Simple thermodynamic model of unassisted proton shuttle uncoupling and prediction of activity from calculated speciation, lipophilicity, and molecular geometry

Weak C–H acids as protonophores can carry hydrogen ions through lipid membranes and mitochondria: a case of o-carborane

ortho-Carborane (1,2-C₂B₁₀H₁₂) was found to be a carrier of protons in lipid membranes and mitochondria, suggesting that this dicarborane can reversibly release hydrogen ions and diffuse through the membrane.

Structure-activity relationships of furazano[3,4-b]pyrazines as mitochondrial uncouplers

Chemical mitochondrial uncouplers are lipophilic weak acids that transport protons into the mitochondrial matrix via a pathway that is independent of ATP synthase, thereby uncoupling nutrient oxidation from ATP production. These uncouplers have potential for the treatment of diseases such as obesity, Parkinson's disease, and aging. We have previously identified a novel mitochondrial protonophore, named BAM15, which stimulates mitochondrial respiration across a broad dosing range compared to carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP). Herein, we report our investigations on the structure-activity relationship profile of BAM15. Our studies demonstrate the importance of the furazan, pyrazine, and aniline rings as well as pKa in maintaining its effective protonophore activity.