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Niu LN, Jee SE, Jiao K, Tonggu L, Li M, Wang L, Yang YD, Bian JH, Breschi L, Jang SS, Chen JH, Pashley DH, Tay FR. Collagen intrafibrillar mineralization as a result of the balance between osmotic equilibrium and electroneutrality. NATURE MATERIALS 2017; 16:370-378. [PMID: 27820813 PMCID: PMC5321866 DOI: 10.1038/nmat4789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Mineralization of fibrillar collagen with biomimetic process-directing agents has enabled scientists to gain insight into the potential mechanisms involved in intrafibrillar mineralization. Here, by using polycation- and polyanion-directed intrafibrillar mineralization, we challenge the popular paradigm that electrostatic attraction is solely responsible for polyelectrolyte-directed intrafibrillar mineralization. As there is no difference when a polycationic or a polyanionic electrolyte is used to direct collagen mineralization, we argue that additional types of long-range non-electrostatic interaction are responsible for intrafibrillar mineralization. Molecular dynamics simulations of collagen structures in the presence of extrafibrillar polyelectrolytes show that the outward movement of ions and intrafibrillar water through the collagen surface occurs irrespective of the charges of polyelectrolytes, resulting in the experimentally verifiable contraction of the collagen structures. The need to balance electroneutrality and osmotic equilibrium simultaneously to establish Gibbs-Donnan equilibrium in a polyelectrolyte-directed mineralization system establishes a new model for collagen intrafibrillar mineralization that supplements existing collagen mineralization mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-na Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Sang Eun Jee
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kai Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Lige Tonggu
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Mo Li
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Liguo Wang
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Yao-dong Yang
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical behavior of Materials, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Ji-hong Bian
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical behavior of Materials, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Lorenzo Breschi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, DIBINEM, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Seung Soon Jang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ji-hua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - David H. Pashley
- The Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Franklin R. Tay
- The Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
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Verrall G, Dolman B. Deducing a mechanism of all musculoskeletal injuries. Muscles Ligaments Tendons J 2016; 6:174-182. [PMID: 27900289 DOI: 10.11138/mltj/2016.6.2.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanism of musculoskeletal (MSK) injuries is not well understood. This research applies principles of elastic motion to the anatomy and movement patterns of MSK structures. From this an insight into the application and timing of forces on MSK structures can be established and the mechanism/s of injury derived. METHODS CURRENT KNOWLEDGE All MSK structures demonstrate varying degrees of elasticity. Movement occurs primarily as a consequence of Muscle Tendon Unit (MTU) shortening. The application of an applied external force results in MSK structure lengthening. RESULTS The MTU acts as a non-idealised Hookean Spring. The resting length of MSK structures is the minimum distance between attachment points. The anatomical constraints results in MSK structures having adequate compressive strength during shortening. Thus MSK injuries only occur during lengthening of the MSK structure. From this with knowledge of MSK movement cycles, we can derive the mechanism of injury. CONCLUSIONS MSK injuries result from an inability to counter applied forces whilst lengthening. Muscles, tendons and ligaments can only injure during their lengthening contraction phase. Insertional tendons and bone near attachment points injure during the MTU shortening phase. Injuries to other MSK structures can occur independent of the lengthening and shortening phases such as direct contact injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Verrall
- Department of Sports Medicine, South Australian Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Bronwyn Dolman
- ATRAD Pty Ltd, Thebarton, Australia; Department of Physical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Australia
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Improved prediction of residue flexibility by embedding optimized amino acid grouping into RSA-based linear models. Amino Acids 2014; 46:2665-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-014-1817-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Nikolaienko TY, Bulavin LA, Hovorun DM. Structural flexibility of DNA-like conformers of canonical 2′-deoxyribonucleosides. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:15554-61. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp43120c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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