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Rabaneda-Lombarte N, Faura J, Ezcurra-Díaz G, Olivé-Gadea M, Álvarez-Larruy M, Vidal-de Francisco D, Domínguez-Mayoral A, Avellaneda C, Freijo MM, Zapata-Arriaza E, Serrano-Heras G, Alcahut-Rodríguez C, Fernández-Pérez I, Moniche F, Pérez-Sánchez S, Millán M, Rubiera M, Dorado L, Maisterra O, Montaner J, Bustamante A. Stroke-associated pneumonia according to mCDC criteria: impact on prognosis and antibiotic therapy. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1358628. [PMID: 38497035 PMCID: PMC10941756 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1358628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective The modified Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (mCDC) criteria have been proposed for diagnosing and managing stroke-associated pneumonia (SAP). The objective was to investigate the impact of SAP on stroke outcome depending on whether or not it conforms to mCDC criteria. Our secondary objective was to identify the responsible factors for antibiotic initiation in stroke patients. Methods We conducted a prospective, multicenter, observational study of ischemic stroke patients with moderate to severe stroke (NIHSS≥4) admitted within 24 h. For 7 days, mCDC criteria were assessed daily, and infections and antibiotics were recorded. Pneumonias were divided into those fulfilling mCDC criteria (mCDC-SAP) or not (other pneumonias, OPn). The effect of each type of pneumonia on 3-month outcome was evaluated in separated logistic regression models. Factors associated with antibiotic initiation were explored using a random forest analysis. Results Of the 342 patients studied, infections were diagnosed in 72 (21.6%), including 39 (11.7%) cases of pneumonia. Of them, 25 (7.5%) fulfilled mCDC criteria. Antibiotics were used in 92% of mCDC-SAP and 64.3% of OPn. In logistic regression analysis, mCDC-SAP, but not OPn, was an independent predictor of poor outcome [OR, 4.939 (1.022-23.868)]. The random forest analysis revealed that fever had the highest importance for antibiotic initiation. Interpretation The mCDC criteria might be useful for detecting clinically relevant SAP, which is associated with poor outcomes. Isolated signs of infection were more important for antibiotic initiation than compliance with pre-defined criteria. Therefore, adherence to mCDC criteria might result in antibiotic saving without compromising clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neus Rabaneda-Lombarte
- Hospital Universitari and Institut de Recerca Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Júlia Faura
- Vall d'Hebrón Institute of Research, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Garbiñe Ezcurra-Díaz
- Hospital Universitari and Institut de Recerca Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | | | - Marta Álvarez-Larruy
- Hospital Universitari and Institut de Recerca Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mònica Millán
- Hospital Universitari and Institut de Recerca Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Marta Rubiera
- Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebrón, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Dorado
- Hospital Universitari and Institut de Recerca Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | | | - Joan Montaner
- Vall d'Hebrón Institute of Research, Barcelona, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Alejandro Bustamante
- Hospital Universitari and Institut de Recerca Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
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Zawiah M, Hayat Khan A, Abu Farha R, Usman A, Sha’aban A, Abu Hammour K, Almuhsen Z. Diagnosis and treatment of stroke associated pneumonia: Qualitative exploration of clinicians’ practice. ELECTRONIC JOURNAL OF GENERAL MEDICINE 2023. [DOI: 10.29333/ejgm/12849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
<b>Background:</b> Establishing and implementing a gold standard criteria for diagnosing and treating stroke-associated pneumonia (SAP) would have a significant positive impact on stroke outcomes and antibiotic stewardship. This study aimed to qualitatively explore current diagnostic and treatment practice for SAP among clinicians.<br />
<b>Methods: </b>A qualitative study was employed to conduct semi-structured interviews at the tertiary-care Jordan University Hospital. A purposive sampling technique was employed to recruit the participants, including respiratory consultants (n=3) and residents (n=9) practicing in the internal medicine wards and intensive care unit, where stroke patients are treated. The interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, translated, and analyzed thematically using framework analysis.<br />
<b>Results:</b> Clinicians expressed their experiences, which were organized into two themes and eight emerged sub-themes: Terminology and diagnostic approach of SAP involved; no definite terminology, reliance on both clinical evidence and X-ray findings to decide, reliance on clinical evidence alone to suspect SAP and initiate empirical therapy, and SAP overdiagnosis. The treatment strategies include early treatment of SAP, treating SAP the same as CAP/HAP, predominant anaerobes coverage, and SAP overtreatment.<br />
<b>Conclusion:</b><i> </i>Our findings show a wide range of physician-based diagnostic and treatment approaches for SAP, with clinical criteria serving as the main driver for antibiotic initiation. Standard validated algorithmic-based criteria need to be established and implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Zawiah
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, MALAYSIA
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Hodeidah University, Al Hodeidah, YEMEN
| | - Amer Hayat Khan
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, MALAYSIA
| | - Rana Abu Farha
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Applied Science Private University, Amman, JORDAN
| | - Abubakar Usman
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, MALAYSIA
| | - Abubakar Sha’aban
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, MALAYSIA
- Division of Population Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4YS, Wales, UK
| | - Khawla Abu Hammour
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, JORDAN
| | - Zahraa Almuhsen
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, JORDAN
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Song X, He Y, Bai J, Zhang J. A nomogram based on nutritional status and A 2DS 2 score for predicting stroke-associated pneumonia in acute ischemic stroke patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A retrospective study. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1009041. [PMID: 36313103 PMCID: PMC9608514 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1009041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Stroke-associated pneumonia (SAP) commonly complicates acute ischemic stroke (AIS) and significantly worsens outcomes. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) may contribute to malnutrition, impair innate immunity function, and increase the probability of SAP occurrence in AIS patients. We aimed to determine early predictors of SAP in AIS patients with T2DM and to construct a nomogram specifically for predicting SAP in this population by combining the A2DS2 score with available nutrition-related parameters. Methods A total of 1,330 consecutive AIS patients with T2DM were retrospectively recruited. The patients were randomly allocated to the training (n = 887) and validation groups (n = 443). Univariate and multivariate binary logistic regression analyses were applied to determine the predictors of SAP in the training group. A nomogram was established according to the identified predictors. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) and calibration plots were performed to access the predictive values of the nomogram. The decision curve was applied to evaluate the net benefits of the nomogram. Results The incidence of SAP was 9% and 9.7% in the training and validation groups, respectively. The results revealed that the A2DS2 score, stroke classification, Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index, hemoglobin, and fast blood glucose were independent predictors for SAP. A novel nomogram, A2DS2-Nutrition, was constructed based on these five predictors. The AUROC for A2DS2-Nutrition (0.820, 95% CI: 0.794–0.845) was higher than the A2DS2 score (0.691, 95% CI: 0.660–0.722) in the training group. Similarly, it showed a better predictive performance than the A2DS2 score [AUROC = 0.864 (95% CI: 0.828–0.894) vs. AUROC = 0.763 (95% CI: 0.720–0.801)] in the validation group. These results were well calibrated in the two groups. Moreover, the decision curve revealed that the A2DS2-Nutrition provided an additional net benefit to the AIS patients with T2DM compared to the A2DS2 score in both groups. Conclusion The A2DS2 score, stroke classification, Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index, hemoglobin, and fast blood glucose were independent predictors for SAP in AIS patients with T2DM. Thus, the proposed A2DS2-Nutrition may be a simple and reliable prediction model for SAP occurrence in AIS patients with T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Song
- Department of Neurology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yang He
- Department of Neurology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Bai
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,*Correspondence: Jie Bai,
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China,Jun Zhang,
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Westendorp WF, Dames C, Nederkoorn PJ, Meisel A. Immunodepression, Infections, and Functional Outcome in Ischemic Stroke. Stroke 2022; 53:1438-1448. [PMID: 35341322 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.122.038867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Stroke remains one of the main causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Immediately after stroke, a neuroinflammatory process starts in the brain, triggering a systemic immunodepression mainly through excessive activation of the autonomous nervous system. Manifestations of immunodepression include lymphopenia but also dysfunctional innate and adaptive immune cells. The resulting impaired antibacterial defenses render patients with stroke susceptible to infections. In addition, other risk factors like stroke severity, dysphagia, impaired consciousness, mechanical ventilation, catheterization, and older age predispose stroke patients for infections. Most common infections are pneumonia and urinary tract infection, both occur in ≈10% of the patients. Especially pneumonia increases unfavorable outcome and mortality in patients with stroke; systemic effects like hypotension, fever, delay in rehabilitation are thought to play a crucial role. Experimental and clinical data suggest that systemic infections enhance autoreactive immune responses against brain antigens and thus negatively affect outcome but convincing evidence is lacking. Prevention of poststroke infections by preventive antibiotic therapy did not improve functional outcome after stroke. Immunomodulatory approaches counteracting immunodepression to prevent stroke-associated pneumonia need to account for neuroinflammation in the ischemic brain and avoid further tissue damage. Experimental studies discovered interesting targets, but these have not yet been investigated in patients with stroke. A better understanding of the pathobiology may help to develop optimized approaches of preventive antibiotic therapy or immunomodulation to effectively prevent stroke-associated pneumonia while improving long-term outcome after stroke. In this review, we aim to characterize epidemiology, risk factors, cause, diagnosis, clinical presentation, and potential treatment of poststroke immunosuppression and associated infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willeke F Westendorp
- Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands (W.F.W., P.J.N.)
| | - Claudia Dames
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Klinik für Neurologie mit Experimenteller Neurologie, Center for Stroke Research Berlin, NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Germany (C.D., A.M.)
| | - Paul J Nederkoorn
- Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands (W.F.W., P.J.N.)
| | - Andreas Meisel
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Klinik für Neurologie mit Experimenteller Neurologie, Center for Stroke Research Berlin, NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Germany (C.D., A.M.)
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Faura J, Bustamante A, Miró-Mur F, Montaner J. Stroke-induced immunosuppression: implications for the prevention and prediction of post-stroke infections. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:127. [PMID: 34092245 PMCID: PMC8183083 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02177-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke produces a powerful inflammatory cascade in the brain, but also a suppression of the peripheral immune system, which is also called stroke-induced immunosuppression (SIIS). The main processes that lead to SIIS are a shift from a lymphocyte phenotype T-helper (Th) 1 to a Th2 phenotype, a decrease of the lymphocyte counts and NK cells in the blood and spleen, and an impairment of the defense mechanisms of neutrophils and monocytes. The direct clinical consequence of SIIS in stroke patients is an increased susceptibility to stroke-associated infections, which is enhanced by clinical factors like dysphagia. Among these infections, stroke-associated pneumonia (SAP) is the one that accounts for the highest impact on stroke outcome, so research is focused on its early diagnosis and prevention. Biomarkers indicating modifications in SIIS pathways could have an important role in the early prediction of SAP, but currently, there are no individual biomarkers or panels of biomarkers that are accurate enough to be translated to clinical practice. Similarly, there is still no efficient therapy to prevent the onset of SAP, and clinical trials testing prophylactic antibiotic treatment and β-blockers have failed. However, local immunomodulation could open up a new research opportunity to find a preventive therapy for SAP. Recent studies have focused on the pulmonary immune changes that could be caused by stroke similarly to other acquired brain injuries. Some of the traits observed in animal models of stroke include lung edema and inflammation, as well as inflammation of the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlia Faura
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alejandro Bustamante
- Stroke Unit, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Carretera de Canyet, s/n, 08916 Badalona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Francesc Miró-Mur
- Systemic Autoimmune Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Montaner
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Stroke Research Program, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville & Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Macarena, Seville, Spain
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