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Knol CWJ, Stob PH, Woerdenbag HJ. Development and Implementation of an Ultraviolet-Dye-Based Qualification Procedure for Hand Washing and Disinfection to Improve Quality Assurance of Pharmacy Preparations and Compounding, Especially in Cleanrooms: A Pilot Study. PHARMACY 2024; 12:73. [PMID: 38804465 PMCID: PMC11130823 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy12030073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Even though, nowadays, most medicines are manufactured industrially, patients may have medical needs that can only be met by a tailor-made approach. This requires the availability of pharmacy preparations made under Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) conditions. An efficient hand hygiene practice is essential herewith, especially if sterile products that are prepared in a cleanroom are concerned. The effectiveness of hand washing and hand disinfection procedures greatly relies on adequate training. We carried out an observational cross-sectional pilot study aimed at optimizing hand hygiene training with objective and measurable quality assessments using an ultraviolet (UV) dye. Practical acceptance criteria for qualifying personnel through this method were set and evaluated. In total, 25 GMP-qualified cleanroom operators washed and disinfected their hands with UV dye hand wash lotion and UV dye hand alcohol, respectively. To obtain a proof-of-concept, the results were judged based on adherence to the WHO six-step protocol and associated acceptance criteria. Commonly missed areas were brought to light, and the influence of procedure duration was investigated. UV-dye-based assessments appeared to be more valuable in hand disinfection than in hand washing. In both procedures, the back of the hands and the thumbs were frequently missed. This underpins the need for enhanced and repeated education on hand washing and disinfection. Additionally, a dry skin gave rise to extra cleaning challenges. From this pharmacy practice pilot study with a focus on pharmaceutical product care, it may be concluded that the application of UV-dye-based assessments offers valuable insights for pharmacists to optimize hand hygiene, thereby increasing the safety of tailor-made medicines and on-site preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catharina W. J. Knol
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands;
- Fagron Sterile Services Nederland, Dieselstraat 3, 7903 AR Hoogeveen, The Netherlands;
| | - Paul H. Stob
- Fagron Sterile Services Nederland, Dieselstraat 3, 7903 AR Hoogeveen, The Netherlands;
| | - Herman J. Woerdenbag
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands;
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Shi C, O'Donoghue M, Yang L, Tsang H, Chen J, Zou J, Qin J, Mak YW, Pittet D, Xie YJ, Lai T, Li C, Cao J. Factors associated with hand washing effectiveness: an institution-based observational study. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2023; 12:85. [PMID: 37649107 PMCID: PMC10469426 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-023-01293-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies have investigated how the effectiveness of hand washing in removing hand contaminants is influenced by the performance and duration of each step involved. We conducted an observational study by recruiting participants from a university campus, with the aim to comprehensively evaluate how performance, duration and demographic factors influence hand washing effectiveness. METHODS A total of 744 videos were collected from 664 participants in July-October 2022 and independently evaluated by two infection control experts through labelling videos for correct and incorrect performance of each step. The individual hand washing effectiveness was determined by quantifying the percentage of residual fluorescent gel on the dorsum and palm areas of each participant's hands. A logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify factors that were significantly associated with better hand washing effectiveness. An exposure-response relationship was constructed to identify optimal durations for each step. Approximately 2300 hand images were processed using advanced normalization algorithms and overlaid to visualize the areas with more fluorescence residuals after hand washing. RESULTS Step 3 (rub between fingers) was the most frequently omitted step and step 4 (rub the dorsum of fingers) was the most frequently incorrectly performed step. After adjustment for covariates, sex, performance of step 4 and step 7 (rub wrists), rubbing hands during rinsing, and rinsing time were significantly associated with hand washing effectiveness. The optimal overall hand washing time was 31 s from step 1 to step 7, and 28 s from step 1 to step 6, with each step ideally lasting 4-5 s, except step 3. The palms of both hands had less fluorescence residuals than the dorsums. The areas where residuals most likely appeared were wrists, followed by finger tips, finger webs and thumbs. CONCLUSIONS Performance and duration of some hand washing steps, sex and rinsing time were associated with hand washing effectiveness. The optimal duration might be applied to all seven steps to achieve the best decontamination results. Further studies are needed to refine hand hygiene standards and enhance compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Shi
- School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
- School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Lin Yang
- School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Hilda Tsang
- School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jing Chen
- School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jing Zou
- School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jing Qin
- School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yim-Wah Mak
- School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Didier Pittet
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yao Jie Xie
- School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Timothy Lai
- School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chen Li
- Department of Computing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jiannong Cao
- Department of Computing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
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Lee MK, Kim N, Cho H, Bang JH, Park SW, Lee E. Risk of microbial transmission by reusing gloves after alcohol-based hand hygiene. J Hosp Infect 2023; 135:171-178. [PMID: 36934790 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2023.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disinfection of gloves might reduce the the workload of healthcare workers, protect the environment, and bring economic benefits. Thus, the safety of hand hygiene of gloved hands is an important issue. AIM We aimed to evaluate the risk of microbial transmission by comparing residual microorganisms after multiple patient contacts, with or without gloves, in clinical practice. METHODS Researchers, two with gloved hands (single or double gloves) and one with bare hands, made rounds of patients, followed by alcohol-based hand rub. Hand imprints were obtained before and after the rounds and cultured. The number of colony-forming units (CFUs) of gloved and bare hands was compared, and the colony distribution was evaluated semi-quantitatively by hand region. FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION A total of 108 imprints were obtained after 10 rounds. The median CFU counts were significantly higher in the gloved hands (single and double) than in the bare hands (9.00 vs. 3.50, p=0.028). The CFU counts of single- and double-gloved hands were higher after than before contact (p=0.044 and p=0.001, respectively). Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii was identified in a pair of double gloves after a round, which included patients with the same organism with identical antibiotic susceptibility results. The mean percentage of colony-growing compartments from gloved hands was significantly higher than that of bare hands in the finger and wrist regions (p=0.019 and p=0.049, respectively). Compared to bare hands, reuse of gloves increased residual microbial colonies and potential for transmission of multidrug-resistant organisms, even after using alcohol-based hand rub.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Kyeong Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Namhee Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government - Seoul National University Boramae Medical Centre and Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyunjae Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Hwan Bang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government - Seoul National University Boramae Medical Centre and Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Won Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government - Seoul National University Boramae Medical Centre and Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eunyoung Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government - Seoul National University Boramae Medical Centre and Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Ralph F, Large DR, Burnett G, Lang A, Morris A. U can't touch this! Face touching behaviour whilst driving: implications for health, hygiene and human factors. ERGONOMICS 2022; 65:943-959. [PMID: 34747334 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2021.2004241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of thirty-one hours of video-data documenting 36 experienced drivers highlighted the prevalence of face-touching, with 819 contacts identified (mean frequency: 26.4 face touches/hour (FT/h); mean duration: 3.9-seconds). Fewer face-touches occurred in high primary workload conditions (where additional physical/cognitive demands were placed on drivers), compared to low workload (4.4 and 26.1 FT/h, respectively). In 42.5% of touches (or 11.2 FT/h), mucous membrane contact was made, with fingertips (33.1%) and thumbs (35.6%) most commonly employed. Individual behaviours differed (ranging from 5.1 to 90.7 FT/h), but there were no significant differences identified between genders, age-groups or hand used. Results are of relevance from an epidemiological/hygiene perspective within the context of the COVID-19 pandemic (and can therefore inform the design of practical solutions and encourage behavioural change to reduce the risk of self-inoculation while driving), but they also help to elucidate how habitual human behaviours are imbricated with the routine accomplishment of tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Finian Ralph
- Human Factors Research Group, University of Nottingham, University Park, UK
| | - David R Large
- Human Factors Research Group, University of Nottingham, University Park, UK
| | - Gary Burnett
- Human Factors Research Group, University of Nottingham, University Park, UK
| | - Alexandra Lang
- Human Factors Research Group, University of Nottingham, University Park, UK
| | - Andrew Morris
- Transport Safety Research Centre, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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Wang C, Jiang W, Yang K, Sarsenbayeva Z, Tag B, Dingler T, Goncalves J, Kostakos V. A System for Computational Assessment of Hand Hygiene Techniques. J Med Syst 2022; 46:36. [PMID: 35522356 PMCID: PMC9076723 DOI: 10.1007/s10916-022-01817-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends a six-step hand hygiene technique. Although multiple studies have reported that this technique yields inadequate skin coverage outcomes, they have relied on manual labeling that provided low-resolution estimations of skin coverage outcomes. We have developed a computational system to precisely quantify hand hygiene outcomes and provide high-resolution skin coverage visualizations, thereby improving hygiene techniques. We identified frequently untreated areas located at the dorsal side of the hands around the abductor digiti minimi and the first dorsal interosseous. We also estimated that excluding Steps 3, 6R, and 6L from the six-step hand hygiene technique leads to cumulative coverage loss of less than 1%, indicating the potential redundancy of these steps. Our study demonstrates that the six-step hand hygiene technique could be improved to reduce the untreated areas and remove potentially redundant steps. Furthermore, our system can be used to computationally validate new proposed techniques, and help optimise hand hygiene procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaofan Wang
- School of Computing and Information Systems, The University of Melbourne, 700 Swanston St, Carlton, 3053, VIC, Australia.
| | - Weiwei Jiang
- School of Computing and Information Systems, The University of Melbourne, 700 Swanston St, Carlton, 3053, VIC, Australia
| | - Kangning Yang
- School of Computing and Information Systems, The University of Melbourne, 700 Swanston St, Carlton, 3053, VIC, Australia
| | - Zhanna Sarsenbayeva
- School of Computing and Information Systems, The University of Melbourne, 700 Swanston St, Carlton, 3053, VIC, Australia
| | - Benjamin Tag
- School of Computing and Information Systems, The University of Melbourne, 700 Swanston St, Carlton, 3053, VIC, Australia
| | - Tilman Dingler
- School of Computing and Information Systems, The University of Melbourne, 700 Swanston St, Carlton, 3053, VIC, Australia
| | - Jorge Goncalves
- School of Computing and Information Systems, The University of Melbourne, 700 Swanston St, Carlton, 3053, VIC, Australia
| | - Vassilis Kostakos
- School of Computing and Information Systems, The University of Melbourne, 700 Swanston St, Carlton, 3053, VIC, Australia
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Aouthmany S, Mehalik H, Bailey M, Pei M, Syed S, Brickman K, Morrison K, Khuder S. Use of ultraviolet light in graduate medical education to assess confidence among residents and fellows in handwashing instruction. ANTIMICROBIAL STEWARDSHIP & HEALTHCARE EPIDEMIOLOGY : ASHE 2022; 2:e65. [PMID: 36483347 PMCID: PMC9726597 DOI: 10.1017/ash.2021.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has made it imperative to focus on strategies to improve hand hygiene to minimize threats of viral transmission in hospitals. OBJECTIVE We investigated the potential of using ultraviolet (UV) light as a visual tool in hand-hygiene education to bring awareness of individual handwashing effectiveness to healthcare workers. METHODS In 2020, 117 individuals participated in the simulation and completed surveys on proper handwashing technique. Of these, 114 were first-year residents and fellows. Surveys of confidence in hand hygiene were obtained before and after formal hand-hygiene education utilizing UV light with Glo Germ lotion. The UV light and Glo Germ lotion were used to identify deficiencies in individual handwashing technique. RESULTS With a total response rate of 97.4%, first-year residents and fellows demonstrated a significant decrease in handwashing confidence in pre- and posteducation surveys. Study participants who had had formal hand-hygiene training in the previous 3 years also indicated confidence in hand hygiene similar to those who had not had previous hand-hygiene training. Conclusions: Overall, resident interns and fellows may have falsely elevated their hand-hygiene confidence levels. However, conclusions regarding the confidence of residents and fellows individually could not be made due to sample size. Many healthcare personnel practice improper handwashing techniques, which may be improved with education and training that includes UV light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaza Aouthmany
- University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Haley Mehalik
- University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Morgan Bailey
- University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Mitchell Pei
- University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Sameer Syed
- University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
| | | | - Kayla Morrison
- University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Sadik Khuder
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio
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The role of simulation-based training in healthcare-associated infection (HAI) prevention. ANTIMICROBIAL STEWARDSHIP AND HEALTHCARE EPIDEMIOLOGY 2022; 2:e20. [PMID: 36310779 PMCID: PMC9614911 DOI: 10.1017/ash.2021.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: To perform a review of the literature on the role of simulation-based training (SBT) in healthcare-associated infection (HAI) prevention and to highlight the importance of SBT as an educational tool in infection prevention. Methods: We reviewed English language publications from PubMed to select original articles that utilized SBT as the primary mode of education for infection prevention efforts in acute-care hospitals. Results: Overall, 27 publications utilized SBT as primary mode of education for HAI prevention in acute-care hospitals. Training included the following: hand hygiene in 3 studies (11%), standard precaution in 1 study (4%), disaster preparedness in 4 studies (15%), central-line–associated blood stream infection (CLABSI) prevention in 14 studies (52%), catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) prevention in 2 studies (7%), surgical site infection prevention in 2 studies (7%), and ventilatory associated pneumonia prevention in 1 study (4%). SBT improved learner’s sense of competence and confidence, increased knowledge and compliance in infection prevention measures, decreased HAI rates, and reduced healthcare costs. Conclusion: SBT can function as a teaching tool in day-to-day infection prevention efforts as well as in disaster preparedness. SBT is underutilized in infection prevention but can serve as a crucial educational tool.
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Wang C, Jiang W, Yang K, Yu D, Newn J, Sarsenbayeva Z, Goncalves J, Kostakos V. Electronic Monitoring Systems for Hand Hygiene: Systematic Review of Technology. J Med Internet Res 2021; 23:e27880. [PMID: 34821565 PMCID: PMC8663600 DOI: 10.2196/27880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hand hygiene is one of the most effective ways of preventing health care-associated infections and reducing their transmission. Owing to recent advances in sensing technologies, electronic hand hygiene monitoring systems have been integrated into the daily routines of health care workers to measure their hand hygiene compliance and quality. OBJECTIVE This review aims to summarize the latest technologies adopted in electronic hand hygiene monitoring systems and discuss the capabilities and limitations of these systems. METHODS A systematic search of PubMed, ACM Digital Library, and IEEE Xplore Digital Library was performed following the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. Studies were initially screened and assessed independently by the 2 authors, and disagreements between them were further summarized and resolved by discussion with the senior author. RESULTS In total, 1035 publications were retrieved by the search queries; of the 1035 papers, 89 (8.60%) fulfilled the eligibility criteria and were retained for review. In summary, 73 studies used electronic monitoring systems to monitor hand hygiene compliance, including application-assisted direct observation (5/73, 7%), camera-assisted observation (10/73, 14%), sensor-assisted observation (29/73, 40%), and real-time locating system (32/73, 44%). A total of 21 studies evaluated hand hygiene quality, consisting of compliance with the World Health Organization 6-step hand hygiene techniques (14/21, 67%) and surface coverage or illumination reduction of fluorescent substances (7/21, 33%). CONCLUSIONS Electronic hand hygiene monitoring systems face issues of accuracy, data integration, privacy and confidentiality, usability, associated costs, and infrastructure improvements. Moreover, this review found that standardized measurement tools to evaluate system performance are lacking; thus, future research is needed to establish standardized metrics to measure system performance differences among electronic hand hygiene monitoring systems. Furthermore, with sensing technologies and algorithms continually advancing, more research is needed on their implementation to improve system performance and address other hand hygiene-related issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaofan Wang
- School of Computing and Information Systems, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Australia
| | - Weiwei Jiang
- School of Computing and Information Systems, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Australia
| | - Kangning Yang
- School of Computing and Information Systems, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Australia
| | - Difeng Yu
- School of Computing and Information Systems, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Australia
| | - Joshua Newn
- School of Computing and Information Systems, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Australia
| | - Zhanna Sarsenbayeva
- School of Computing and Information Systems, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Australia
| | - Jorge Goncalves
- School of Computing and Information Systems, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Australia
| | - Vassilis Kostakos
- School of Computing and Information Systems, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Australia
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Öncü E, Vayısoğlu SK. Duration or technique to improve the effectiveness of children' hand hygiene: A randomized controlled trial. Am J Infect Control 2021; 49:1395-1401. [PMID: 33774105 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2021.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND How to wash hands is as important as when and how often to wash hands for acquiring proper hand hygiene habits. METHODS The study aimed to compare the effect of education based on technique or duration for developing children's handwashing skills. The double-blind randomized controlled study was conducted in a primary school between the 10th and 28th of December, 2018 with 155 children who were divided into Group-I, Group-II, and Control groups. One group was taught by a multi-stage technique, the other was by duration-based teaching, and the control group was provided with usual training. Handwashing efficacy was assessed by variance analysis on fluorescent residue after using glo-germ. RESULTS The students' mean age was 9.74 ± 0.69 years, 53.6% of them were girls. Effective handwashing was highest in the Group-I. There was a difference between Group-I and Group-II, and Group-I and Control group in terms of hand cleanness. The frequently missed areas when cleaning hands were palmar surface, dorsal metacarpal area, and fingertips. CONCLUSIONS Teaching hand hygiene to children by multi-step technique may increase the handwashing effectiveness. Conducting comparative studies with new techniques including fewer stages is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emine Öncü
- Community Health Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey.
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Anderson SL, Wisnieski L, Achilles SL, Wooton KE, Shaffer CL, Hunt JA. The impact of gel fingernail polish application on the reduction of bacterial viability following a surgical hand scrub. Vet Surg 2021; 50:1525-1532. [PMID: 34342893 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of gel nail polish application on the reduction of bacterial viability immediately after a surgical hand scrub. STUDY DESIGN Randomized controlled trial. SAMPLE POPULATION Ten fingernails each from 40 female health care professionals and students. METHODS Participants' fingernails were randomized to receive no polish or gel nail polish during a manicure from a licensed manicurist. One day and 14 days after manicure, participants' fingernails were sampled before and after a surgical hand scrub with chlorhexidine gluconate. The samples for each fingernail were serially diluted, plated on a Trypsin sheep blood agar and MacConkey's agar plate, and incubated for 36 h. For each plate, bacterial colony forming units (CFU)/ml were determined. Mixed linear models were used to assess factors associated with the logarithmic reduction of viable bacterial counts from pre- to post-surgical scrub. RESULTS In the final model, no association was detected between gel nail polish and reduction of viable bacterial count (p = .09). On Day 14, among longer nail lengths (2 to <3-mm and ≥3-mm), surgical scrubs resulted in greater reduction in bacterial counts in left-handed than right-handed participants (p < .01). Increasing nail length was correlated with increased CFU/ml post-scrubbing (p < .001). CONCLUSION Application of gel nail polish did not seem to affect the ability of surgical scrub to reduce bacterial viability 1 and 14 days after a manicure. CLINICAL IMPACT This study does not provide evidence to prevent application of gel nail polish on short fingernails in surgeons prior to surgical hand scrub with chlorhexidine gluconate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy L Anderson
- Lincoln Memorial University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Harrogate, Tennessee, USA
| | - Lauren Wisnieski
- Lincoln Memorial University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Harrogate, Tennessee, USA
| | - Stephanie L Achilles
- Lincoln Memorial University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Harrogate, Tennessee, USA
| | - Kaitlyn E Wooton
- Lincoln Memorial University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Harrogate, Tennessee, USA
| | - Carrie L Shaffer
- University of Kentucky, Gluck Equine Research Center, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Julie A Hunt
- Lincoln Memorial University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Harrogate, Tennessee, USA
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Dray S, Lehingue S, Valera S, Nouguier P, Boussen MS, Daviet F, Bastian D, Pilarczik E, Jousset I, Le Floch S, Grech G, Leonetti G, Papazian L, Cassir N, Forel JM. Using an ultraviolet cabinet improves compliance with the World Health Organization's hand hygiene recommendations by undergraduate medical students: a randomized controlled trial. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2020; 9:147. [PMID: 32883351 PMCID: PMC7469265 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-020-00808-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Appropriate hand hygiene (HH) is key to reducing healthcare-acquired infections. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends education and training to improve HH knowledge and compliance. Physicians are ranked among the worst of all healthcare workers for compliant handrubbing with its origin probably being the failure to learn this essential behavior during undergraduate medical studies. This study evaluated if the use of Ultraviolet-cabinets (UVc) for fluorescent-alcohol-based handrubs (AHR) during an undergraduate medical student training improved the compliance rate to the WHO hand hygiene recommendations (completeness of AHR application and HH opportunities). METHODS This randomized trial compared a HH training with personal feedback (using UVc) to a control group. The first year, the students (2nd degree) were convened by groups (clusters) of 6-9 for a demonstration of the correct execution of WHO procedure. Randomization by cluster was done prior HH training. In the control group, the students hand rubbed under visual supervision of a tutor. In the intervention group after the same visual supervision, completeness of fluorescent-AHR hand application was recorded under UVc and was shown to the student. The intervention group had free access to the UVc until complete application. HH practices were included in simulation sessions for the both groups. One year after (3rd degree), all the students were asked to hand rub with fluorescent-AHR. A tutor (blinded to the study group) assessed the completeness of hand application under UVc and the compliance with the WHO opportunities. Complete application of AHR was defined as fluorescence for all the surfaces of hands and wrists. RESULTS 242 students participated (140 in the intervention group and 102 in the control group). One year after the initial training, the rate of complete application of AHR was doubled in the intervention group (60.0% vs. 30.4%, p < 0.001). In a multivariate analysis which included gender, additional HH or UVc training, surgical traineeship and regular use of AHR, the hazard ratio for the intervention was 3.84 (95%CI: 2.09-7.06). The compliance with the HH WHO's opportunities was increased in the intervention group (58.1% vs. 42.4%, p < 0.018). CONCLUSION Using UVc for undergraduate medical students education to hand hygiene improves their technique and compliance with WHO recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Dray
- Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, CHU Nord, Chemin des Bourrely, 13015, Marseille, France
| | - Samuel Lehingue
- Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, CHU Nord, Chemin des Bourrely, 13015, Marseille, France
| | - Sabine Valera
- Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, CHU Nord, Chemin des Bourrely, 13015, Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Nouguier
- Service d'Aide Médicale Urgente (SAMU), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, CHU Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Michel Salah Boussen
- Département d'Anesthésie Réanimation, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, CHU Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Florence Daviet
- Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, CHU Nord, Chemin des Bourrely, 13015, Marseille, France
| | - Delphine Bastian
- Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, CHU Nord, Chemin des Bourrely, 13015, Marseille, France.,Service d'Accueil des Urgences, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, CHU Nord, Marseille, France
| | - Estelle Pilarczik
- Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, CHU Nord, Chemin des Bourrely, 13015, Marseille, France.,Service d'Accueil des Urgences, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, CHU Nord, Marseille, France
| | - Isabelle Jousset
- Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, CHU Nord, Chemin des Bourrely, 13015, Marseille, France
| | - Sébastien Le Floch
- Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, CHU Nord, Chemin des Bourrely, 13015, Marseille, France
| | - Georgette Grech
- Comité de Lutte Contre les Infections Nosocomiales (CLIN), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, CHU Nord, Marseille, France
| | - Georges Leonetti
- Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Laurent Papazian
- Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, CHU Nord, Chemin des Bourrely, 13015, Marseille, France.,Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, EA 3279, CEReSS - Health Service Research and Quality of life Center, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Nadim Cassir
- Comité de Lutte Contre les Infections Nosocomiales (CLIN), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, CHU Nord, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Marie Forel
- Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, CHU Nord, Chemin des Bourrely, 13015, Marseille, France. .,Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, EA 3279, CEReSS - Health Service Research and Quality of life Center, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France.
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12
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The Common Missed Handwashing Instances and Areas after 15 Years of Hand-Hygiene Education. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 2019:5928924. [PMID: 31485238 PMCID: PMC6702815 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5928924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) claimed the lives of 286 Hong Kong people in 2003. Since then, the Hong Kong government has been promoting the benefits of proper hand hygiene. There are few studies that explore the general quality of handwashing and the hand-hygiene practices of the public of Hong Kong; given this, the aim of this study is to explore this neglected topic. This study is a quantitative study that was conducted in January 2018. The results show that the majority of participants only wash their hands after using the toilet (87%) or handling vomitus or faecal matter (91%). The mean duration of handwashing was 36.54 seconds (SD = 18.57). The areas of the hand most neglected during handwashing were the fingertips (48.1%), medial area (30.5%), and back of the hand (28%). A multiple logistic regression shows that participants who have reached third-level education or higher often tend to be more hand hygienic than those who have not reached third-level education (p ≤ 0.001, B = 1.003). Thus, participants aged 30 and above tend to neglect 5 more areas of the hand than those aged below 30 (p=0.001, B = 4.933).
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Impact of a simulation-based training in hand hygiene with alcohol-based hand rub in emergency departments. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2018; 39:1347-1352. [PMID: 30319092 DOI: 10.1017/ice.2018.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hand hygiene is the primary measure for reducing nosocomial infections based on 7 steps recommended by the WHO. The aim of this study was to assess the duration and the quality of hand hygiene before and after simulation-based training (SBT). METHODS The study took place in a University Hospital Pediatric Department among its residents and nurses. In assessment A, 10 hand-rubbing procedures per participant during a work day were scored by observers using a validated, anatomically based assessment scale. Two weeks later, all participants received a didactic course and SBT, followed 1 month later by assessment B, observation of 10 hand-rubbing procedures. Assessments were performed by 2 independent observers. Before-and-after testing was used to evaluate the demonstration of theoretical knowledge. RESULTS In total, 22 participants were included, for whom 438 hand hygiene procedures were assessed: 218 for assessment A and 220 for assessment B. The duration of hand rubbing increased from 31.16 seconds in assessment A to 35.75 seconds in assessment B (P=.04). In assessment A, participants averaged 6.33 steps, and in assessment B, participants averaged 6.03 steps (difference not significant). Significant improvement in scores was observed between assessments A and B, except for the dorsal side of the right hand. The wrist and interdigital areas were the least-cleaned zones. A difference between assessments A and B was observed for nail varnish (P=.003) but not for long nails or jewelry. Theoretical scores increased from 2.83 to 4.29 (scale of 0-5; P<.001). CONCLUSION This study revealed that an optimal number of steps were performed during hand-rubbing procedures and that SBT improved the duration and quality of hand hygiene, except for the dorsal right side. Emphasis should be placed on the specific hand areas that remained unclean after regular hand-rubbing procedures.
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14
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Wall OM, Smiddy MP. Factors that influence hand hygiene practice amongst occupational therapy students. IRISH JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY 2017. [DOI: 10.1108/ijot-02-2017-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose
Hand hygiene is the single most important intervention to reduce the risk of acquiring infection. All healthcare workers and healthcare students have a responsibility to prevent transmission of infection. The purpose of this study is to investigate students’ attitudes to hand hygiene following university-based education and practice placement. Students attended a lecture, completed an e-learning module, participated in a practical session using a ultra-violet light hand inspection cabinet and engaged in clinical placement.
Design/methodology/approach
In all, 64 students participated in a multimodal hand hygiene education programme before clinical placement, with each student completing an in-class questionnaire after placement. Data were analysed using descriptive and comparative statistics. Students rated educational methods that had most influence on them. Their preference was for a practical hand hygiene education session. Students were also influenced by the therapist they were on placement with. They were least influenced by the didactic college presentation.
Findings
This study highlights that students may be influenced by different methods of education at different stages in their course and that placement may be an important influencing factor in the earlier years of occupational therapy education.
Research limitations/implications
This study highlights the importance of the availability of a multimodal educational approach and clinical placement to promote increased compliance with hand hygiene amongst students.
Practical implications
University healthcare course curricula should include multimodal approaches to the education of hand hygiene. While hand hygiene e-learning modules are beneficial, they should be used in conjunction with a multimodal educational strategy that incorporates practical elements. The influence of the therapist on a students’ behaviour should be utilised to improve both student and professionals hand hygiene adherence.
Originality/value
Original piece of work that is not widely discussed in Occupational Therapy literature.
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Nori P, Madaline T, Munjal I, Bhar S, Guo Y, Seo SK, Porrovecchio A, Gancher E, Nosanchuk J, Pirofski LA, Ostrowsky B. Developing Interactive Antimicrobial Stewardship and Infection Prevention Curricula for Diverse Learners: A Tailored Approach. Open Forum Infect Dis 2017; 4:ofx117. [PMID: 28748196 PMCID: PMC5522578 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofx117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To impart principles of antimicrobial stewardship (AS) and infection prevention and control (IPC), we developed a curriculum tailored to the diverse aptitudes of learners at our medical center. Methods We integrated case-based modules, group learning activities, smartphone applications (apps), decision support tools, and prescription audit and feedback into curricula of the medical school, medicine residency program, infectious diseases (ID) fellowship program, and hospital medicine program operations. Interventions were implemented in 2012–2016 using a quasi-experimental before-and-after study design, and this was assessed using pre- and postintervention surveys or audit of antibiotic prescriptions. Results Over 180 medical students participated in the AS and IPC seminars. After smartphone app introduction, 69% reported using the app as their preferred source of antibiotic information. Approximately 70% of students felt comfortable prescribing antibiotics for a known infection compared with 40% at baseline (P = .02), and approximately 83% were able to identify the appropriate personal protective equipment for specific scenarios. Approximately 99% agreed that they have a role in promoting patient safety and preventing healthcare-associated infections as medical students. At 20 months, appropriateness of trainee antibiotic prescriptions increased by 20% (P < .01). Almost all ID fellows indicated that the AS and IPC seminar was a vital training supplement. Uptake of internist antibiotic recommendations using AS decision support tools was approximately 70%. Conclusions All 5 interventions addressed learning objectives and knowledge gaps and are applicable across a range of environments. Evaluating long-term impact of our curriculum is the focus of future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Nori
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Theresa Madaline
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Iona Munjal
- Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Shubha Bhar
- Department of Medicine, Miami Veterans Affairs Hospital, University of Miami Health System, Miami, Florida
| | - Yi Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Susan K Seo
- Infectious Disease Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York
| | - Andrea Porrovecchio
- Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Elizabeth Gancher
- Division of Infectious Diseases & HIV Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Joshua Nosanchuk
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Liise-Anne Pirofski
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Belinda Ostrowsky
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
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Lehotsky Á, Szilágyi L, Bánsághi S, Szerémy P, Wéber G, Haidegger T. Towards objective hand hygiene technique assessment: validation of the ultraviolet-dye-based hand-rubbing quality assessment procedure. J Hosp Infect 2017; 97:26-29. [PMID: 28579470 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2017.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ultraviolet spectrum markers are widely used for hand hygiene quality assessment, although their microbiological validation has not been established. A microbiology-based assessment of the procedure was conducted. Twenty-five artificial hand models underwent initial full contamination, then disinfection with UV-dyed hand-rub solution, digital imaging under UV-light, microbiological sampling and cultivation, and digital imaging of the cultivated flora were performed. Paired images of each hand model were registered by a software tool, then the UV-marked regions were compared with the pathogen-free sites pixel by pixel. Statistical evaluation revealed that the method indicates correctly disinfected areas with 95.05% sensitivity and 98.01% specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Á Lehotsky
- Department of Surgical Research and Techniques, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - L Szilágyi
- Department of Control Engineering and Information Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary; Computational Intelligence Research Group, Department of Electrical Engineering, Sapientia University of Transylvania, Tîrgu Mureş, Romania.
| | - S Bánsághi
- Department of Surgical Research and Techniques, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - P Szerémy
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Hungary
| | - G Wéber
- Department of Surgical Research and Techniques, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - T Haidegger
- Antal Bejczy Centre for Intelligent Robotics, Óbuda University, Budapest, Hungary; Austrian Centre for Medical Innovation and Technology, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
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