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He ZW, Wang C, Li Y, Danzeng A, Liu FB, Zhu Y, Shi JY, Ciren P, Yuan XY, Wu CX, Lan RH, Zhang BH. The state of female hepato-pancreato-biliary (HPB) surgeons in China: see us in operation theater with great prospects. HPB (Oxford) 2023; 25:1402-1410. [PMID: 37543474 DOI: 10.1016/j.hpb.2023.07.884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to investigate the proportion and distribution of female HPB surgeons in China, describe their current status, and analyze the possible barriers and challenges in their careers. METHOD Tertiary hospitals with the division of HPB in mainland China in 2021 were enrolled and surgeon demographic information was collected through the review of official websites and/or telephone interviews. RESULTS The majority of female HPB surgeons (72.92%) were located in the first or second-tier cities in mainland China, with an increasing number of new female HPB surgeons entering the field annually, particularly after 2005 (from 27 to 52 per 5 years). Despite no significant difference in academic backgrounds, female HPB surgeons initiated their careers at an earlier age and took a longer time to obtain chief titles (P < 0.05). Interestingly, female HPB surgeons performed laparoscopic complex HPB cases at a similar rate (95.42%) to their male counterparts and were more likely to specialize in endoscopic surgery (P = 0.021), with a similar ratio of obtaining administrative positions. CONCLUSION Minimally invasive surgery may provide females with unprecedented opportunities in the HPB surgery field. However, despite the increasing numbers of female HPB surgeons, the proportion remains low in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Wei He
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Institute of Hepato-pancreato-biliary Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China; Division of Hepato-pancreato-biliary Surgery, Tianyou Hospital, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430064, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Institute of Hepato-pancreato-biliary Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yong Li
- Division of Hepato-pancreato-biliary Surgery, Tianyou Hospital, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430064, China
| | - Awang Danzeng
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Institute of Hepato-pancreato-biliary Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Fu-Bin Liu
- Division of Hepato-pancreato-biliary Surgery, Tianyou Hospital, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430064, China
| | - Yuan Zhu
- School of Automation, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Jia-Yu Shi
- Division of Hepato-pancreato-biliary Surgery, Tianyou Hospital, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430064, China
| | - Pingcuo Ciren
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Institute of Hepato-pancreato-biliary Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xiao-Yin Yuan
- Division of Hepato-pancreato-biliary Surgery, Tianyou Hospital, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430064, China
| | - Cheng-Xian Wu
- Division of Hepato-pancreato-biliary Surgery, Tianyou Hospital, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430064, China
| | - Run-Hu Lan
- Division of Hepato-pancreato-biliary Surgery, Tianyou Hospital, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430064, China
| | - Bin-Hao Zhang
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Institute of Hepato-pancreato-biliary Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China; Division of Hepato-pancreato-biliary Surgery, Tianyou Hospital, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430064, China.
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Helliwell LA, Hyland CJ, Gonte MR, Malapati SH, Bain PA, Ranganathan K, Pusic AL. Bias in Surgical Residency Evaluations: A Scoping Review. JOURNAL OF SURGICAL EDUCATION 2023; 80:922-947. [PMID: 37142488 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsurg.2023.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Given widespread disparities in the surgical workforce and the advent of competency-based training models that rely on objective evaluations of resident performance, this review aims to describe the landscape of bias in the evaluation methods of residents in surgical training programs in the United States. DESIGN A scoping review was conducted within PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and ERIC in May 2022, without a date restriction. Studies were screened and reviewed in duplicate by 3 reviewers. Data were described descriptively. SETTING/PARTICIPANTS English-language studies conducted in the United States that assessed bias in the evaluation of surgical residents were included. RESULTS The search yielded 1641 studies, of which 53 met inclusion criteria. Of the included studies, 26 (49.1%) were retrospective cohort studies, 25 (47.2%) were cross-sectional studies, and 2 (3.8%) were prospective cohort studies. The majority included general surgery residents (n = 30, 56.6%) and nonstandardized examination modalities (n = 38, 71.7%), such as video-based skills evaluations (n = 5, 13.2%). The most common performance metric evaluated was operative skill (n = 22, 41.5%). Overall, the majority of studies demonstrated bias (n = 38, 73.6%) and most investigated gender bias (n = 46, 86.8%). Most studies reported disadvantages for female trainees regarding standardized examinations (80.0%), self-evaluations (73.7%), and program-level evaluations (71.4%). Four studies (7.6%) assessed racial bias, of which all reported disadvantages for trainees underrepresented in surgery. CONCLUSIONS Evaluation methods for surgery residents may be prone to bias, particularly with regard to female trainees. Research is warranted regarding other implicit and explicit biases, such as racial bias, as well as for nongeneral surgery subspecialties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Madeleine R Gonte
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | | | - Paul A Bain
- Countway Library, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Oliveira Trindade B, Reis de Oliveira M, Bueno Motter S, Brandão GR, Jara Reis R. Is gender bias perceived by surgical residents? A survey-based discussion. Am J Surg 2023; 225:446-448. [PMID: 36150905 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2022.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Oliveira Trindade
- Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Rua Sarmento Leite, 245 - Centro Histórico, Porto Alegre, 90050-170, Brazil.
| | - Marina Reis de Oliveira
- Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Rua Sarmento Leite, 245 - Centro Histórico, Porto Alegre, 90050-170, Brazil.
| | - Sarah Bueno Motter
- Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Rua Sarmento Leite, 245 - Centro Histórico, Porto Alegre, 90050-170, Brazil.
| | - Gabriela Rangel Brandão
- Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Rua Sarmento Leite, 245 - Centro Histórico, Porto Alegre, 90050-170, Brazil.
| | - Rosilene Jara Reis
- Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Rua Sarmento Leite, 245 - Centro Histórico, Porto Alegre, 90050-170, Brazil.
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Guglielmetti LC, Gingert C, Holtz A, Westkämper R, Lange J, Adamina M. Nationwide Study on Stress Perception Among Surgical Residents. World J Surg 2022; 46:1609-1622. [PMID: 35304643 PMCID: PMC9174298 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-022-06521-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Declining number of applicants and high attrition of residents are a dire reality. Surgeons in training are confronted to various stressors which interfere with their performance and may promote burnout. This study measures stress levels of Swiss surgical residents. METHODS Swiss surgery residents taking the Surgical Basic Exam from 2016 to 2020 completed the Perceived Stress Scale 10 (PSS). The PSS measures how unpredictable, uncontrollable, and overloaded the respondents evaluate their work life. Scores up to 13 are normal, and scores around 20 are highly pathologic. High subscores of helplessness (PH) and lower subscores of self-efficacy (PSE) indicate distress. RESULTS A total of 1694 questionnaires were evaluated (return rate 95.7%). Resident median (m) age was 29 years, 43.5% were female, and 72.7% of the residents were in their first 2 years of training. Residents reported a high PSS (m = 15), a high PH (m = 9), and an ordinary PSE (m = 5). Females reported worse PSS (p < 0.001), PH (p < 0.001), and PSE (p = 0.036). In multivariable analysis, male sex (p < 0.001), aiming at orthopedic (p = 0.017) or visceral surgery (p = 0.004), and French as mother tongue (p = 0.037) predicted lower stress levels, while graduating from a country not adjacent to Switzerland led to higher stress (p = 0.047). CONCLUSION Perceived stress levels are high in this prospective and representative cohort study of Swiss surgical residents. Females endured significantly worse stress and helplessness levels than males. These figures are worrisome as they may directly contribute to the declining attractivity of surgical residencies. Detailed sex-specific analysis and correction of stressors are urgently needed to improve residency programs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christian Gingert
- Department of Surgery, Cantonal Hospital Winterthur, Winterthur, Switzerland
- Faculty of Health, Department of Human Medicine, University of Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany
| | - Anna Holtz
- Joint Private Practice for Orthopaedics, Traumatology & Surgery, Anna Und Nico Holtz, Kölnerstrasse 64, 42897, Remscheid, Germany
| | | | | | - Michel Adamina
- Department of Surgery, Cantonal Hospital Winterthur, Winterthur, Switzerland.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Allschwil, Switzerland.
- MGA Network, Herisau, Switzerland.
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