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Rikhof CJH, Feenstra Y, Fleuren JFM, Buurke JH, Prinsen EC, Rietman JS, Prange-Lasonder GB. Robot-assisted support combined with electrical stimulation for the lower extremity in stroke patients: a systematic review. J Neural Eng 2024; 21:021001. [PMID: 38527367 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ad377c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Objective. The incidence of stroke rising, leading to an increased demand for rehabilitation services. Literature has consistently shown that early and intensive rehabilitation is beneficial for stroke patients. Robot-assisted devices have been extensively studied in this context, as they have the potential to increase the frequency of therapy sessions and thereby the intensity. Robot-assisted systems can be combined with electrical stimulation (ES) to further enhance muscle activation and patient compliance. The objective of this study was to review the effectiveness of ES combined with all types of robot-assisted technology for lower extremity rehabilitation in stroke patients.Approach. A thorough search of peer-reviewed articles was conducted. The quality of the included studies was assessed using a modified version of the Downs and Black checklist. Relevant information regarding the interventions, devices, study populations, and more was extracted from the selected articles.Main results. A total of 26 articles were included in the review, with 23 of them scoring at least fair on the methodological quality. The analyzed devices could be categorized into two main groups: cycling combined with ES and robots combined with ES. Overall, all the studies demonstrated improvements in body function and structure, as well as activity level, as per the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health model. Half of the studies in this review showed superiority of training with the combination of robot and ES over robot training alone or over conventional treatment.Significance. The combination of robot-assisted technology with ES is gaining increasing interest in stroke rehabilitation. However, the studies identified in this review present challenges in terms of comparability due to variations in outcome measures and intervention protocols. Future research should focus on actively involving and engaging patients in executing movements and strive for standardization in outcome values and intervention protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J H Rikhof
- Roessingh Research and Development, Roessinghsbleekweg 33b, Enschede 7522AH, The Netherlands
- Biomechanical Engineering, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, Enschede 7522NB, The Netherlands
| | - Y Feenstra
- Roessingh Centre of Rehabilitation, Roessinghsbleekweg 33, Enschede 7522AH, The Netherlands
| | - J F M Fleuren
- Roessingh Research and Development, Roessinghsbleekweg 33b, Enschede 7522AH, The Netherlands
- Roessingh Centre of Rehabilitation, Roessinghsbleekweg 33, Enschede 7522AH, The Netherlands
| | - J H Buurke
- Roessingh Research and Development, Roessinghsbleekweg 33b, Enschede 7522AH, The Netherlands
- Biomedical Signals and systems, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, Enschede 7522NB, The Netherlands
| | - E C Prinsen
- Roessingh Research and Development, Roessinghsbleekweg 33b, Enschede 7522AH, The Netherlands
- Biomechanical Engineering, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, Enschede 7522NB, The Netherlands
| | - J S Rietman
- Roessingh Research and Development, Roessinghsbleekweg 33b, Enschede 7522AH, The Netherlands
- Biomechanical Engineering, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, Enschede 7522NB, The Netherlands
- Roessingh Centre of Rehabilitation, Roessinghsbleekweg 33, Enschede 7522AH, The Netherlands
| | - G B Prange-Lasonder
- Roessingh Research and Development, Roessinghsbleekweg 33b, Enschede 7522AH, The Netherlands
- Biomechanical Engineering, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, Enschede 7522NB, The Netherlands
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Andreopoulou G, Busselli G, Street T, Bulley C, Safari R, van der Linden ML, Burridge J. Is functional electrical stimulation effective in improving walking in adults with lower limb impairment due to an upper motor neuron lesion? An umbrella review. Artif Organs 2024; 48:210-231. [PMID: 37259954 DOI: 10.1111/aor.14563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To conduct an umbrella review of systematic reviews on functional electrical stimulation (FES) to improve walking in adults with an upper motor neuron lesion. METHODS Five electronic databases were searched, focusing on the effect of FES on walking. The methodological quality of reviews was evaluated using AMSTAR2 and certainty of evidence was established through the GRADE approach. RESULTS The methodological quality of the 24 eligible reviews (stroke, n = 16; spinal cord injury (SCI), n = 5; multiple sclerosis (MS); n = 2; mixed population, n = 1) ranged from critically low to high. Stroke reviews concluded that FES improved walking speed through an orthotic (immediate) effect and had a therapeutic benefit (i.e., over time) compared to usual care (low certainty evidence). There was low-to-moderate certainty evidence that FES was no better or worse than an Ankle Foot Orthosis regarding walking speed post 6 months. MS reviews concluded that FES had an orthotic but no therapeutic effect on walking. SCI reviews concluded that FES with or without treadmill training improved speed but combined with an orthosis was no better than orthosis alone. FES may improve quality of life and reduce falls in MS and stroke populations. CONCLUSION FES has orthotic and therapeutic benefits. Certainty of evidence was low-to-moderate, mostly due to high risk of bias, low sample sizes, and wide variation in outcome measures. Future trials must be of higher quality, use agreed outcome measures, including measures other than walking speed, and examine the effects of FES for adults with cerebral palsy, traumatic and acquired brain injury, and Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Andreopoulou
- Centre for Health, Activity and Rehabilitation Research, Queen Margaret University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Giulia Busselli
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- UOC Neurorehabilitation, AOUI Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Tamsyn Street
- Clinical Sciences and Engineering, Salisbury NHS Foundation Trust and Bournemouth University, Salisbury, UK
| | - Cathy Bulley
- Centre for Health, Activity and Rehabilitation Research, Queen Margaret University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Reza Safari
- College of Health, Psychology and Social Care, University of Derby, Derby, UK
| | | | - Jane Burridge
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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Hosiasson M, Rigotti-Thompson M, Appelgren-Gonzalez JP, Covarrubias-Escudero F, Urzua B, Barria P, Aguilar R. Biomechanical Gait Effects of a Single Intervention with Wearable Closed Loop Control FES System in Chronic Stroke Patients. A Proof-of-Concept Pilot Study. IEEE Int Conf Rehabil Robot 2023; 2023:1-6. [PMID: 37941278 DOI: 10.1109/icorr58425.2023.10304779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Foot drop is a gait disturbance characterized by difficulty in performing ankle dorsiflexion during the swing phase of the gait cycle. Current available evidence shows that functional electrical stimulation (FES) on the musculature responsible for dorsal ankle flexion during gait can have positive effects on walking ability. This study aims to present a proof of concept for a novel easy-to-use FES system and evaluates the biomechanical effects during gait in stroke patients, compared to unassisted walking. Gait was quantitatively evaluated in a movement analysis laboratory for five subjects with chronic stroke, in basal condition without assistance and in gait assisted with FES. Improvements were found in all temporospatial parameters during FES-assisted gait, evidenced by statistically significant differences only in gait speed (p=0.02). Joint kinematics showed positive changes in hip abduction and ankle dorsiflexion variables during the swing phase of the gait cycle. No significant differences were found in the Gait Deviation Index. In conclusion, the present pilot study demonstrates that the use of this FES system in the tibialis anterior muscle can cause gait functional improvements in subjects with foot drop due to chronic stroke.
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Lee K. Balance Training with Weight Shift-Triggered Electrical Stimulation for Stroke Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13020225. [PMID: 36831768 PMCID: PMC9954639 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13020225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the effects of balance training with weight shift-triggered electrical stimulation to improve balance, lower-extremity motor function, and activities of daily living in patients with stroke. The participants were randomly allocated to the balance training with electrical stimulation group (BT-ESG, n = 29) or the balance training group (BTG, n = 30). Both groups were trained 5 times per week for 6 weeks for 50 min per session. To evaluate static balance, postural sway was assessed and dynamic balance was assessed using the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Timed Up and Go (TUG) test, and functional reach test (FRT). Lower-extremity motor function was assessed using the Fugl-Meyer assessment. Daily activities were assessed using the Modified Barthel Index. As for static balance, BT-ESG showed a significant improvement compared to BTG in postural swat in both the eyes-open (velocity moment; effect size, 0.88; 95% confidence interval, -1.16 to -1.30), or eyes-closed state (velocity moment; effect size, 0.81; 95% confidence interval, -1.22 to -0.27). Dynamic balance, which includes TUG (effect size, 0.90; 95% confidence interval, -4.67 to -1.25), BBS (effect size, 1.26; 95% confidence interval, -2.84 to 6.83), and FRT (effect size, 1.45; 95% confidence interval, 1.92 to 4.08), in addition to lower-extremity motor function (effect size, 1.38; 95% confidence interval, 2.25 to 4.97), and activities of daily living (effect size, 2.04; 95% confidence interval, 2.04 to 937), showed significant improvement in BT-ESG compared to BTG. These results suggest that balance training with weight shift-triggered electrical stimulation effectively improves balance, lower-extremity motor function, and activities of daily living in patients with stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeongjin Lee
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Science, Kyungdong University, Wonju 24764, Republic of Korea
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Shen X, Yang Z, Zhang P, Xu Y, Wang J. Effects of balance training combined with Schroth therapy on adolescents with mild idiopathic scoliosis: A six-week randomized controlled trial. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil 2023; 36:1365-1373. [PMID: 37458026 DOI: 10.3233/bmr-220383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) has a great negative impact on the physical and mental health of patients; thus, a range of effective, timely interventions are urgently needed. Currently, there is a lack of evidence to illustrate the effect of balance training in patients with AIS, and the traditional AIS therapy often ignores the recovery in balance function of patients with AIS. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of balance training combined with Schroth therapy among adolescent with mild idiopathic scoliosis. METHODS 59 adolescents (aged 10 to 18, 35.59% male) with idiopathic scoliosis were selected and divided into an intervention group (n= 30) and a control group (n= 29). Participants in both groups received routine rehabilitation treatment based on Schroth therapy, and balance training was added in the intervention group. The duration of treatment for both groups was 6 weeks. The Trunk Rotation Angle (ATR), Cobb angle, Scoliosis Research Society 22 (SRS-22) scale and balance function of the two groups were evaluated at baseline and after the intervention. RESULTS No significant difference of outcomes were observed between groups at baseline (P> 0.05). After 6 weeks of intervention, the ATR, Cobb angle, SRS-22 and balance function of the two groups improved significantly compared with those before treatment (P< 0.05), and the intervention group had a significant improvement than the control group (P< 0.05). CONCLUSION Balance training combined with Schroth therapy for adolescents with mild idiopathic scoliosis can significantly improve ATR, Cobb angle and quality of life, as well as overall balance function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Shen
- School of Physical Education and Sports, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- Department of Movement Science, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Suzhou Science and Technology Town Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yingye Xu
- School of Physical Education and Sports, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jielong Wang
- School of Physical Education and Sports, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Qiu W. IMPACT OF MUSCLE STRENGTHENING ON JOINT STRENGTH IN TAE KWON DO ATHLETES. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2023. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-8692202329012022_0666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction: Taekwondo athletes' knee flexor and extensor muscle groups reveal the joint's biomechanical characteristics when tested and may suggest a direction for individual strength training in Tae Kwon Do athletes. Objective: Evaluate the impact of muscle strengthening on joint strength in Tae Kwon Do athletes. Methods: The study was conducted through a literature review, experimental test, and logical analysis. Results: The strength of the flexion muscle group in Taekwondo athletes was significantly higher than that of extension. The flexion-extension ratio is high. This characteristic may be related to the athletes' habit of supporting body weight with the left leg and attacking with the right leg. Conclusion: Strength training of the knee flexors is indicated for Tae Kwon Do athletes, balancing the muscular balance by raising the flexor fatigue index close to that of the extensors, improving the strength and endurance of the knee flexor muscles. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Qiu
- Henan University of Urban Construction, China
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Stühlinger M, Burri H, Vernooy K, Garcia R, Lenarczyk R, Sultan A, Brunner M, Sabbag A, Özcan EE, Ramos JT, Di Stolfo G, Suleiman M, Tinhofer F, Aristizabal JM, Cakulev I, Eidelman G, Yeo WT, Lau DH, Mulpuru SK, Nielsen JC, Heinzel F, Prabhu M, Rinaldi CA, Sacher F, Guillen R, de Pooter J, Gandjbakhch E, Sheldon S, Prenner G, Mason PK, Fichtner S, Nitta T. EHRA consensus on prevention and management of interference due to medical procedures in patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices. Europace 2022; 24:1512-1537. [PMID: 36228183 DOI: 10.1093/europace/euac040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Stühlinger
- Department of Internal Medicine III - Cardiology and Angiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Haran Burri
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Kevin Vernooy
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Rodrigue Garcia
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
- Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Radoslaw Lenarczyk
- Department of Cardiology, Congenital Heart Disease and Electrotherapy, Medical University of Silesia, Silesian Center of Heart Diseases, Zabrze, Poland
- Medical University of Silesia, Division of Medical Sciences, Department of Cardiology, Congenital Heart Diseases and Electrotherapy, Silesian Center for Heart Diseases, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Arian Sultan
- Department of Electrophysiology, Heart Center at University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Michael Brunner
- Department of Cardiology and Medical Intensive Care, St Josefskrankenhaus, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Avi Sabbag
- The Davidai Center for Rhythm Disturbances and Pacing, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Emin Evren Özcan
- Heart Rhythm Management Center, Dokuz Eylul University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Jorge Toquero Ramos
- Cardiac Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology Unit, Cardiology Department, Puerta de Hierro University Hospital, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Giuseppe Di Stolfo
- Cardiac Intensive Care and Arrhythmology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Mahmoud Suleiman
- Cardiology/Electrophysiology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | | | | | - Ivan Cakulev
- University Hospitals of Cleveland, Case Western University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Gabriel Eidelman
- San Isidro's Central Hospital, Diagnóstico Maipú, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina
| | - Wee Tiong Yeo
- Department of Cardiology, National University Heart Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dennis H Lau
- Centre for Heart Rhythm Disorders, The University of Adelaide and Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | | | - Jens Cosedis Nielsen
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Frank Heinzel
- Department of Cardiology, Charité University Medicine, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mukundaprabhu Prabhu
- Associate Professor in Cardiology, In charge of EP Division, Kasturba Medical College Manipal, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Frederic Sacher
- Bordeaux University Hospital, Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Raul Guillen
- Sanatorio Adventista del Plata, Del Plata Adventist University Entre Rios Argentina, Entre Rios, Argentina
| | - Jan de Pooter
- Professor of Cardiology, Ghent University, Deputy Head of Clinic, Heart Center UZ Gent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Estelle Gandjbakhch
- AP-HP Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Institut de Cardiologie, ICAN, Paris, France
| | - Seth Sheldon
- The Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Kansas Health System, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | | | - Pamela K Mason
- Director, Electrophysiology Laboratory, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Stephanie Fichtner
- LMU Klinikum, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Campus Großhadern, München, Germany
| | - Takashi Nitta
- Emeritus Professor, Nippon Medical School, Presiding Consultant of Cardiology, Hanyu General Hospital, Saitama, Japan
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Kim YW. Update on Stroke Rehabilitation in Motor Impairment. BRAIN & NEUROREHABILITATION 2022; 15:e12. [PMID: 36743199 PMCID: PMC9833472 DOI: 10.12786/bn.2022.15.e12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor impairment due to stroke limits patients' mobility, activities of daily living, and negatively affects their return to the workplace. It also reduces patients' quality of life and increases the socioeconomic burden of stroke. Therefore, optimizing the recovery of motor impairment after stroke is a very important goal for both individuals and society as a whole. The emergence and improvement of various technologies in the Fourth Industrial Revolution have exerted a major influence on the development of new rehabilitation methods and efficiency enhancements for existing methods. This review categorizes rehabilitation methods that promote the recovery of motor function into upper limb function and lower limb function and summarizes recent advances in stroke rehabilitation. Although debate continues regarding the effects of some rehabilitation therapies, it is hoped that the evidence will be improved through ongoing research so that clinicians can treat patients with a higher level of evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeong Wook Kim
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Chungnam National University Sejong Hospital, Sejong, Korea
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