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Duan XC, Zhao J, Martcheva M. Coevolutionary Dynamics of Host Immune and Parasite Virulence Based on an Age-Structured Epidemic Model. Bull Math Biol 2023; 85:28. [PMID: 36853371 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-023-01131-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Hosts can activate a defensive response to clear the parasite once being infected. To explore how host survival and fecundity are affected by host-parasite coevolution for chronic parasitic diseases, in this paper, we proposed an age-structured epidemic model with infection age, in which the parasite transmission rate and parasite-induced mortality rate are structured by the infection age. By use of critical function analysis method, we obtained the existence of the host immune evolutionary singular strategy which is a continuous singular strategy (CSS). Assume that parasite-induced mortality begins at infection age [Formula: see text] and is constant v thereafter. We got that the value of the CSS, [Formula: see text], monotonically decreases with respect to infection age [Formula: see text] (see Case (I)), while it is non-monotone if the constant v positively depends on the immune trait c (see Case (II)). This non-monotonicity is verified by numerical simulations and implies that the direction of immune evolution depends on the initial value of immune trait. Besides that, we adopted two special forms of the parasite transmission rate to study the parasite's virulence evolution, by maximizing the basic reproduction ratio [Formula: see text]. The values of the convergence stable parasite's virulence evolutionary singular strategies [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] increase monotonically with respect to time lag L (i.e., the time lag between the onset of transmission and mortality). At the singular strategy [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], we further obtained the expressions of the case mortalities [Formula: see text] and how they are affected by the time lag L. Finally, we only presented some preliminary results about host and parasite coevolution dynamics, including a general condition under which the coevolutionary singular strategy [Formula: see text] is evolutionarily stable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Chao Duan
- College of Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China.
| | - Jiangyue Zhao
- College of Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Maia Martcheva
- Department of Mathematics, University of Florida, 358 Little Hall, PO Box 118105, Gainesville, FL, 32611-8105, USA
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2
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Cressman R, Halloway A, McNickle GG, Apaloo J, Brown JS, Vincent TL. Unlimited niche packing in a Lotka-Volterra competition game. Theor Popul Biol 2017; 116:1-17. [PMID: 28495494 DOI: 10.1016/j.tpb.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A central question in the study of ecology and evolution is: "Why are there so many species?" It has been shown that certain forms of the Lotka-Volterra (L-V) competition equations lead to an unlimited number of species. Furthermore, these authors note how any change in the nature of competition (the competition kernel) leads to a finite or small number of coexisting species. Here we build upon these works by further investigating the L-V model of unlimited niche packing as a reference model and evolutionary game for understanding the environmental factors restricting biodiversity. We also examine the combined eco-evolutionary dynamics leading up to the species diversity and traits of the ESS community in both unlimited and finite niche-packing versions of the model. As an L-V game with symmetric competition, we let the strategies of individuals determine the strength of the competitive interaction (like competes most with like) and also the carrying capacity of the population. We use a mixture of analytic proofs (for one and two species systems) and numerical simulations. For the model of unlimited niche packing, we show that a finite number of species will evolve to specific convergent stable minima of the adaptive landscape (also known as species archetypes). Starting with a single species, faunal buildup can proceed either through species doubling as each diversity-specific set of minima are reached, or through the addition of species one-by-one by randomly assigning a speciation event to one of the species. Either way it is possible for an unlimited number or species to evolve and coexist. We examine two simple and biologically likely ways for breaking the unlimited niche-packing: (1) some minimum level of competition among species, and (2) constrain the fundamental niche of the trait space to a finite interval. When examined under both ecological and evolutionary dynamics, both modifications result in convergent stable ESSs with a finite number of species. When the number of species is held below the number of species in an ESS coalition, we see a diverse array of convergent stable niche archetypes that consist of some species at maxima and some at minima of the adaptive landscape. Our results support those of others and suggest that instead of focusing on why there are so many species we might just as usefully ask, why are there so few species?
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross Cressman
- Department of Mathematics, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada.
| | - Abdel Halloway
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607 USA.
| | - Gordon G McNickle
- Purdue University, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology and Purdue Center for Plant Biology, 915 W. State Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| | - Joe Apaloo
- Department of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, St. Francis Xavier University, P. O. Box 5000 Antigonish, Nova Scotia B2G 2W5 Canada.
| | - Joel S Brown
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607 USA.
| | - Thomas L Vincent
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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Zu J, Wang J, Huang G. Evolutionary Diversification of Prey and Predator Species Facilitated by Asymmetric Interactions. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163753. [PMID: 27685540 PMCID: PMC5042472 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigate the influence of asymmetric interactions on coevolutionary dynamics of a predator-prey system by using the theory of adaptive dynamics. We assume that the defense ability of prey and the attack ability of predators all can adaptively evolve, either caused by phenotypic plasticity or by behavioral choice, but there are certain costs in terms of their growth rate or death rate. The coevolutionary model is constructed from a deterministic approximation of random mutation-selection process. To sum up, if prey's trade-off curve is globally weakly concave, then five outcomes of coevolution are demonstrated, which depend on the intensity and shape of asymmetric predator-prey interactions and predator's trade-off shape. Firstly, we find that if there is a weakly decelerating cost and a weakly accelerating benefit for predator species, then evolutionary branching in the predator species may occur, but after branching further coevolution may lead to extinction of the predator species with a larger trait value. However, if there is a weakly accelerating cost and a weakly accelerating benefit for predator species, then evolutionary branching in the predator species is also possible and after branching the dimorphic predator can evolutionarily stably coexist with a monomorphic prey species. Secondly, if the asymmetric interactions become a little strong, then prey and predators will evolve to an evolutionarily stable equilibrium, at which they can stably coexist on a long-term timescale of evolution. Thirdly, if there is a weakly accelerating cost and a relatively strongly accelerating benefit for prey species, then evolutionary branching in the prey species is possible and the finally coevolutionary outcome contains a dimorphic prey and a monomorphic predator species. Fourthly, if the asymmetric interactions become more stronger, then predator-prey coevolution may lead to cycles in both traits and equilibrium population densities. The Red Queen dynamic is a possible outcome under asymmetric predator-prey interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zu
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049, P.R. China
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, United States of America
| | - Jinliang Wang
- School of Mathematical Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, P.R. China
| | - Gang Huang
- School of Mathematics and Physics, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, P.R. China
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Zu J, Yuan B, Du J. Top predators induce the evolutionary diversification of intermediate predator species. J Theor Biol 2015; 387:1-12. [PMID: 26431773 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2015.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We analyze the evolutionary branching phenomenon of intermediate predator species in a tritrophic food chain model by using adaptive dynamics theory. Specifically, we consider the adaptive diversification of an intermediate predator species that feeds on a prey species and is fed upon by a top predator species. We assume that the intermediate predator׳s ability to forage on the prey can adaptively improve, but this comes at the cost of decreased defense ability against the top predator. First, we identify the general properties of trade-off relationships that lead to a continuously stable strategy or to evolutionary branching in the intermediate predator species. We find that if there is an accelerating cost near the singular strategy, then that strategy is continuously stable. In contrast, if there is a mildly decelerating cost near the singular strategy, then that strategy may be an evolutionary branching point. Second, we find that after branching has occurred, depending on the specific shape and strength of the trade-off relationship, the intermediate predator species may reach an evolutionarily stable dimorphism or one of the two resultant predator lineages goes extinct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zu
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Xi׳an Jiaotong University, Xi׳an 710049, PR China.
| | - Bo Yuan
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Xi׳an Jiaotong University, Xi׳an 710049, PR China
| | - Jianqiang Du
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xi׳an Jiaotong University, Xi׳an 710049, PR China
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Abstract
The replicator equation is the first and most important game dynamics studied in connection with evolutionary game theory. It was originally developed for symmetric games with finitely many strategies. Properties of these dynamics are briefly summarized for this case, including the convergence to and stability of the Nash equilibria and evolutionarily stable strategies. The theory is then extended to other game dynamics for symmetric games (e.g., the best response dynamics and adaptive dynamics) and illustrated by examples taken from the literature. It is also extended to multiplayer, population, and asymmetric games.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross Cressman
- Department of Mathematics, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L 3C5; and
| | - Yi Tao
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 1000101, China
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Zu J, Wang J, Du J. Adaptive evolution of defense ability leads to diversification of prey species. Acta Biotheor 2014; 62:207-34. [PMID: 24770878 DOI: 10.1007/s10441-014-9218-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, by using the adaptive dynamics approach, we investigate how the adaptive evolution of defense ability promotes the diversity of prey species in an initial one-prey-two-predator community. We assume that the prey species can evolve to a safer strategy such that it can reduce the predation risk, but a prey with a high defense ability for one predator may have a low defense ability for the other and vice versa. First, by using the method of critical function analysis, we find that if the trade-off is convex in the vicinity of the evolutionarily singular strategy, then this singular strategy is a continuously stable strategy. However, if the trade-off is weakly concave near the singular strategy and the competition between the two predators is relatively weak, then the singular strategy may be an evolutionary branching point. Second, we find that after the branching has occurred in the prey strategy, if the trade-off curve is globally concave, then the prey species might eventually evolve into two specialists, each caught by only one predator species. However, if the trade-off curve is convex-concave-convex, the prey species might eventually branch into two partial specialists, each being caught by both of the two predators and they can stably coexist on the much longer evolutionary timescale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zu
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, People's Republic of China,
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Garay J, Csiszár V, Móri TF. Under multilevel selection: "when shall you be neither spiteful nor envious?". J Theor Biol 2014; 340:73-84. [PMID: 24041593 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2013.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we study the egalitarianism-game in multilevel selection situation. The individuals form reproductive groups. In each group, an egalitarianism-game determines the number of juveniles of different phenotypes (spiteful, envious, neutral and donator). Before the juveniles form the next reproductive group, they have to survive either predators' attacks or a fight between two groups. We adopt the ESS definition of Maynard Smith to multilevel selection. Based on the "group size advantage" assumption (which claims that each juvenile's survival rate depends on the size of his own group, supposing that either the survival rate under predators' attacks is higher in larger groups, or in inter-group aggression usually the larger group wins) we found that when the survival probability has a massive effect on the average fitness, then "group fitness maximizing behavior" (in our case, either neutral or donator) has evolutionary advantage over "competitive behavior" (in our case, either spiteful or envious).
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Affiliation(s)
- József Garay
- Research Group of Theoretical Biology and Ecology of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Department of Plant Systematics, Ecology and Theoretical Biology, L. Eötvös University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/c, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary.
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Zu J, Wang J. Adaptive evolution of attack ability promotes the evolutionary branching of predator species. Theor Popul Biol 2013; 89:12-23. [PMID: 23933502 DOI: 10.1016/j.tpb.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, with the methods of adaptive dynamics and critical function analysis, we investigate the evolutionary branching phenomenon of predator species. We assume that both the prey and predators are density-dependent and the predator's attack ability can adaptively evolve, but this has a cost in terms of its death rate. First, we identify the general properties of trade-off relationships that allow for a continuously stable strategy and evolutionary branching in the predator strategy. It is found that if the trade-off curve is weakly concave near the singular strategy, then the singular strategy may be an evolutionary branching point. Second, we find that after the branching has occurred in the predator strategy, if the trade-off curve is convex-concave-convex, the predator species will eventually evolve into two different types, which can stably coexist on the much longer evolutionary timescale and no further branching is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zu
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China.
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9
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Zu J, Takeuchi Y. Adaptive evolution of anti-predator ability promotes the diversity of prey species: Critical function analysis. Biosystems 2012; 109:192-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2012.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Revised: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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ZU JIAN, WANG JINLIANG, TAKEUCHI YASUHIRO. COEVOLUTIONARY DYNAMICS OF PREDATOR-PREY INTERACTIONS. INT J BIOMATH 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1793524512600157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, with the method of adaptive dynamics, we investigate the coevolution of phenotypic traits of predator and prey species. The evolutionary model is constructed from a deterministic approximation of the underlying stochastic ecological processes. Firstly, we investigate the ecological and evolutionary conditions that allow for continuously stable strategy and evolutionary branching. We find that evolutionary branching in the prey phenotype will occur when the frequency dependence in the prey carrying capacity is not strong. Furthermore, it is found that if the two prey branches move far away enough, the evolutionary branching in the prey phenotype will induce the secondary branching in the predator phenotype. The final evolutionary outcome contains two prey and two predator species. Secondly, we show that under symmetric interactions the evolutionary model admits a supercritical Hopf bifurcation if the frequency dependence in the prey carrying capacity is very weak. Evolutionary cycle is a likely outcome of the mutation-selection processes. Finally, we find that frequency-dependent selection can drive the predator population to extinction under asymmetric interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- JIAN ZU
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
| | - JINLIANG WANG
- School of Mathematical Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, P. R. China
| | - YASUHIRO TAKEUCHI
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Japan
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Zu J, Wang K, Mimura M. Evolutionary branching and evolutionarily stable coexistence of predator species: Critical function analysis. Math Biosci 2011; 231:210-24. [PMID: 21402083 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2011.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Revised: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
On the ecological timescale, two predator species with linear functional responses can stably coexist on two competing prey species. In this paper, with the methods of adaptive dynamics and critical function analysis, we investigate under what conditions such a coexistence is also evolutionarily stable, and whether the two predator species may evolve from a single ancestor via evolutionary branching. We assume that predator strategies differ in capture rates and a predator with a high capture rate for one prey has a low capture rate for the other and vice versa. First, by using the method of critical function analysis, we identify the general properties of trade-off functions that allow for evolutionary branching in the predator strategy. It is found that if the trade-off curve is weakly convex in the vicinity of the singular strategy and the interspecific prey competition is not strong, then this singular strategy is an evolutionary branching point, near which the resident and mutant predator populations can coexist and diverge in their strategies. Second, we find that after branching has occurred in the predator phenotype, if the trade-off curve is globally convex, the predator population will eventually branch into two extreme specialists, each completely specializing on a particular prey species. However, in the case of smoothed step function-like trade-off, an interior dimorphic singular coalition becomes possible, the predator population will eventually evolve into two generalist species, each feeding on both of the two prey species. The algebraical analysis reveals that an evolutionarily stable dimorphism will always be attractive and that no further branching is possible under this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zu
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China.
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Milgram A. The stability of the Boubaker polynomials expansion scheme (BPES)-based solution to Lotka–Volterra problem. J Theor Biol 2011; 271:157-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2010.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Zu J, Mimura M, Takeuchi Y. Adaptive evolution of foraging-related traits in a predator–prey community. J Theor Biol 2011; 268:14-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2010.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Revised: 07/31/2010] [Accepted: 09/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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