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Bailey AM, Baum R, Nestor M, Platt T. Bleeding Reversal With Antifibrinolytics or Cryoprecipitate Following Thrombolysis for Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Case Series. Adv Emerg Nurs J 2024; 46:101-107. [PMID: 38736094 DOI: 10.1097/tme.0000000000000512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Patients who develop an intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) following thrombolysis in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) have a mortality rate as high as 50%. Treatment options include blood products, such as cryoprecipitate, or antifibrinolytics, such as tranexamic acid (TXA) or ε-aminocaproic acid (EACA). Current guidelines recommend cryoprecipitate first-line despite limited data to support one agent over another. In addition, compared to antifibrinolytics, cryoprecipitate is higher in cost and requires thawing before use. This case series seeks to characterize the management of thrombolytic reversal at a single institution as well as provide additional evidence for antifibrinolytics in this setting. Patients were included for a retrospective review if they met the following criteria: presented between January 2011-January 2017, were >18 years of age, were admitted for AIS, received a thrombolytic, and received TXA EACA, or cryoprecipitate. Twelve patients met the inclusion criteria. Ten (83.3%) developed an ICH, one (8.3%) experienced gastrointestinal bleeding, and one (8.3%) had bleeding at the site of knee arthroscopy. Eleven patients received cryoprecipitate (median dose: 10 units), three received TXA (median dose: 1,000 mg), and one patient received EACA (13 g). TXA was administered faster than the first blood product at a mean time of 19 min and 137 min, respectively. Hemorrhagic expansion (N = 8, 66.67%) and inhospital mortality (N = 7, 58.3%) were high. While limited by its small sample size, this case series demonstrates significant variability in reversal strategies for thrombolysis-associated bleeding. It also provides additional evidence for the role of antifibrinolytics in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abby M Bailey
- Author Affiliations: University of Kentucky HealthCare Pharmacy Services, Lexington, KY (Drs Platt Baum, Nestor, and Bailey); and Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY (D. Baum)
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Teekaput C, Thiankhaw K, Tanprawate S, Teekaput K, Chai-Adisaksopha C. Outcomes of asymptomatic recombinant tissue plasminogen activator associated intracranial hemorrhage. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272257. [PMID: 35913922 PMCID: PMC9342748 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) is the most devastating complication of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) treatment in acute ischemic stroke patients. Data on rtPA-associated asymptomatic ICH (aICH) are limited.
Objectives
To determine the incidence, risk factors, characteristics, management, and clinical outcome of rtPA-associated aICH.
Methods
The data were retrieved from the Chiang Mai University Hospital Stroke Registry between 1995 and 2019. Consecutive ischemic stroke patients were included if they were 18 or older and received rtPA. Study outcomes were the incidence and characteristics of aICH, management, 90-day modified Rankin scale (mRS), National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), Barthel index, and all-cause mortality.
Results
Of 725 rtPA treated patients, 166 (16.0%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 13.4–18.9) had aICH, 50 (6.9%, 95% CI 5.2–9.0) had symptomatic ICH (sICH). Patients with aICH had more hemorrhagic infarctions (HI) compared to sICH (81.9% vs 2.0%, P-value < 0.001). Fresh Frozen Plasma and cryoprecipitate were the most common blood products used to reverse the anticoagulant effect in sICH. Craniotomy was performed in 1% and 60% of patients who had aICH and sICH. At 90 days, patients who had aICH had poorer clinical outcomes (mRS, NIHSS and Barthel index) as compared to those without ICH. Compared to non-ICH patients, aICH patients were associated with increased risk of 90-day mortality, the hazard ratio (HR), 3.7, 95% CI 1.6–8.9.
Conclusions
The rtPA-associated aICH increased the risk of morbidity and mortality outcomes. Further treatment consensus, guideline generation, or clinical trials focusing on the treatment of rtPA-associated aICH may be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chutithep Teekaput
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Kitti Thiankhaw
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Surat Tanprawate
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Kanokkarn Teekaput
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Chatree Chai-Adisaksopha
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- * E-mail:
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Liu J, Wang Y, Li J, Zhang S, Wu Q, Wei C, Cui T, Wu B, Willey JZ, Liu M. Treatment and Outcomes of Thrombolysis Related Hemorrhagic Transformation: A Multi-Center Study in China. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:847648. [PMID: 35462687 PMCID: PMC9021791 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.847648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the current management of thrombolysis related hemorrhagic transformation (HT) in real-world practice, and whether these treatments would reduce the risk of 3-month death and hematoma expansion after HT. Methods A multicenter retrospective study was performed in three comprehensive stroke centers in China (West China Hospital, The First People’s Hospital of Ziyang, and Mianyang Central Hospital) between January 1st 2012 and December 31th 2020. Participants were patients diagnosed with HT after intravenous thrombolytics on brain computed tomography (CT) within 36 h after stroke onset. The treatment after thrombolysis related HT included aggressive therapy (procoagulant, neurosurgical treatment) and dehydration therapy (mannitol or glycerin and fructose). The primary clinical outcome was 3-month death. The primary radiographic outcome was hematoma expansion, defined as a 33% increase in the hematoma volume using the (A × B × C)/2 method on follow-up imaging. Results Of 538 patients with ischemic stroke receiving thrombolysis included during the study period, 94 patients (17.4%) were diagnosed with HT, 50% (47/94) of whom were symptomatic HT. The 3-month death was 31.5% (29/92), with two patients having been lost to follow up. A total of 68 patients (72.3%) had follow-up brain CT scans after HT detection for evaluating hematoma expansion, of whom 14.7% (10/68) had hematoma expansion. Among the 10 patients with hematoma expansion, 7 patients were from symptomatic HT group, and 3 patients were from the asymptomatic hematoma group. In regard to escalation in therapy, six patients received neurosurgical treatment and three patients had a fresh frozen plasma infusion. In addition, dehydration therapy was the most common management after HT diagnosis [87.2% (82 of 94)]. In the multivariable models, refusing any treatment after HT diagnosis was the sole factor associated with increased 3-month death (odds ratio, 13.6; 95% CI, 3.98–56.9) and hematoma expansion risk (odds ratio, 8.54; 95% CI, 1.33–70.1). In regard to the effects of aggressive therapy, a non-significant association of receiving hemostatic/neurosurgery therapy with a lower 3-month death and hematoma expansion risk was observed (all P > 0.05). Conclusion Refusing any treatment after HT detection had a significant trend of increasing 3-month death and hematoma expansion risk after HT. Our finding of hematoma expansion among patients with asymptomatic HT in non-western populations suggests an opportunity for intervention. Very few patients after thrombolysis related HT diagnosis received procoagulant or neurosurgical therapies. Large multicenter studies enrolling diverse populations are needed to examine the efficacy of these therapies on different HT subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Liu
- Department of Neurology, Center of Cerebrovascular Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Center of Cerebrovascular Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Neurology, The First People’s Hospital of Ziyang, Ziyang, China
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Mianyang Central Hospital, Mianyang, China
| | - Qian Wu
- Department of Neurology, Center of Cerebrovascular Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chenchen Wei
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ting Cui
- Department of Neurology, Center of Cerebrovascular Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Wu
- Department of Neurology, Center of Cerebrovascular Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Joshua Z. Willey
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ming Liu
- Department of Neurology, Center of Cerebrovascular Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Ming Liu,
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Liu J, Tao W, Wang Z, Chen X, Wu B, Liu M. Radiomics-based prediction of hemorrhage expansion among patients with thrombolysis/thrombectomy related-hemorrhagic transformation using machine learning. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2022; 14:17562864211060029. [PMID: 35173809 PMCID: PMC8842178 DOI: 10.1177/17562864211060029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Patients with hemorrhagic transformation (HT) were reported to have
hemorrhage expansion. However, identification these patients with high risk
of hemorrhage expansion has not been well studied. Objectives: We aimed to develop a radiomic score to predict hemorrhage expansion after HT
among patients treated with thrombolysis/thrombectomy during acute phase of
ischemic stroke. Methods: A total of 104 patients with HT after reperfusion treatment from the West
China hospital, Sichuan University, were retrospectively included in this
study between 1 January 2012 and 31 December 2020. The preprocessed initial
non-contrast-enhanced computed tomography (NECT) imaging brain images were
used for radiomic feature extraction. A synthetic minority oversampling
technique (SMOTE) was applied to the original data set. The after-SMOTE data
set was randomly split into training and testing cohorts with an 8:2 ratio
by a stratified random sampling method. The least absolute shrinkage and
selection operator (LASSO) regression were applied to identify candidate
radiomic features and construct the radiomic score. The performance of the
score was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis and
a calibration curve. Decision curve analysis (DCA) was performed to evaluate
the clinical value of the model. Results: Among the 104 patients, 17 patients were identified with hemorrhage expansion
after HT detection. A total of 154 candidate predictors were extracted from
NECT images and five optimal features were ultimately included in the
development of the radiomic score by using logistic regression
machine-learning approach. The radiomic score showed good performance with
high area under the curves in both the training data set (0.91, sensitivity:
0.83; specificity: 0.89), test data set (0.87, sensitivity: 0.60;
specificity: 0.85), and original data set (0.82, sensitivity: 0.77;
specificity: 0.78). The calibration curve and DCA also indicated that there
was a high accuracy and clinical usefulness of the radiomic score for
hemorrhage expansion prediction after HT. Conclusions: The currently established NECT-based radiomic score is valuable in predicting
hemorrhage expansion after HT among patients treated with reperfusion
treatment after ischemic stroke, which may aid clinicians in determining
patients with HT who are most likely to benefit from anti-expansion
treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Liu
- Center of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wendan Tao
- Center of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhetao Wang
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinyue Chen
- CT collaboration, Siemens Healthineers,China
| | - Bo Wu
- Center of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Center of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu 610041, China
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Lin X, Cao Y, Yan J, Zhang Z, Ye Z, Huang X, Cheng Z, Han Z. Risk Factors for Early Intracerebral Hemorrhage after Intravenous Thrombolysis with Alteplase. J Atheroscler Thromb 2020; 27:1176-1182. [PMID: 32115471 PMCID: PMC7803839 DOI: 10.5551/jat.49783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is one of the most severe complications of thrombolysis. Symptomatic ICHs are associated with adverse outcomes. It has been reported that symptomatic ICHs most commonly occur within the first few hours after the initiation of intravenous thrombolysis. Our aim here was to determine the risk factors for early ICH (within 12 h) after thrombolysis. Methods: We analyzed patients with acute ischemic stroke who received intravenous alteplase at two hospitals affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University between March 2008 and November 2017. The ICH diagnosis time was defined as the time from the intravenous administration of alteplase to the first detection of hemorrhage on computed tomography. Demographic data, medical history, clinical features, and laboratory examination results were collected. Univariate analysis followed by multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the predictors of early ICH (within 12 h) after thrombolysis. Results: Among 197 patients, early ICH (within 12 h) after thrombolysis occurred in 13 patients (6.6%). In the univariate analysis, patients with early ICHs were significantly correlated with prior stroke (P = 0.04). After adjusting for potential confounders in the multivariate analysis, prior stroke (odds ratio [OR]: 5.752, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.487–22.248; P = 0.011) and atrial fibrillation (OR: 5.428, 95% CI: 1.427–20.640; P = 0.013) were associated with early ICH. Conclusions: Prior stroke and atrial fibrillation are independent risk factors for early ICHs (within 12 h) after intravenous thrombolysis with alteplase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianda Lin
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University.,Department of Neurology, The Wenzhou Third Clinical Institute Affiliated To Wenzhou Medical University
| | - Yungang Cao
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University
| | - Jueyue Yan
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University
| | - Zusen Ye
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University
| | - Xiaoyan Huang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University
| | - Zicheng Cheng
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University
| | - Zhao Han
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University
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Kargiotis O, Safouris A, Psychogios K, Chondrogianni M, Andrikopoulou A, Theodorou A, Magoufis G, Stamboulis E, Tsivgoulis G. Ultra-Early Remote Intracranial Hemorrhage Complicating Intravenous Thrombolysis with Tenecteplase for Acute Ischemic Stroke. J Clin Neurol 2020; 16:696-698. [PMID: 33029978 PMCID: PMC7541991 DOI: 10.3988/jcn.2020.16.4.696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Apostolos Safouris
- Stroke Unit, Metropolitan Hospital, Piraeus, Greece
- Second Department of Neurology, National & Kapodistiran University of Athens, School of Medicine, “Attikon” University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Klearchos Psychogios
- Stroke Unit, Metropolitan Hospital, Piraeus, Greece
- Second Department of Neurology, National & Kapodistiran University of Athens, School of Medicine, “Attikon” University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Chondrogianni
- Stroke Unit, Metropolitan Hospital, Piraeus, Greece
- Second Department of Neurology, National & Kapodistiran University of Athens, School of Medicine, “Attikon” University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Aikaterini Theodorou
- Second Department of Neurology, National & Kapodistiran University of Athens, School of Medicine, “Attikon” University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Georgios Tsivgoulis
- Second Department of Neurology, National & Kapodistiran University of Athens, School of Medicine, “Attikon” University Hospital, Athens, Greece
- Department of Neurology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
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Yaghi S, Willey JZ, Cucchiara B, Goldstein JN, Gonzales NR, Khatri P, Kim LJ, Mayer SA, Sheth KN, Schwamm LH. Treatment and Outcome of Hemorrhagic Transformation After Intravenous Alteplase in Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Scientific Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke 2017; 48:e343-e361. [DOI: 10.1161/str.0000000000000152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose—
Symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH) is the most feared complication of intravenous thrombolytic therapy in acute ischemic stroke. Treatment of sICH is based on expert opinion and small case series, with the efficacy of such treatments not well established. This document aims to provide an overview of sICH with a focus on pathophysiology and treatment.
Methods—
A literature review was performed for randomized trials, prospective and retrospective studies, opinion papers, case series, and case reports on the definitions, epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, treatment, and outcome of sICH. The document sections were divided among writing group members who performed the literature review, summarized the literature, and provided suggestions on the diagnosis and treatment of patients with sICH caused by systemic thrombolysis with alteplase. Several drafts were circulated among writing group members until a consensus was achieved.
Results—
sICH is an uncommon but severe complication of systemic thrombolysis in acute ischemic stroke. Prompt diagnosis and early correction of the coagulopathy after alteplase have remained the mainstay of treatment. Further research is required to establish treatments aimed at maintaining integrity of the blood-brain barrier in acute ischemic stroke based on inhibition of the underlying biochemical processes.
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Major publications in the critical care pharmacotherapy literature: January-December 2016. J Crit Care 2017; 43:327-339. [PMID: 28974331 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2017.09.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To summarize select critical care pharmacotherapy guidelines and studies published in 2016. SUMMARY The Critical Care Pharmacotherapy Literature Update (CCPLU) Group screened 31 journals monthly for relevant pharmacotherapy articles and selected 107 articles for review over the course of 2016. Of those included in the monthly CCPLU, three guidelines and seven primary literature studies are reviewed here. The guideline updates included are as follows: hospital-acquired pneumonia and ventilator-associated pneumonia management, sustained neuromuscular blocking agent use, and reversal of antithrombotics in intracranial hemorrhage (ICH). The primary literature summaries evaluate the following: dexmedetomidine for delirium prevention in post-cardiac surgery, dexmedetomidine for delirium management in mechanically ventilated patients, high-dose epoetin alfa after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, ideal blood pressure targets in ICH, hydrocortisone in severe sepsis, procalcitonin-guided antibiotic de-escalation, and empiric micafungin therapy. CONCLUSION The review provides a synopsis of select pharmacotherapy publications in 2016 applicable to clinical practice.
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