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Koninckx PR, Ussia A, Wattiez A, Kondo W, Romeo A. Laparoscopic Surgery: A Systematic Review of Loop and Knot Security, Varying with the Suture and Sequences, Throws, Rotation and Destabilization of Half-Knots or Half-Hitches. J Clin Med 2023; 12:6166. [PMID: 37834810 PMCID: PMC10573094 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12196166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Surgical knots are sequences of half-knots (H) or half-hitches (S), defined by their number of throws, by an opposite or similar rotation compared with the previous one, and for half-hitches whether they are sliding (s) or blocking (b). Opposite rotation results in (more secure) symmetric (s) knots, similar rotation in asymmetric (a) knots, and changing the active and passive ends has the same effect as changing the rotation. Loop security is the force to keep tissue together after a first half-knot or sliding half-hitches. With polyfilament sutures, H2, H3, SSs, and SSsSsSs have a loop security of 10, 18, 28, and 48 Newton (N), respectively. With monofilament sutures, they are only 7, 16, 18, and 25 N. Since many knots can reorganize, the definition of knot security as the force at which the knot opens or the suture breaks should be replaced by the clinically more relevant percentage of clinically dangerous and insecure knots. Secure knots with polyfilament sutures require a minimum of four or five throws, but the risk of destabilization is high. With monofilament sutures, only two symmetric+4 asymmetric blocking half-hitches are secure. In conclusion, in gynecology and in open and laparoscopic surgery, half-hitch sequences are recommended because they are mandatory for monofilament sutures, adding flexibility for loop security with less risk of destabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe R. Koninckx
- Department of OBGYN, Faculty of Medicine, Katholieke University Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of OBGYN, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JD, UK
- Department of OBGYN, Faculty of Medicine, University Cattolica, del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Latifa Hospital, Dubai 9115, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Anastasia Ussia
- Department of OBGYN, Gemelli Hospitals, Università Cattolica, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Arnaud Wattiez
- Latifa Hospital, Dubai 9115, United Arab Emirates;
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Strasbourg, 67081 Strasbourg, France
| | - William Kondo
- Centro Avançado de Cirurgia Ginecológica, Curitiba 81020-430, Brazil;
| | - Armando Romeo
- Project Leader Research Educational Center, University of Turin, 10124 Torino, Italy;
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Tobias K, Mulon PY, Daniels A, Sun X. Does quality of novice hand-tied square knots improve with repetition during a single training session? PeerJ 2022; 10:e14106. [PMID: 36187746 PMCID: PMC9521345 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Knot tying is a key surgical skill for novices, and repetition over several training sessions improves knot tying. This study examined the effects of repetition within a single training session on quality of knotted loops and compared results of novice trainees and experienced surgeons. Methods Using 0.55 mm nylon monofilament fishing line, novices and surgeons each hand-tied 20 knotted loops, using a 2=1=1=1 configuration (surgeon's throw and three square throws). Loops were mechanically tested with a single load to failure. Results All loops tolerated five newtons (N) preload. More than 70% of novice and surgeon knots failed by slipping or untying, and 8.8% of novice knots and 2.5% of surgeon's knots were considered dangerous. Surgeons' loops had less extension at preload, indicating better loop security. However, during single test to failure, there was no difference in mean extension or maximum load between surgeons and novices. There was no significant difference in results of mechanical testing or modes of failure for the first and last ten knotted loops, or the first, second, third, and fourth sets of knotted loops. Discussion With appropriate training, novices can construct knots as strong and secure as experienced surgeons. A large percentage of knotted loops are insecure under testing conditions; extra throws may be required when using large diameter monofilament nylon. Novices may require extra training in maintenance of loop security when constructing square knots. Tying more than five or 10 knotted loops within a single training session does not provide added benefits for novices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Tobias
- Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
| | - Pierre-Yves Mulon
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
| | - Alec Daniels
- Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
| | - Xiaocun Sun
- Office of Information Technology, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
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Drabble E, Spanopoulou S, Sioka E, Politaki E, Paraskeva I, Palla E, Stockley L, Zacharoulis D. How to tie dangerous surgical knots: easily. Can we avoid this? BMJ SURGERY, INTERVENTIONS, & HEALTH TECHNOLOGIES 2022; 3:e000091. [PMID: 35047808 PMCID: PMC8749257 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsit-2021-000091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Secure knots are essential in all areas of surgical, medical and veterinary practice. Our hypothesis was that technique of formation of each layer of a surgical knot was important to its security. Design Equal numbers of knots were tied, by each of three groups, using three techniques, for each of four suture materials; a standard flat reef knot (FRK), knots tied under tension (TK) and knots laid without appropriate hand crossing (NHCK). Each knot technique was performed reproducibly, and tested by distraction with increasing force, till each material broke or the knot separated completely. Setting Temporary knot tying laboratory. Materials The suture materials were, 2/0 polyglactin 910 (Vicryl), 3/0 polydioxanone, 4/0 poliglecaprone 25 (Monocryl) and 1 nylon (Ethilon). Participants Three groups comprised, a senior surgeon, a resident surgeon and three medical students. Outcome measures Proportion of each knot type that slipped, degree of slippage and length of suture held in loop secured by each knot type. Results 20% of FRK tied with all suture materials slipped; all knots tied with the other two techniques, with all materials, slipped, TK (100%) and NHCK (100%). The quantitative degree of slip was significantly less for FRK (mean 6.3%–, 95% CI 2.2% to 10.4%) than for TK (mean 312%, 95% CI 280.0% to 344.0%) and NHCK (mean 113.0%, –95% CI 94.3% to 131.0%). The mean length of suture in loops held within (FRK mean 25.1 mm 95% CI 24.2 to 26.0 mm) was significantly greater than mean lengths held by the other techniques (TK mean 17.0 mm, 95% CI 16.3 to 17.7 mm), (NHCK mean 16.3 mm, 95% CI 15.9 to 16.7 mm). The latter two types of knot may have tightened more than anticipated, in comparison to FRK, with potential undue tissue tension. Conclusion Meticulous technique of knot tying is essential for secure knots, appropriate tissue tension and the security of anastomoses and haemostasis effected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Drabble
- Clinical lead BSS course RCS England, Consultant Surgeon (retired), University ofPlymouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Plymouth, UK.,Royal College of Surgeons of England, London, London, UK.,Surgical Directorate, University of Plymouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Derriford Hospital, PlymouthPL6, Greece
| | - Sofia Spanopoulou
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Hopital Universitaire Henri Mondor, Paris, France
| | - Eleni Sioka
- Department of Surgery, IASO Hospital Thessalias, Larissa, Greece
| | - Ellie Politaki
- Surgical clinic B, General Hospital Georgios Gennimatas, Athens, Greece
| | - Ismini Paraskeva
- Department of General Surgery, University Hospital of Larissa, Mezourlo, Greece
| | - Effrosyni Palla
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital of Larissa, Mezourlo, Greece
| | - Lauren Stockley
- Department of Statistical Analysis, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, Devon, UK
| | - Dimitris Zacharoulis
- Department of Surgery, IASO Hospital Thessalias, Larissa, Greece.,Department of General Surgery, University Hospital of Larissa, Mezourlo, Greece
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Rapp CM, Koueiter DM, Bojnowski J, Kalma J, Wiater B, Kurdziel MD, Wiater JM. Are Suture Tape Knots as Secure as Standard Suture? A Biomechanical Study. Orthop J Sports Med 2021; 9:23259671211045411. [PMID: 34692881 PMCID: PMC8529320 DOI: 10.1177/23259671211045411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Few studies have investigated the biomechanical performance of flat-braided suture tapes versus round-braided sutures after being knotted. Purpose To compare the loop security and knot strength of a standard round-braided suture with 3 commercially available flat-braided suture tapes using 2 types of arthroscopic knots. Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Methods One standard suture (SS) and 3 suture tapes (T1, T2, and T3) were tied with the surgeon's knot (SK) and the Tennessee slider (TS), 25 times each, by a single surgeon. Each combination of knots and sutures underwent a preload, cyclic loading, and load to failure. Outcomes were loop security (defined by loop stretch after a 5-N preload), load at clinical failure (3 mm of displacement), and load at ultimate failure (suture rupture or knot slippage). Two-way analysis of variance was used for analysis. Results Overall, the SK group had greater overall loop security than that of the TS group (0.4 ± 0.3 vs 0.5 ± 0.3 mm of stretch, respectively; P = .020). The clinical failure load varied by suture type (P < .001) but not knot type (P = .106). For both knot types, the SS had the lowest mean ± SD clinical failure load (SK, 171 ± 49 N; TS, 176 ± 37 N), which was significantly less than that of T2 (247 ± 85 N; P < .001) and T3 (251 ± 96 N; P < .001) for the SK type and T2 (231 ± 67 N; P = .023) for the TS type. T2 sutures had the greatest ultimate failure load for both knot types (SK, 418 ± 45 N; TS, 461 ± 57 N), which was significantly greater than SS, T1, and T3 (P < .001 for all). The TS knot had greater overall ultimate failure load than the SK (375 ± 64 vs 350 ± 66 N; P < .001). Conclusion Not all suture tape knots had the same biomechanical properties, although knot security and strength appeared to be adequate for all suture tapes as well as for SS. There was no evidence that suture tape knots are lower profile than SS knots. Clinical Relevance Surgeons should not use suture tape based only on the assumption that it has superior biomechanical properties to a standard round-braided suture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Rapp
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, Michigan, USA
| | - Denise M Koueiter
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, Michigan, USA
| | - Jeremy Bojnowski
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, Michigan, USA
| | - Jeremy Kalma
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, Michigan, USA
| | - Brett Wiater
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, Michigan, USA
| | - Michael D Kurdziel
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, Michigan, USA
| | - J Michael Wiater
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, Michigan, USA
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Ringel Y, Haberfeld O, Kremer R, Kroll E, Steinberg R, Lehavi A. Intercostal chest drain fixation strength: comparison of techniques and sutures. BMJ Mil Health 2020; 167:248-250. [PMID: 33093024 DOI: 10.1136/bmjmilitary-2020-001555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The accidental removal of an intercostal chest drain (ICD) is common and may result in serious complications. A number of fixation techniques and suture material are in use, and the selection is often based on personal preferences and equipment availability. This study is designed to determine which of the common techniques provides the strongest ICD fixation. METHODS This study compared the mechanical strength of eight different ICD fixation techniques (purse string, 'Roman sandal', 'Jo'burg' (JO) technique, a suture through the tube, one and two passes through a locking plastic tie, tape fixation and a commercial disposable drainage tube holder) and two silk suture sizes using porcine cadavers and a digital push-pull dynamometer to simulate accidental removal of an ICD. A total of 14 different experimental set-ups produced 280 measurements. RESULTS Significant differences in ICD fixation strength were observed. A modified JO technique using a size 1 silk suture was nearly three times stronger than a purse-string fixation using a size 0 silk and 10 times stronger from a commercial, adhesive-based device (180, 70 and 22, respectively). CONCLUSION In situations where the mechanical strength of ICD fixation is important, using a size 1 silk and a modified JO technique may provide the strongest fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaniv Ringel
- Anesthesiology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - O Haberfeld
- Thoracic Surgery, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - R Kremer
- Thoracic Surgery, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - E Kroll
- Aerospace Engineering, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - R Steinberg
- Anesthesiology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - A Lehavi
- Anesthesiology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
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Thomas AC, Hayes GM, Demetriou JL. Comparison of Veterinary Student Ability to Learn 1-Handed and 2-Handed Techniques for Surgical Knot Tying. Vet Surg 2015; 44:798-802. [DOI: 10.1111/vsu.12323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Graham M. Hayes
- Clinical Veterinary Medicine; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
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