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Individuation and the Organization in Complex Living Ecosystem: Recursive Integration and Self-assertion by Holon-Lymphocytes. Acta Biotheor 2020; 68:171-199. [PMID: 31541308 DOI: 10.1007/s10441-019-09364-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Individuation and organization in complex living multi-level ecosystem occurs as dynamical processes from early ontogeny. The notion of living "holon" displaying dynamic self-assertion and integration is used here to explain the ecosystems dynamic processes. The update of the living holon state according to the continuous change of the dynamic system allows for its viability. This is interpreted as adaptation, selection and organization by the human that observes the system a posteriori from its level. Our model concerns the complex dynamics of the adaptive immune system, integrating holon-lymphocytes that collectively preserve the identity and integrity of the organism. Each lymphocyte individualizes as a dynamic holon-lymphocyte, with somatic gene individuation leading to an individual, singular antigen immunoreceptor type, promoting the self-assertion. In turn, the "Immunoception" allows for perception of the environmental antigenic context, thus integration of the holon in its environment. The self-assertion/integration of holon-lymphocyte starts from fetal stages and is influenced by mother Lamarckian acquired historicity transmissions, a requisite for the integrity of the holobiont-organism. We propose a dynamic model of the perception by holon-lymphocyte, and at the supra-clonal level of the immune system functions that sustain the identity and integrity of the holon-holobiont organism.
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Blomberg J, Gottfries CG, Elfaitouri A, Rizwan M, Rosén A. Infection Elicited Autoimmunity and Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: An Explanatory Model. Front Immunol 2018; 9:229. [PMID: 29497420 PMCID: PMC5818468 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME) often also called chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is a common, debilitating, disease of unknown origin. Although a subject of controversy and a considerable scientific literature, we think that a solid understanding of ME/CFS pathogenesis is emerging. In this study, we compiled recent findings and placed them in the context of the clinical picture and natural history of the disease. A pattern emerged, giving rise to an explanatory model. ME/CFS often starts after or during an infection. A logical explanation is that the infection initiates an autoreactive process, which affects several functions, including brain and energy metabolism. According to our model for ME/CFS pathogenesis, patients with a genetic predisposition and dysbiosis experience a gradual development of B cell clones prone to autoreactivity. Under normal circumstances these B cell offsprings would have led to tolerance. Subsequent exogenous microbial exposition (triggering) can lead to comorbidities such as fibromyalgia, thyroid disorder, and orthostatic hypotension. A decisive infectious trigger may then lead to immunization against autoantigens involved in aerobic energy production and/or hormone receptors and ion channel proteins, producing postexertional malaise and ME/CFS, affecting both muscle and brain. In principle, cloning and sequencing of immunoglobulin variable domains could reveal the evolution of pathogenic clones. Although evidence consistent with the model accumulated in recent years, there are several missing links in it. Hopefully, the hypothesis generates testable propositions that can augment the understanding of the pathogenesis of ME/CFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Blomberg
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Clinical Microbiology, Academic Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Amal Elfaitouri
- Department of Infectious Disease and Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Benghazi University, Benghazi, Libya
| | - Muhammad Rizwan
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Clinical Microbiology, Academic Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Rosén
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Cell Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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Wisniewski N, Bondar G, Rau C, Chittoor J, Chang E, Esmaeili A, Cadeiras M, Deng M. Integrative model of leukocyte genomics and organ dysfunction in heart failure patients requiring mechanical circulatory support: a prospective observational study. BMC Med Genomics 2017; 10:52. [PMID: 28851355 PMCID: PMC5576384 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-017-0288-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The implantation of mechanical circulatory support devices in heart failure patients is associated with a systemic inflammatory response, potentially leading to death from multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Previous studies point to the involvement of many mechanisms, but an integrative hypothesis does not yet exist. Using time-dependent whole-genome mRNA expression in circulating leukocytes, we constructed a systems-model to improve mechanistic understanding and prediction of adverse outcomes. METHODS We sampled peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 22 consecutive patients undergoing mechanical circulatory support device (MCS) surgery, at 5 timepoints: day -1 preoperative, and postoperative days 1, 3, 5, and 8. Clinical phenotyping was performed using 12 clinical parameters, 2 organ dysfunction scoring systems, and survival outcomes. We constructed a strictly phenotype-driven time-dependent non-supervised systems-representation using weighted gene co-expression network analysis, and annotated eigengenes using gene ontology, pathway, and transcription factor binding site enrichment analyses. Genes and eigengenes were mapped to the clinical phenotype using a linear mixed-effect model, with Cox models also fit at each timepoint to survival outcomes. RESULTS We inferred a 19-module network, in which most module eigengenes correlated with at least one aspect of the clinical phenotype. We observed a response of advanced heart failure patients to surgery orchestrated into stages: first, activation of the innate immune response, followed by anti-inflammation, and finally reparative processes such as mitosis, coagulation, and apoptosis. Eigengenes related to red blood cell production and extracellular matrix degradation became predictors of survival late in the timecourse corresponding to multiorgan dysfunction and disseminated intravascular coagulation. CONCLUSIONS Our model provides an integrative representation of leukocyte biology during the systemic inflammatory response following MCS device implantation. It demonstrates consistency with previous hypotheses, identifying a number of known mechanisms. At the same time, it suggests novel hypotheses about time-specific targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Wisniewski
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of California Los Angeles, 100 UCLA Medical Plaza, Suite 630, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA. .,Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, 612 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA.
| | - Galyna Bondar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of California Los Angeles, 100 UCLA Medical Plaza, Suite 630, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Christoph Rau
- Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Molecular Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, 100 UCLA Medical Plaza, Suite 630, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Jay Chittoor
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of California Los Angeles, 100 UCLA Medical Plaza, Suite 630, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Eleanor Chang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of California Los Angeles, 100 UCLA Medical Plaza, Suite 630, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Azadeh Esmaeili
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of California Los Angeles, 100 UCLA Medical Plaza, Suite 630, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Martin Cadeiras
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of California Los Angeles, 100 UCLA Medical Plaza, Suite 630, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Mario Deng
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of California Los Angeles, 100 UCLA Medical Plaza, Suite 630, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA.
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Costa RA, Matos LBO, Cantaruti TA, de Souza KS, Vaz NM, Carvalho CR. Systemic effects of oral tolerance reduce the cutaneous scarring. Immunobiology 2015; 221:475-85. [PMID: 26652243 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunological tolerance refer to the inhibition of specific immune responsiveness and the ingestion of proteins previous to immunization is a reliable method to induce (oral) tolerance. Parenteral exposure to tolerated antigens, in adjuvant, trigger indirect and systemic effects that inhibits concomitant immune responses to other unrelated antigens and also decrease unrelated inflammatory responses. Interesting, intraperitoneal (i.p.) exposure to orally-tolerated proteins soon before an incisional linear skin wound improves the healing by primary intention in mice. An important clinical and surgical objective is to identify strategies to improve wound healing and reduce scarring. OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether i.p. injection of an orally-tolerated protein improves wound healing by secondary intention and reduce scarring of full-thickness excisional skin injury. METHODS C57Bl/6 mice were turned tolerant to ovalbumin (OVA) by drinking a solution containing OVA; seven days later, they received an i.p. injection of OVA plus Al(OH)3 adjuvant immediately before two full-thickness excisional skin wounds, under anesthesia. The wound healing process was evaluated macro and microscopically after H&E, toluidine blue and Gomori's Trichrome staining. The presence of granulocytes, macrophages, miofibroblasts, fibronectin, collagen I and collagen III was investigated by immunofluorescence and the levels of cytokines by flow cytometry or ELISA. Mice not tolerant to OVA were included as controls. RESULTS The i.p. injection of OVA+Al(OH)3 in mice orally tolerant to OVA reduced the subsequent inflammatory response in the wound bed and the cutaneous scarring. There was a change in the pattern of collagen deposition making it more similar to the pattern observed in intact skin. In tolerant mice, mast cells and granulocytes (Ly-6C/G+), were reduced, while lymphocytes (CD3+) were increased in the wound bed. Time course analysis of Th1/Th2/Th17 cytokines and growth factors showed slightly differences between tolerant and control groups. CONCLUSION Parenteral injection of an orally-tolerated protein has systemic consequences that impair the inflammatory response triggered by skin injury and reduce the cutaneous scarring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Alves Costa
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG CEP: 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Liana Biajoli Otoni Matos
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG CEP: 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Thiago Anselmo Cantaruti
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG CEP: 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Kênia Soares de Souza
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG CEP: 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Nelson Monteiro Vaz
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG CEP: 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Rocha Carvalho
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG CEP: 31270-901, Brazil.
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