1
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Ciesielska P, Lasota S, Bobis-Wozowicz S, Madeja Z. The role of TGF-β in the electrotactic reaction of mouse 3T3 fibroblasts in vitro. Acta Biochim Pol 2024; 71:12993. [PMID: 38983797 PMCID: PMC11231101 DOI: 10.3389/abp.2024.12993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Endogenous electric fields (EFs) serve as a crucial signal to guide cell movement in processes such as wound healing, embryonic development, and cancer metastasis. However, the mechanism underlying cell electrotaxis remains poorly understood. A plausible hypothesis suggests that electrophoretic or electroosmotic forces may rearrange charged components of the cell membrane, including receptors for chemoattractants which induce asymmetric signaling and directional motility. This study aimed to explore the role of Transforming Growth Factor Beta (TGFβ) signaling in the electrotactic reaction of 3T3 fibroblasts. Our findings indicate that inhibiting canonical and several non-canonical signaling pathways originating from the activated TGF-β receptor does not hinder the directed migration of 3T3 cells to the cathode. Furthermore, suppression of TGF-β receptor expression does not eliminate the directional migration effect of 3T3 cells in the electric field. Additionally, there is no observed redistribution of the TGF-β receptor in the electric field. However, our studies affirm the significant involvement of Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase (PI3K) in electrotaxis, suggesting that in our model, its activation is likely associated with factors independent of TGFβ action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Ciesielska
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Slawomir Lasota
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Sylwia Bobis-Wozowicz
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Madeja
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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2
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Shim G, Breinyn IB, Martínez-Calvo A, Rao S, Cohen DJ. Bioelectric stimulation controls tissue shape and size. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2938. [PMID: 38580690 PMCID: PMC10997591 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47079-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Epithelial tissues sheath organs and electro-mechanically regulate ion and water transport to regulate development, homeostasis, and hydrostatic organ pressure. Here, we demonstrate how external electrical stimulation allows us to control these processes in living tissues. Specifically, we electrically stimulate hollow, 3D kidneyoids and gut organoids and find that physiological-strength electrical stimulation of ∼ 5 - 10 V/cm powerfully inflates hollow tissues; a process we call electro-inflation. Electro-inflation is mediated by increased ion flux through ion channels/transporters and triggers subsequent osmotic water flow into the lumen, generating hydrostatic pressure that competes against cytoskeletal tension. Our computational studies suggest that electro-inflation is strongly driven by field-induced ion crowding on the outer surface of the tissue. Electrically stimulated tissues also break symmetry in 3D resulting from electrotaxis and affecting tissue shape. The ability of electrical cues to regulate tissue size and shape emphasizes the role and importance of the electrical micro-environment for living tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gawoon Shim
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, 08540, NJ, USA
| | - Isaac B Breinyn
- Department of Quantitative and Computational Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, 08540, NJ, USA
| | - Alejandro Martínez-Calvo
- Princeton Center for Theoretical Science, Princeton University, Princeton, 08540, NJ, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, 08540, NJ, USA
| | - Sameeksha Rao
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, 08540, NJ, USA
| | - Daniel J Cohen
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, 08540, NJ, USA.
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3
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Lasota S, Zimolag E, Bobis-Wozowicz S, Pilipiuk J, Madeja Z. The dynamics of the electrotactic reaction of mouse 3T3 fibroblasts. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2024; 1871:119647. [PMID: 38092134 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2023.119647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms behind electrotaxis remain largely unknown, with no identified primary direct current electric field (dcEF) sensor. Two leading hypotheses propose mechanisms involving the redistribution of charged components in the cell membrane (driven by electrophoresis or electroosmosis) and the asymmetric activation of ion channels. To investigate these mechanisms, we studied the dynamics of electrotactic behaviour of mouse 3T3 fibroblasts. We observed that 3T3 fibroblasts exhibit cathodal migration within just 1 min when exposed to physiological dcEF. This rapid response suggests the involvement of ion channels in the cell membrane. Our large-scale screening method identified several ion channel genes as potential key players, including the inwardly rectifying potassium channel Kir4.2. Blocking the Kir channel family with Ba2+ or silencing the Kcnj15 gene, encoding Kir4.2, significantly reduced the directional migration of 3T3 cells. Additionally, the levels of the intracellular regulators of Kir channels, spermine (SPM) and spermidine (SPD), had a significant impact on cell directionality. Interestingly, inhibiting Kir4.2 resulted in the temporary cessation of electrotaxis for approximately 1-2 h before its return. This observation suggests a two-phase mechanism for the electrotaxis of mouse 3T3 fibroblasts, where ion channel activation triggers the initial rapid response to dcEF, and the subsequent redistribution of membrane receptors sustains long-term directional movement. In summary, our study unveils the involvement of Kir channels and proposes a biphasic mechanism to explain the electrotactic behaviour of mouse 3T3 fibroblasts, shedding light on the molecular underpinnings of electrotaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slawomir Lasota
- Jagiellonian University, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Cell Biology, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Eliza Zimolag
- Jagiellonian University, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Cell Biology, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Sylwia Bobis-Wozowicz
- Jagiellonian University, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Cell Biology, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Jagoda Pilipiuk
- Jagiellonian University, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Cell Biology, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Madeja
- Jagiellonian University, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Cell Biology, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
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4
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Nwogbaga I, Kim AH, Camley BA. Physical limits on galvanotaxis. Phys Rev E 2023; 108:064411. [PMID: 38243498 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.108.064411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells can polarize and migrate in response to electric fields via "galvanotaxis," which aids wound healing. Experimental evidence suggests cells sense electric fields via molecules on the cell's surface redistributing via electrophoresis and electroosmosis, though the sensing species has not yet been conclusively identified. We develop a model that links sensor redistribution and galvanotaxis using maximum likelihood estimation. Our model predicts a single universal curve for how galvanotactic directionality depends on field strength. We can collapse measurements of galvanotaxis in keratocytes, neural crest cells, and granulocytes to this curve, suggesting that stochasticity due to the finite number of sensors may limit galvanotactic accuracy. We find cells can achieve experimentally observed directionalities with either a few (∼100) highly polarized sensors or many (∼10^{4}) sensors with an ∼6-10% change in concentration across the cell. We also identify additional signatures of galvanotaxis via sensor redistribution, including the presence of a tradeoff between accuracy and variance in cells being controlled by rapidly switching fields. Our approach shows how the physics of noise at the molecular scale can limit cell-scale galvanotaxis, providing important constraints on sensor properties and allowing for new tests to determine the specific molecules underlying galvanotaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifunanya Nwogbaga
- Thomas C. Jenkins Department of Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - A Hyun Kim
- Thomas C. Jenkins Department of Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Brian A Camley
- Thomas C. Jenkins Department of Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
- William H. Miller III Department of Physics & Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
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5
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Lange F, Porath K, Sellmann T, Einsle A, Jaster R, Linnebacher M, Köhling R, Kirschstein T. Direct-Current Electrical Field Stimulation of Patient-Derived Colorectal Cancer Cells. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1032. [PMID: 37508461 PMCID: PMC10376471 DOI: 10.3390/biology12071032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Several cues for a directional migration of colorectal cancer cells were identified as being crucial in tumor progression. However, galvanotaxis, the directional migration in direct-current electrical fields, has not been investigated so far. Therefore, we asked whether direct-current electrical fields could be used to mobilize colorectal cancer cells along field vectors. For this purpose, five patient-derived low-passage cell lines were exposed to field strengths of 150-250 V/m in vitro, and migration along the field vectors was investigated. To further study the role of voltage-gated calcium channels on galvanotaxis and intracellular signaling pathways that are associated with migration of colorectal cancer cells, the cultures were exposed to selective inhibitors. In three out of five colorectal cancer cell lines, we found a preferred cathodal migration. The cellular integrity of the cells was not impaired by exposure of the cells to the selected field strengths. Galvanotaxis was sensitive to inhibition of voltage-gated calcium channels. Furthermore, signaling pathways such as AKT and MEK, but not STAT3, were also found to contribute to galvanotaxis in our in vitro model system. Overall, we identify electrical fields as an important contributor to the directional migration of colorectal cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falko Lange
- Oscar-Langendorff-Institute of Physiology, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Katrin Porath
- Oscar-Langendorff-Institute of Physiology, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Tina Sellmann
- Oscar-Langendorff-Institute of Physiology, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Anne Einsle
- Oscar-Langendorff-Institute of Physiology, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Robert Jaster
- Division of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine II, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Michael Linnebacher
- Molecular Oncology and Immunotherapy, Clinic of General Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Köhling
- Oscar-Langendorff-Institute of Physiology, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Timo Kirschstein
- Oscar-Langendorff-Institute of Physiology, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany
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6
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Walker JC, Jorgensen AM, Sarkar A, Gent SP, Messerli MA. Anionic polymers amplify electrokinetic perfusion through extracellular matrices. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:983317. [PMID: 36225599 PMCID: PMC9548625 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.983317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrical stimulation (ES) promotes healing of chronic epidermal wounds and delays degeneration of articular cartilage. Despite electrotherapeutic treatment of these non-excitable tissues, the mechanisms by which ES promotes repair are unknown. We hypothesize that a beneficial role of ES is dependent on electrokinetic perfusion in the extracellular space and that it mimics the effects of interstitial flow. In vivo, the extracellular space contains mixtures of extracellular proteins and negatively charged glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans surrounding cells. While these anionic macromolecules promote water retention and increase mechanical support under compression, in the presence of ES they should also enhance electro-osmotic flow (EOF) to a greater extent than proteins alone. To test this hypothesis, we compare EOF rates between artificial matrices of gelatin (denatured collagen) with matrices of gelatin mixed with anionic polymers to mimic endogenous charged macromolecules. We report that addition of anionic polymers amplifies EOF and that a matrix comprised of 0.5% polyacrylate and 1.5% gelatin generates EOF with similar rates to those reported in cartilage. The enhanced EOF reduces mortality of cells at lower applied voltage compared to gelatin matrices alone. We also use modeling to describe the range of thermal changes that occur during these electrokinetic experiments and during electrokinetic perfusion of soft tissues. We conclude that the negative charge density of native extracellular matrices promotes electrokinetic perfusion during electrical therapies in soft tissues and may promote survival of artificial tissues and organs prior to vascularization and during transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C. Walker
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
| | - Ashley M. Jorgensen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
| | - Anyesha Sarkar
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
| | - Stephen P. Gent
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
| | - Mark A. Messerli
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
- *Correspondence: Mark A. Messerli,
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7
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Lange F, Venus J, Shams Esfand Abady D, Porath K, Einsle A, Sellmann T, Neubert V, Reichart G, Linnebacher M, Köhling R, Kirschstein T. Galvanotactic Migration of Glioblastoma and Brain Metastases Cells. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12040580. [PMID: 35455071 PMCID: PMC9027426 DOI: 10.3390/life12040580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Galvanotaxis, the migration along direct current electrical fields, may contribute to the invasion of brain cancer cells in the tumor-surrounding tissue. We hypothesized that pharmacological perturbation of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor and downstream phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway prevent galvanotactic migration. In our study, patient-derived glioblastoma and brain metastases cells were exposed to direct current electrical field conditions. Velocity and direction of migration were estimated. To determine the effects of EGF receptor antagonist afatinib and AKT inhibitor capivasertib, assays of cell proliferation, apoptosis and immunoblot analyses were performed. Both inhibitors attenuated cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner and induced apoptosis. We found that most of the glioblastoma cells migrated preferentially in an anodal direction, while brain metastases cells were unaffected by direct current stimulations. Afatinib presented only a mild attenuation of galvanotaxis. In contrast, capivasertib abolished the migration of glioblastoma cells without genetic alterations in the PI3K/AKT pathway, but not in cells harboring PTEN mutation. In these cells, an increase in the activation of ERK1/2 may in part substitute the inhibition of the AKT pathway. Overall, our data demonstrate that glioblastoma cells migrate in the electrical field and the PI3K/AKT pathway was found to be highly involved in galvanotaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falko Lange
- Oscar-Langendorff-Institute of Physiology, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (J.V.); (D.S.E.A.); (K.P.); (A.E.); (T.S.); (V.N.); (G.R.); (R.K.); (T.K.)
- Center for Transdisciplinary Neurosciences Rostock, University of Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Jakob Venus
- Oscar-Langendorff-Institute of Physiology, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (J.V.); (D.S.E.A.); (K.P.); (A.E.); (T.S.); (V.N.); (G.R.); (R.K.); (T.K.)
| | - Daria Shams Esfand Abady
- Oscar-Langendorff-Institute of Physiology, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (J.V.); (D.S.E.A.); (K.P.); (A.E.); (T.S.); (V.N.); (G.R.); (R.K.); (T.K.)
| | - Katrin Porath
- Oscar-Langendorff-Institute of Physiology, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (J.V.); (D.S.E.A.); (K.P.); (A.E.); (T.S.); (V.N.); (G.R.); (R.K.); (T.K.)
| | - Anne Einsle
- Oscar-Langendorff-Institute of Physiology, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (J.V.); (D.S.E.A.); (K.P.); (A.E.); (T.S.); (V.N.); (G.R.); (R.K.); (T.K.)
| | - Tina Sellmann
- Oscar-Langendorff-Institute of Physiology, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (J.V.); (D.S.E.A.); (K.P.); (A.E.); (T.S.); (V.N.); (G.R.); (R.K.); (T.K.)
| | - Valentin Neubert
- Oscar-Langendorff-Institute of Physiology, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (J.V.); (D.S.E.A.); (K.P.); (A.E.); (T.S.); (V.N.); (G.R.); (R.K.); (T.K.)
| | - Gesine Reichart
- Oscar-Langendorff-Institute of Physiology, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (J.V.); (D.S.E.A.); (K.P.); (A.E.); (T.S.); (V.N.); (G.R.); (R.K.); (T.K.)
| | - Michael Linnebacher
- Molecular Oncology and Immunotherapy, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany;
| | - Rüdiger Köhling
- Oscar-Langendorff-Institute of Physiology, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (J.V.); (D.S.E.A.); (K.P.); (A.E.); (T.S.); (V.N.); (G.R.); (R.K.); (T.K.)
- Center for Transdisciplinary Neurosciences Rostock, University of Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany
| | - Timo Kirschstein
- Oscar-Langendorff-Institute of Physiology, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (J.V.); (D.S.E.A.); (K.P.); (A.E.); (T.S.); (V.N.); (G.R.); (R.K.); (T.K.)
- Center for Transdisciplinary Neurosciences Rostock, University of Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany
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8
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SenGupta S, Parent CA, Bear JE. The principles of directed cell migration. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2021; 22:529-547. [PMID: 33990789 PMCID: PMC8663916 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-021-00366-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Cells have the ability to respond to various types of environmental cues, and in many cases these cues induce directed cell migration towards or away from these signals. How cells sense these cues and how they transmit that information to the cytoskeletal machinery governing cell translocation is one of the oldest and most challenging problems in biology. Chemotaxis, or migration towards diffusible chemical cues, has been studied for more than a century, but information is just now beginning to emerge about how cells respond to other cues, such as substrate-associated cues during haptotaxis (chemical cues on the surface), durotaxis (mechanical substrate compliance) and topotaxis (geometric features of substrate). Here we propose four common principles, or pillars, that underlie all forms of directed migration. First, a signal must be generated, a process that in physiological environments is much more nuanced than early studies suggested. Second, the signal must be sensed, sometimes by cell surface receptors, but also in ways that are not entirely clear, such as in the case of mechanical cues. Third, the signal has to be transmitted from the sensing modules to the machinery that executes the actual movement, a step that often requires amplification. Fourth, the signal has to be converted into the application of asymmetric force relative to the substrate, which involves mostly the cytoskeleton, but perhaps other players as well. Use of these four pillars has allowed us to compare some of the similarities between different types of directed migration, but also to highlight the remarkable diversity in the mechanisms that cells use to respond to different cues provided by their environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuvasree SenGupta
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Carole A Parent
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - James E Bear
- UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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9
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Sarkar A, Messerli MA. Electrokinetic Perfusion Through Three-Dimensional Culture Reduces Cell Mortality. Tissue Eng Part A 2021; 27:1470-1479. [PMID: 33820474 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2021.0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell proliferation and survival are dependent on mass transfer. In vivo, fluid flow promotes mass transfer through the vasculature and interstitial space, providing a continuous supply of nutrients and removal of cellular waste products. In the absence of sufficient flow, mass transfer is limited by diffusion and poses significant challenges to cell survival during tissue engineering, tissue transplantation, and treatment of degenerative diseases. Artificial perfusion may overcome these challenges. In this work, we compare the efficacy of pressure driven perfusion (PDP) with electrokinetic perfusion (EKP) toward reducing cell mortality in three-dimensional cultures of Matrigel extracellular matrix. We characterize electro-osmotic flow through Matrigel to identify conditions that generate similar interstitial flow rates to those induced by pressure. We also compare changes in cell mortality induced by continuous or pulsed EKP. We report that continuous EKP significantly reduced mortality throughout the perfusion channels more consistently than PDP at similar flow rates, and pulsed EKP decreased mortality just as effectively as continuous EKP. We conclude that EKP has significant advantages over PDP for promoting tissue survival before neovascularization and angiogenesis. Impact statement Interstitial flow helps promote mass transfer and cell survival in tissues and organs. This study generated interstitial flow using pressure driven perfusion (PDP) or electrokinetic perfusion (EKP) to promote cell viability in three-dimensional cultures. EKP through charged extracellular matrices possesses significant advantages over PDP and may promote cell survival during tissue engineering, transplantations, and treatment of degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anyesha Sarkar
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Mark A Messerli
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
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10
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Muttaqin A, Syukur S, Yulkifli Y, Alimuddin T. Direct-current electric field effect on the viability of HeLa cell line. Electromagn Biol Med 2021; 40:41-48. [PMID: 33183075 DOI: 10.1080/15368378.2020.1846193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Electric fields affect cell life, cancer cells are not spared. Research on the effectiveness of electric fields on the life of cancer cells is carried out using HeLa cells as target cells receiving an electric-field treatment for 24 h. This study is a laboratory experimental study of the viability of cancer cells (HeLa cells), measured by employing the MTT assay method. Experiments are carried out by administering a low direct-current electric field utilizing a couple of aluminum electrode plates on the HeLa cell line, planted in a micro-culture plate with voltages ranging from 46.67 V/m to 600.00 V/m. The dcEF was found to have a profound inhibitory effect on HeLa cell line viability, except at dcEF 93.33 V/m which shows anomalies, in the form of increased viability over control viability (115%). The mortality index reaches almost 100% when induced by dcEF>300.00 V/m. It was observed that the HeLa cell size is larger after dcEF induction was applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afdhal Muttaqin
- Program Studi Ilmu Biomedik, Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas Andalas Indonesia , Padang, Indonesia
| | - Sumaryati Syukur
- Program Studi Ilmu Biomedik, Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas Andalas Indonesia , Padang, Indonesia
| | - Yulkifli Yulkifli
- Program Studi Ilmu Biomedik, Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas Andalas Indonesia , Padang, Indonesia
| | - Tofrizal Alimuddin
- Program Studi Ilmu Biomedik, Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas Andalas Indonesia , Padang, Indonesia
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11
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Kennard AS, Theriot JA. Osmolarity-independent electrical cues guide rapid response to injury in zebrafish epidermis. eLife 2020; 9:e62386. [PMID: 33225997 PMCID: PMC7721437 DOI: 10.7554/elife.62386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of epithelial tissues to heal after injury is essential for animal life, yet the mechanisms by which epithelial cells sense tissue damage are incompletely understood. In aquatic organisms such as zebrafish, osmotic shock following injury is believed to be an early and potent activator of a wound response. We find that, in addition to sensing osmolarity, basal skin cells in zebrafish larvae are also sensitive to changes in the particular ionic composition of their surroundings after wounding, specifically the concentration of sodium chloride in the immediate vicinity of the wound. This sodium chloride-specific wound detection mechanism is independent of cell swelling, and instead is suggestive of a mechanism by which cells sense changes in the transepithelial electrical potential generated by the transport of sodium and chloride ions across the skin. Consistent with this hypothesis, we show that electric fields directly applied within the skin are sufficient to initiate actin polarization and migration of basal cells in their native epithelial context in vivo, even overriding endogenous wound signaling. This suggests that, in order to mount a robust wound response, skin cells respond to both osmotic and electrical perturbations arising from tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Kennard
- Biophysics Program, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Julie A Theriot
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
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12
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Zajdel TJ, Shim G, Wang L, Rossello-Martinez A, Cohen DJ. SCHEEPDOG: Programming Electric Cues to Dynamically Herd Large-Scale Cell Migration. Cell Syst 2020; 10:506-514.e3. [PMID: 32684277 PMCID: PMC7779114 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2020.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Directed cell migration is critical across biological processes spanning healing to cancer invasion, yet no existing tools allow real-time interactive guidance over such migration. We present a new bioreactor that harnesses electrotaxis-directed cell migration along electric field gradients-by integrating four independent electrodes under computer control to dynamically program electric field patterns, and hence steer cell migration. Using this platform, we programmed and characterized multiple precise, two-dimensional collective migration maneuvers in renal epithelia and primary skin keratinocyte ensembles. First, we demonstrated on-demand, 90-degree collective turning. Next, we developed a universal electrical stimulation scheme capable of programming arbitrary 2D migration maneuvers such as precise angular turns and migration in a complete circle. Our stimulation scheme proves that cells effectively time-average electric field cues, helping to elucidate the transduction timescales in electrotaxis. Together, this work represents an enabling platform for controlling cell migration with broad utility across many cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom J Zajdel
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Gawoon Shim
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Linus Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Alejandro Rossello-Martinez
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Department of Aeronautics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Daniel J Cohen
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
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