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Moniripiri M, Hassani Soukht Abandani M, Firoozabadi B. Simulation of LDL permeation into multilayer wall of a coronary bifurcation using WSS-dependent model: effects of hemorheology. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2022; 22:711-727. [PMID: 36525181 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-022-01676-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, due to the permeation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles into the arterial wall, is one of the most common and deadly diseases in today's world. Due to its importance, numerous studies have been conducted on the factors affecting this disease. In this study, using numerical simulation, the effects of Wall Shear Stress (WSS), non-Newtonian behavior of blood, different values of hematocrit and blood pressure on LDL permeation into the arterial wall layers are investigated in a 4-layer wall model of a coronary bifurcation. To obtain the velocity and concentration fields in the fluid domain, the Navier-Stokes, Brinkman, and mass transfer equations are numerically solved in the lumen and wall layers. Results show that it is important to consider the effects of WSS on transport properties of endothelium layer in bifurcations and this leads to completely different concentration profiles compared to the constant properties model. Our computations show that a giant accumulation of LDL in the intima layer of the outer wall of the left anterior descending artery, especially in low WSS regions, may lead to atherosclerosis. It is also, necessary to consider the non-Newtonian behavior of blood in bifurcations due to its direct effect on WSS. A pressure-induced increase in the half-width of leaky junctions may be responsible for the higher risk of atherosclerosis in hypertension. In addition, it is shown that the dominant mechanism in LDL permeation into the wall is convection, and also, hypertension increases the effect of mass transfer by convection mechanism more than the diffusion mechanism. Furthermore, our results are consistent with various clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Moniripiri
- Center of Excellence in Energy Conversion, School of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Bahar Firoozabadi
- Center of Excellence in Energy Conversion, School of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
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Joshi S, Jan KM, Rumschitzki D. Pre-atherosclerotic flow and oncotically active solute transport across the arterial endothelium. J Theor Biol 2020; 499:110275. [PMID: 32275985 PMCID: PMC9776117 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2020.110275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis starts with transmural (transwall) pressure-driven advective transport of blood-borne low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol across rare endothelial cell (EC) monolayer leaks into the arterial subendothelial intima (SI) wall layer where they can spread, bind to extracellular matrix and seed lesions. The local SI LDL concentration, which governs LDL's binding kinetics, depends on the overall diluting transmural liquid flow. Transmural pressures typically compress the SI at physiological pressures, which keeps this flow low. Nguyen et al. (2015) showed that aortic ECs express the water channel protein aquaporin-1 (AQP1) and the transEC (δP) portion of the transmural (ΔP) pressure difference drives, in parallel, water across AQP1s and plasma across interEC junctions. Since the lumen is isotonic, selective AQP1-mediated water flow should quickly render the ECs' lumen side hypertonic and the SI hypotonic; resulting transEC oncotic pressure differences, δπ, should oppose δP and quickly halt transEC flow. Yet Nguyen et al.'s (2015) transAQP1 flows persist for hours. To resolve this paradox, we extend our fluid filtration theory Joshi et al. (2015) to include mass transfer for oncotically active solutes like albumin. This addition nonlinearly couples mass transfer, fluid flow and wall mechanics. We simultaneously solve these problems at steady state. Surprisingly it finds that media layer filtration causes steady SI to exceed EC glycocalyx albumin concentration. Thus δπ reinforces rather than opposes δP, i.e., it sucks water from, rather than pushing water into the lumen from the SI. Endothelial AQP1s raise the overall driving force for flow across the EC above δP, most significantly at pressures too low to compress the SI, and they increase the ΔP needed for SI compression. This suggests the intriguing possibility that increasing EC AQP1 expression can raise this requisite compression pressure to physiological values. That is, increasing EC AQP1 may decompress the SI at physiological pressures, which would significantly increase SI thickness, flow and subsequently SI LDL dilution. This could retard LDL binding and delay preatherosclerotic lesion onset. The model also predicts that glycocalyx-degrading enzymes decrease overall transEC driving forces and thus lower, not raise, transmural water flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shripad Joshi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, City College of the City University of New York, NY, United States
| | - Kung-Ming Jan
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, NY, United States
| | - David Rumschitzki
- Department of Chemical Engineering, City College of the City University of New York, NY, United States,Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, NY, United States,Corresponding author at: Department of Chemical Engineering, City College of the City University of New York, NY, United States. , (D. Rumschitzki)
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Ou C, Qian Y, Zhang X, Liu J, Liu W, Su H, Zhang N, Zhang J, He X, Duan CZ. Elevated Lipid Infiltration Is Associated With Cerebral Aneurysm Rupture. Front Neurol 2020; 11:154. [PMID: 32373039 PMCID: PMC7179664 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Intracranial aneurysm wall degradation can be associated with lipid infiltration. However, the relationship between lipid infiltration and aneurysm rupture has not been explored quantitatively. To investigate the correlation between lipid infiltration and aneurysm rupture, we utilized patient-specific simulation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) transport to analyze lipid infiltration in the cerebral aneurysm wall. Methods: Sixty-two aneurysms were analyzed. Patient blood pressure, plasma LDL concentration, and three-dimensional angiographic images were obtained to simulate LDL transport in aneurysms. Morphological, hemodynamic, and lipid accumulation parameters were compared between ruptures and unruptured groups. Multivariate logistic regression was also performed to determine parameters that are independently associated with rupture. Results: Size ratio, wall shear stress, low shear area, relative residence time, area-averaged LDL infiltration rate, and maximum LDL infiltration rate were significant parameters in univariate analysis (P < 0.05). Multivariate analysis revealed that only average LDL infiltration remained as a significant variable (P < 0.05). The prediction model derived showed good performance for rupture prediction (AUC, 0.885; 95% CI, 0.794–0.976). Conclusions: Ruptured aneurysms showed significantly higher LDL infiltration compared to unruptured ones. Our results suggested that lipid infiltration may promote aneurysm rupture. Lipid infiltration characteristics should be considered when assessing aneurysm rupture risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chubin Ou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, National Key Clinical Specialty, Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Neurosurgery Institute, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Qian
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Xin Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, National Key Clinical Specialty, Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Neurosurgery Institute, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiahui Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, National Key Clinical Specialty, Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Neurosurgery Institute, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenchao Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, National Key Clinical Specialty, Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Neurosurgery Institute, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hengxian Su
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, National Key Clinical Specialty, Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Neurosurgery Institute, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, National Key Clinical Specialty, Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Neurosurgery Institute, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianbo Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, National Key Clinical Specialty, Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Neurosurgery Institute, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuying He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, National Key Clinical Specialty, Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Neurosurgery Institute, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuan-Zhi Duan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, National Key Clinical Specialty, Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Neurosurgery Institute, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Jesionek K, Kostur M. Low-density lipoprotein accumulation within the right coronary artery walls for physiological and hypertension conditions. Biosystems 2018; 177:39-43. [PMID: 30391493 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2018.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate how low-density lipoproteins (LDL) are transported and accumulated through walls of the coronary artery. The result of modeling is a map of the LDL concentration on the patient specific vessel. It identifies places at high risk for plague growth. Using the geometry of the same patient we compare the results of two-layer and four-layer models of LDL transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Jesionek
- Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, 41-500 Chorzów Katowice, Poland; Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, University of Silesia, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland
| | - Marcin Kostur
- Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, 41-500 Chorzów Katowice, Poland; Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, University of Silesia, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland.
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