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Oquita R, Cuello V, Uppati S, Mannuru S, Salinas D, Dobbs M, Potter-Baker KA. Moving toward elucidating alternative motor pathway structures post-stroke: the value of spinal cord neuroimaging. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1282685. [PMID: 38419695 PMCID: PMC10899520 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1282685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Stroke results in varying levels of motor and sensory disability that have been linked to the neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation that occur in the infarct and peri-infarct regions within the brain. Specifically, previous research has identified a key role of the corticospinal tract in motor dysfunction and motor recovery post-stroke. Of note, neuroimaging studies have utilized magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain to describe the timeline of neurodegeneration of the corticospinal tract in tandem with motor function following a stroke. However, research has suggested that alternate motor pathways may also underlie disease progression and the degree of functional recovery post-stroke. Here, we assert that expanding neuroimaging techniques beyond the brain could expand our knowledge of alternate motor pathway structure post-stroke. In the present work, we will highlight findings that suggest that alternate motor pathways contribute to post-stroke motor dysfunction and recovery, such as the reticulospinal and rubrospinal tract. Then we review imaging and electrophysiological techniques that evaluate alternate motor pathways in populations of stroke and other neurodegenerative disorders. We will then outline and describe spinal cord neuroimaging techniques being used in other neurodegenerative disorders that may provide insight into alternate motor pathways post-stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramiro Oquita
- School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, United States
| | - Victoria Cuello
- School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, United States
| | - Sarvani Uppati
- School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, United States
| | - Sravani Mannuru
- School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, United States
| | - Daniel Salinas
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, United States
| | - Michael Dobbs
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, United States
| | - Kelsey A. Potter-Baker
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, United States
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Yeo SS, Nam SM, Cho IH. Injury of the Vestibulocerebellar Tract and Signs of Ataxia in Patients with Cerebellar Stroke. J Clin Med 2023; 12:6877. [PMID: 37959342 PMCID: PMC10649050 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12216877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The vestibulocerebellar tract (VCT) is responsible for maintaining balance, spatial orientation, and coordination. Damage to the vestibular system is accompanied by symptoms of balance disorder or ataxia. This study aimed to compare cerebellar dysfunction according to VCT damage in patients with cerebellar stroke. METHODS Six patients with cerebellum injury were recruited. This study measured ataxia and hand function related to visuomotor integration and manual dexterity using the Purdue pegboard test. The primary and bilateral secondary VCTs were reconstructed to investigate the integrity of pathways using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). RESULTS The ataxia sign was positive in five patients (83%) at onset. In the result of the pegboard test, all patients had hand dysfunction in the dominant hand (100%). Likewise, all patients also had non-dominant hand dysfunction (100%). On the DTI tractography, the left and right primary VCTs of the patients demonstrated a 25% injury rate. Furthermore, the injury rates of ipsilateral and contralateral secondary VCTs were 50% and 58%. CONCLUSIONS Ataxia is related to secondary VCTs, and hand dysfunction is also related to VCTs. Therefore, we believe that the current study will be helpful in evaluating and providing a clinical intervention strategy for patients with ataxia and hand dysfunction following cerebellar injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Seok Yeo
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Sciences, Dankook University, 119, Dandae-ro, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan-si 31116, Chungnam, Republic of Korea;
| | - Seung-Min Nam
- Department of Sports Rehabilitation and Exercise Management, Yeungnam University College, 170, Hyeonchung-ro, Nam-gu, Daegu 42415, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea;
| | - In-Hee Cho
- Department of Health, Graduate School, Dankook University, 119, Dandae-ro, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan-si 31116, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
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Cho MJ, Yeo SS, Lee SJ, Jang SH. Correlation between spasticity and corticospinal/corticoreticular tract status in stroke patients after early stage. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e33604. [PMID: 37115067 PMCID: PMC10145725 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000033604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the correlation between spasticity and the states of the corticospinal tract (CST) and corticoreticular tract (CRT) in stroke patients after early stage. Thirty-eight stroke patients and 26 healthy control subjects were recruited. The modified Ashworth scale (MAS) scale after the early stage (more than 1 month after onset) was used to determine the spasticity state of the stroke patients. Fractional anisotropy (FA), apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), fiber number (FN), and ipsilesional/contra-lesional ratios for diffusion tensor tractography (DTT) parameters of the CST and CRT after the early stage were measured in both ipsi- and contra-lesional hemispheres. This study was conducted retrospectively. The FA and FN CST-ratios in the patient group were significantly lower than those of the control group (P < .05), except for the ADC CST-ratio (P > .05). Regarding the DTT parameters of the CRT-ratio, the patient group FN value was significantly lower than that of the control group (P < .05), whereas the FA and ADC CRT-ratios did not show significant differences between the patient and control groups (P > .05). MAS scores showed a strong positive correlation with the ADC CRT-ratio (P < .05) and a moderate negative correlation with the FN CRT-ratio (P < .05). We observed that the injury severities of the CST and CRT were related to spasticity severity in chronic stroke patients; moreover, compared to the CST, CRT status was more closely related to spasticity severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jye Cho
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Namku, Taegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Seok Yeo
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Sciences, Dankook University, Dongnamgu, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Jun Lee
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Sciences, Dankook University, Dongnamgu, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Ho Jang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Namku, Taegu, Republic of Korea
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Liao LY, Xu PD, Fang XQ, Wang QH, Tao Y, Cheng H, Gao CY. Prevalence and clinical predictors of spasticity after intracerebral hemorrhage. Brain Behav 2023; 13:e2906. [PMID: 36750443 PMCID: PMC10013944 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spasticity is a common complication of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). However, no consensus exists on the relation between spasticity and initial clinical findings after ICH. METHODS This retrospective study enrolled adult patients with a history of ICH between January 2012 and October 2020. The modified Ashworth scale was used to assess spasticity. A trained image analyst traced all ICH lesions. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine the association between ICH lesion sites and spasticity. RESULTS We finally analyzed 304 patients (mean age 54.86 ± 12.93 years; 72.04% men). The incidence of spasticity in patients with ICH was 30.92%. Higher National Institutes of Health stroke scale (NIHSS) scores were associated with an increased predicted probability for spasticity (odds ratio, OR = 1.153 [95% confidence interval, CI 1.093-1.216], p < .001). Logistic regression analysis revealed that lower age, higher NIHSS scores, and drinking were associated with an increased risk of moderate-to-severe spasticity (OR = 0.965 [95% CI 0.939-0.992], p = .013; OR = 1.068 [95% CI 1.008-1.130], p = .025; OR = 4.809 [95% CI 1.671-13.840], p = .004, respectively). However, smoking and ICH in the thalamus were associated with a reduced risk of moderate-to-severe spasticity (OR = 0.200 [95% CI 0.071-0.563], p = .002; OR = 0.405 [95% CI 0.140-1.174], p = .046, respectively) compared with ICH in the basal ganglia. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that ICH lesion locations are at least partly associated with post-stroke spasticity rather than the latter simply being a physiological reaction to ICH itself. The predictors for spasticity after ICH were age, NIHSS scores, past medical history, and ICH lesion sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Yi Liao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Pei-Dong Xu
- Department of Information, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiang-Qin Fang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qing-Hua Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yong Tao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huan Cheng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chang-Yue Gao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Abstract
The frontal lobe is crucial and contributes to controlling truncal motion, postural responses, and maintaining equilibrium and locomotion. The rich repertoire of frontal gait disorders gives some indication of this complexity. For human walking, it is necessary to simultaneously achieve at least two tasks, such as maintaining a bipedal upright posture and locomotion. Particularly, postural control plays an extremely significant role in enabling the subject to maintain stable gait behaviors to adapt to the environment. To achieve these requirements, the frontal cortex (1) uses cognitive information from the parietal, temporal, and occipital cortices, (2) creates plans and programs of gait behaviors, and (3) acts on the brainstem and spinal cord, where the core posture-gait mechanisms exist. Moreover, the frontal cortex enables one to achieve a variety of gait patterns in response to environmental changes by switching gait patterns from automatic routine to intentionally controlled and learning the new paradigms of gait strategy via networks with the basal ganglia, cerebellum, and limbic structures. This chapter discusses the role of each area of the frontal cortex in behavioral control and attempts to explain how frontal lobe controls walking with special reference to postural control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Takakusaki
- Department of Physiology, Division of Neuroscience, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan.
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Srivastava S, Seamon BA, Marebwa BK, Wilmskoetter J, Bowden MG, Gregory CM, Seo NJ, Hanlon CA, Bonilha L, Brown TR, Neptune RR, Kautz SA. The relationship between motor pathway damage and flexion-extension patterns of muscle co-excitation during walking. Front Neurol 2022; 13:968385. [PMID: 36388195 PMCID: PMC9650203 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.968385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mass flexion-extension co-excitation patterns during walking are often seen as a consequence of stroke, but there is limited understanding of the specific contributions of different descending motor pathways toward their control. The corticospinal tract is a major descending motor pathway influencing the production of normal sequential muscle coactivation patterns for skilled movements. However, control of walking is also influenced by non-corticospinal pathways such as the corticoreticulospinal pathway that possibly contribute toward mass flexion-extension co-excitation patterns during walking. The current study sought to investigate the associations between damage to corticospinal (CST) and corticoreticular (CRP) motor pathways following stroke and the presence of mass flexion-extension patterns during walking as evaluated using module analysis. Methods Seventeen healthy controls and 44 stroke survivors were included in the study. We used non-negative matrix factorization for module analysis of paretic leg electromyographic activity. We typically have observed four modules during walking in healthy individuals. Stroke survivors often have less independently timed modules, for example two-modules presented as mass flexion-extension pattern. We used diffusion tensor imaging-based analysis where streamlines connecting regions of interest between the cortex and brainstem were computed to evaluate CST and CRP integrity. We also used a coarse classification tree analysis to evaluate the relative CST and CRP contribution toward module control. Results Interhemispheric CST asymmetry was associated with worse lower extremity Fugl-Meyer score (p = 0.023), propulsion symmetry (p = 0.016), and fewer modules (p = 0.028). Interhemispheric CRP asymmetry was associated with worse lower extremity Fugl-Meyer score (p = 0.009), Dynamic gait index (p = 0.035), Six-minute walk test (p = 0.020), Berg balance scale (p = 0.048), self-selected walking speed (p = 0.041), and propulsion symmetry (p = 0.001). The classification tree model reveled that substantial ipsilesional CRP or CST damage leads to a two-module pattern and poor walking ability with a trend toward increased compensatory contralesional CRP based control. Conclusion Both CST and CRP are involved with control of modules during walking and damage to both may lead to greater reliance on the contralesional CRP, which may contribute to a two-module pattern and be associated with worse walking performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shraddha Srivastava
- Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, United States,Department of Health Sciences and Research, College of Health Professions, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States,*Correspondence: Shraddha Srivastava
| | - Bryant A. Seamon
- Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, United States,Department of Health Sciences and Research, College of Health Professions, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States,Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health Professions, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Barbara K. Marebwa
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Janina Wilmskoetter
- Department of Health Sciences and Research, College of Health Professions, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Mark G. Bowden
- Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, United States,Department of Health Sciences and Research, College of Health Professions, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States,Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health Professions, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Chris M. Gregory
- Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, United States,Department of Health Sciences and Research, College of Health Professions, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States,Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health Professions, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Na Jin Seo
- Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, United States,Department of Health Sciences and Research, College of Health Professions, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States,Division of Occupational Therapy, College of Health Professions, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Colleen A. Hanlon
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Leonardo Bonilha
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Truman R. Brown
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Richard R. Neptune
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Steven A. Kautz
- Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, United States,Department of Health Sciences and Research, College of Health Professions, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States,Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health Professions, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
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Charalambous CC, Hadjipapas A. Is there frequency-specificity in the motor control of walking? The putative differential role of alpha and beta oscillations. Front Syst Neurosci 2022; 16:922841. [PMID: 36387306 PMCID: PMC9650482 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2022.922841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Alpha and beta oscillations have been assessed thoroughly during walking due to their potential role as proxies of the corticoreticulospinal tract (CReST) and corticospinal tract (CST), respectively. Given that damage to a descending tract after stroke can cause walking deficits, detailed knowledge of how these oscillations mechanistically contribute to walking could be utilized in strategies for post-stroke locomotor recovery. In this review, the goal was to summarize, synthesize, and discuss the existing evidence on the potential differential role of these oscillations on the motor descending drive, the effect of transcranial alternate current stimulation (tACS) on neurotypical and post-stroke walking, and to discuss remaining gaps in knowledge, future directions, and methodological considerations. Electrophysiological studies of corticomuscular, intermuscular, and intramuscular coherence during walking clearly demonstrate that beta oscillations are predominantly present in the dorsiflexors during the swing phase and may be absent post-stroke. The role of alpha oscillations, however, has not been pinpointed as clearly. We concluded that both animal and human studies should focus on the electrophysiological characterization of alpha oscillations and their potential role to the CReST. Another approach in elucidating the role of these oscillations is to modulate them and then quantify the impact on walking behavior. This is possible through tACS, whose beneficial effect on walking behavior (including boosting of beta oscillations in intramuscular coherence) has been recently demonstrated in both neurotypical adults and stroke patients. However, these studies still do not allow for specific roles of alpha and beta oscillations to be delineated because the tACS frequency used was much lower (i.e., individualized calculated gait frequency was used). Thus, we identify a main gap in the literature, which is tACS studies actually stimulating at alpha and beta frequencies during walking. Overall, we conclude that for beta oscillations there is a clear connection to descending drive in the corticospinal tract. The precise relationship between alpha oscillations and CReST remains elusive due to the gaps in the literature identified here. However, better understanding the role of alpha (and beta) oscillations in the motor control of walking can be used to progress and develop rehabilitation strategies for promoting locomotor recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charalambos C. Charalambous
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Medical School, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Center for Neuroscience and Integrative Brain Research (CENIBRE), Medical School, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Avgis Hadjipapas
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Medical School, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Center for Neuroscience and Integrative Brain Research (CENIBRE), Medical School, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
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Jang SH, Yeo SS, Cho MJ. Prediction of the gait function using the nigrostriatal and corticoreticulospinal tracts of the affected hemisphere in a cerebral infarct: A diffusion tensor imaging study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e30788. [PMID: 36181118 PMCID: PMC9524926 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000030788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Prognosis predictability of the nigrostriatal tract (NST) and corticoreticulospinal tract (CRT) of affected hemisphere at early stage for gait function at chronic stage were investigated using diffusion tensor tractography (DTT) in patients with a cerebral infarction. Thirty consecutive patients with middle cerebral artery (MCA) territory infarction were recruited. Functional ambulation category (FAC) was used to evaluate the gait function at chronic stage. Fractional anisotropy (FA) and tract volume (TV) of ipsilesional NST and ipsilesional CRT were determined to be DTT parameters at early stage. FAC score at chronic stage showed strong positive correlations with TVs of ipsilesional NST and ipsilesional CRT at early stage (ipsilesional NST R = 0.786; ipsilesional CRT R = 0.821; P < .05). According to regression model, FAC score at chronic stage was positively related to TVs of ipsilesional NST and ipsilesional CRT at early stage (Adjusted R2 = 0.700, F = 34.905, P < .05). FAC score at chronic stage was associated more positively with TV of ipsilesional CRT (β = 0.532) than that of ipsilesional NST (β = 0.362). Ipsilesional NST and ipsilesional CRT at early stage had prognosis predictability for gait function at chronic stage in patients with an MCA infarction. Moreover, ipsilesional CRT had stronger predictability than ipsilesional NST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Ho Jang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Namku, Taegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Seok Yeo
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Sciences, Dankook University, Dongnamgu, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jye Cho
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Namku, Taegu, Republic of Korea
- *Correspondence: Min Jye Cho, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University 317-1, Daemyung dong, Namgu, Daegu, 705-717, Republic of Korea (e-mail: )
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Relationship of the Nigrostriatal Tract with the Motor Function and the Corticospinal Tract in Chronic Hemiparetic Stroke Patients: A Diffusion Tensor Imaging Study. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10040731. [PMID: 35455908 PMCID: PMC9028700 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10040731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the relationship of the nigrostriatal tract (NST) with motor function and the corticospinal tract (CST) using diffusion tensor tractography in chronic hemiparetic stroke patients. Forty-three consecutive patients with putaminal hemorrhage in the chronic stage were recruited. The Motricity Index was used to evaluate the motor function of affected hemiparetic extremities. The fractional anisotropy and the tract volume of ipsilesional NST and ipsilesional CST were acquired. The tract volume (Rho = 0.824) of ipsilesional NST and fractional anisotropy (r = 0.682) and the tract volume (Rho = 0.886) of ipsilesional CST showed a strong positive correlation with the Motricity Index score. The fractional anisotropy of ipsilesional NST showed moderate positive correlations with the fractional anisotropy (r = 0.449) and tract volume (Rho = 0.353) of ipsilesional CST. The tract volume of ipsilesional NST showed strong positive correlations with the fractional anisotropy (Rho = 0.716) and the tract volume (Rho = 0.799) of ipsilesional CST. The regression model showed that the tract volumes of ipsilesional NST and ipsilesional CST were positively associated with the Motricity Index score (Adjusted R2 = 0.763, F = 45.998). Mediation analysis showed that the tract volume of ipsilesional CST partially mediated the effects of the tract volume of ipsilesional NST on the Motricity Index score (z = 3.34). A close relationship was found between ipsilesional NST and the motor function of affected extremities in chronic hemiparetic patients with putaminal hemorrhage. Moreover, ipsilesional NST influenced the motor function of affected extremities indirectly through ipsilesional CST.
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Boyne P, DiFrancesco M, Awosika OO, Williamson B, Vannest J. Mapping the human corticoreticular pathway with multimodal delineation of the gigantocellular reticular nucleus and high-resolution diffusion tractography. J Neurol Sci 2022; 434:120091. [PMID: 34979371 PMCID: PMC8957549 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2021.120091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The corticoreticular pathway (CRP) is a major motor tract that transmits cortical input to the reticular formation motor nuclei and may be an important mediator of motor recovery after central nervous system damage. However, its cortical origins, trajectory and laterality are incompletely understood in humans. This study aimed to map the human CRP and generate an average CRP template in standard MRI space. Following recently established guidelines, we manually delineated the primary reticular formation motor nucleus (gigantocellular reticular nucleus [GRN]) using several group-mean MRI contrasts from the Human Connectome Project (HCP). CRP tractography was then performed with HCP diffusion-weighted MRI data (N = 1065) by selecting diffusion streamlines that reached both the cortex and GRN. Corticospinal tract (CST) tractography was also performed for comparison. Results suggest that the human CRP has widespread origins, which overlap with the CST across most of the motor cortex and include additional exclusive inputs from the medial and anterior prefrontal cortices. The estimated CRP projected through the anterior and posterior limbs of the internal capsule before partially decussating in the midbrain tegmentum and converging bilaterally on the pontomedullary reticular formation. Thus, the CRP trajectory appears to partially overlap the CST, while being more distributed and anteromedial to the CST in the cerebrum before moving posterior to the CST in the brainstem. These findings have important implications for neurophysiologic testing, cortical stimulation and movement recovery after brain lesions. We expect that our GRN and tract maps will also facilitate future CRP research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierce Boyne
- Department of Rehabilitation, Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
| | - Mark DiFrancesco
- Department of Radiology and Pediatric Neuroimaging Research Consortium, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Oluwole O Awosika
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Brady Williamson
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Jennifer Vannest
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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Boyne P, Awosika OO, Luo Y. Mapping the corticoreticular pathway from cortex-wide anterograde axonal tracing in the mouse. J Neurosci Res 2021; 99:3392-3405. [PMID: 34676909 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The corticoreticular pathway (CRP) has been implicated as an important mediator of motor recovery and rehabilitation after central nervous system damage. However, its origins, trajectory and laterality are not well understood. This study mapped the mouse CRP in comparison with the corticospinal tract (CST). We systematically searched the Allen Mouse Brain Connectivity Atlas (© 2011 Allen Institute for Brain Science) for experiments that used anterograde tracer injections into the right isocortex in mice. For each eligible experiment (N = 607), CRP and CST projection strength were quantified by the tracer volume reaching the reticular formation motor nuclei (RFmotor ) and pyramids, respectively. Tracer density in each brain voxel was also correlated with RFmotor versus pyramids projection strength to explore the relative trajectories of the CRP and CST. We found significant CRP projections originating from the primary and secondary motor cortices, anterior cingulate, primary somatosensory cortex, and medial prefrontal cortex. Compared with the CST, the CRP had stronger projections from each region except the primary somatosensory cortex. Ipsilateral projections were stronger than contralateral for both tracts (above the pyramidal decussation), but the CRP projected more bilaterally than the CST. The estimated CRP trajectory was anteromedial to the CST in the internal capsule and dorsal to the CST in the brainstem. Our findings reveal a widespread distribution of CRP origins and confirm strong bilateral CRP projections, theoretically increasing the potential for partial sparing after brain lesions and contralesional compensation after unilateral injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierce Boyne
- Department of Rehabilitation, Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Oluwole O Awosika
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Yu Luo
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Chen D, Tang Y, Nie H, Zhang P, Wang W, Dong Q, Wu G, Xue M, Tang Y, Liu W, Pan C, Tang Z. Primary Brainstem Hemorrhage: A Review of Prognostic Factors and Surgical Management. Front Neurol 2021; 12:727962. [PMID: 34566872 PMCID: PMC8460873 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.727962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary brainstem hemorrhage (PBSH) is the most fatal subtype of intracerebral hemorrhage and is invariably associated with poor prognosis. Several prognostic factors are involved, of which the two most predominant and consistent are the initial level of consciousness and hemorrhage size. Other predictors, such as age, hyperthermia, and hydrocephalus, are generally not dependable indicators for making prognoses. Scoring systems have now been developed that can predict mortality and functional outcomes in patients suffering from PBSH, which can thus guide treatment decision-making. A novel grading scale, entitled “the new primary pontine hemorrhage (PPH) score,” represents the latest approach in scoring systems. In this system, patients with a score of 2–3 points appear to benefit from surgical management, although this claim requires further verification. The four main surgical options for the treatment of PBSH are craniotomy, stereotactic hematoma puncture and drainage, endoscopic hematoma removal, and external ventricular drainage. Nevertheless, the management of PBSH still primarily involves conservative treatment methods and surgery is generally not recommended, according to current practice. However, the ongoing clinical trial, entitled Safety and Efficacy of Surgical Treatment in Severe Primary Pontine Hemorrhage Evacuation (STIPE), should provide additional evidence to support the surgical treatment of PBSH. Therefore, we advocate the update of epidemiological data and re-evaluation of PBSH treatment in a contemporary context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyang Chen
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingxin Tang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao Nie
- Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenzhi Wang
- Department of Neuroepidemiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Dong
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guofeng Wu
- Department of Emergency, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Mengzhou Xue
- The Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuping Tang
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjie Liu
- Beijing WanTeFu Medical Apparatus Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Chao Pan
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhouping Tang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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A systematic review of the usefulness of magnetic resonance imaging in predicting the gait ability of stroke patients. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14338. [PMID: 34253774 PMCID: PMC8275756 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93717-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The usefulness of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in predicting gait ability in stroke patients remains unclear. Therefore, MRI evaluations have not yet been standardized in stroke rehabilitation. We performed a systematic review to consolidate evidence regarding the use of MRIs in predicting gait ability of stroke patients. The Medline, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and SCOPUS databases were comprehensively searched. We included all literature published from each source’s earliest date to August 2020. We included 19 studies: 8 were classified as structure- or function-based MRI studies and 11 as neural tract integrity-based MRI studies. Most structure- or function-based MRI studies indicated that damage to motor-related areas (primary motor cortex, corona radiata, internal capsule, and basal ganglia) or insula was related to poor gait recovery. In neural tract integrity-based MRI studies, integrity of the corticospinal tract was related to gait ability. Some studies reported predictive value of the corticoreticular pathway. All included studies had some concerns, at least one, based on the Cochrane risk of bias instrument. This review suggests that MRIs are useful in predicting gait ability of stroke patients. However, we cannot make definitive conclusion regarding the predictive value, due to the lack of quantitative evaluations.
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