Marseille, France (C.P.)
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Himi N, Takahashi H, Okabe N, Nakamura E, Shiromoto T, Narita K, Koga T, Miyamoto O. Exercise in the Early Stage after Stroke Enhances Hippocampal Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Expression and Memory Function Recovery. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2016; 25:2987-2994. [PMID: 27639585 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2016.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise in the early stage after stroke onset has been shown to facilitate the recovery from physical dysfunction. However, the mechanism of recovery has not been clarified. In this study, the effect of exercise on spatial memory function recovery in the early stage was shown, and the mechanism of recovery was discussed using a rat model of brain embolism. METHODS Intra-arterial microsphere (MS) injection induced small emboli in the rat brain. Treadmill exercise was started at 24 hours (early group) or 8 days (late group) after MS injection. The non-exercise (NE) and sham-operated groups were included as controls. Memory function was evaluated by the Morris water maze test, and hippocampal levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. To further investigate the effect of BDNF on memory function, BDNF was continuously infused into the hippocampus via implantable osmotic pumps in the early or late stage after stroke. RESULTS Memory function significantly improved only in the early group compared with the late and the NE groups, although hippocampal BDNF concentrations were temporarily elevated after exercise in both the early and the late groups. Rats infused with BDNF in the early stage exhibited significant memory function recovery; however, rats that received BDNF infusion in the late stage showed no improvement. CONCLUSION Exercise elevates hippocampal BDNF levels in the early stage after cerebral embolism, and this event facilitates memory function recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoyuki Himi
- Second Department of Physiology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hisashi Takahashi
- Department of Rehabilitation, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Naohiko Okabe
- Second Department of Physiology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Emi Nakamura
- Second Department of Physiology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takashi Shiromoto
- Department of Stroke, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Narita
- Second Department of Physiology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tomoshige Koga
- Department of Rehabilitation, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Osamu Miyamoto
- Second Department of Physiology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan.
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Evaluation of biomolecular distributions in rat brain tissues by means of ToF-SIMS using a continuous beam of Ar clusters. Biointerphases 2016; 11:02A307. [PMID: 26746166 DOI: 10.1116/1.4939251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) provides detailed chemical structure information and high spatial resolution images. Therefore, ToF-SIMS is useful for studying biological phenomena such as ischemia. In this study, in order to evaluate cerebral microinfarction, the distribution of biomolecules generated by ischemia was measured with ToF-SIMS. ToF-SIMS data sets were analyzed by means of multivariate analysis for interpreting complex samples containing unknown information and to obtain biomolecular mapping indicated by fragment ions from the target biomolecules. Using conventional ToF-SIMS (primary ion source: Bi cluster ion), it is difficult to detect secondary ions beyond approximately 1000 u. Moreover, the intensity of secondary ions related to biomolecules is not always high enough for imaging because of low concentration even if the masses are lower than 1000 u. However, for the observation of biomolecular distributions in tissues, it is important to detect low amounts of biological molecules from a particular area of tissue. Rat brain tissue samples were measured with ToF-SIMS (J105, Ionoptika, Ltd., Chandlers Ford, UK), using a continuous beam of Ar clusters as a primary ion source. ToF-SIMS with Ar clusters efficiently detects secondary ions related to biomolecules and larger molecules. Molecules detected by ToF-SIMS were examined by analyzing ToF-SIMS data using multivariate analysis. Microspheres (45 μm diameter) were injected into the rat unilateral internal carotid artery (MS rat) to cause cerebral microinfarction. The rat brain was sliced and then measured with ToF-SIMS. The brain samples of a normal rat and the MS rat were examined to find specific secondary ions related to important biomolecules, and then the difference between them was investigated. Finally, specific secondary ions were found around vessels incorporating microspheres in the MS rat. The results suggest that important biomolecules related to cerebral microinfarction can be detected by ToF-SIMS.
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Tsumiyama W, Oki S, Tamaru M, Ono T, Shimizu ME, Otsuka A. Evaluation of the Lactate Threshold of Rats Using External Jugular Vein Catheterization. J Phys Ther Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1589/jpts.24.1107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wakako Tsumiyama
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health and Welfare, Prefectural University of Hiroshima
- Program in Biological System Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Scientific Research, Prefectural University of Hiroshima
| | - Sadaaki Oki
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health and Welfare, Prefectural University of Hiroshima
| | - Masao Tamaru
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Health and Welfare, Prefectural University of Hiroshima
| | - Takeya Ono
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health and Welfare, Prefectural University of Hiroshima
| | | | - Akira Otsuka
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health and Welfare, Prefectural University of Hiroshima
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