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Zhou X, Yang Q, Bi L, Wang S. Integrating traditional apprenticeship and modern educational approaches in traditional Chinese medicine education. MEDICAL TEACHER 2024; 46:792-807. [PMID: 38052086 DOI: 10.1080/0142159x.2023.2284661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The traditional apprenticeship system and modern educational models both contribute to traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) education in unique ways. This study aims to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of these approaches and investigates their potential integration for optimal TCM teaching. METHODS The study employs a comprehensive literature search strategy with specific keywords through Boolean Operators, focusing on articles discussing TCM education, sourced from the databases PubMed, Scopus, and CNKI. For comparative analysis, the study analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of three distinct approaches-traditional, modern, and hybrid-in TCM education. Finally, we use a spider plot methodology to visually evaluate across 11 critical educational aspects for these approaches. RESULTS A comprehensive review of 70 articles on TCM education highlights the value of both conventional and modern approaches. Conventional methods often emphasize teacher-centered clinical training that aligns well with the apprenticeship model, serving to bridge formal academic learning with hands-on experience. Modern methods incorporate elements like technology and formal accreditation but caution that the absence of traditional apprenticeship could dilute core TCM principles. One recurring theme across multiple studies is the enduring importance of apprenticeship-a pedagogical cornerstone rooted in TCM's historical and cultural context-as well as its tension with modern methodologies that incorporate online resources and scientific frameworks. An integrated approach attempts to harmonize these strengths but reveals a gap in interactivity, suggesting that incorporating apprenticeship could offer a practical, hands-on method to improve student engagement. CONCLUSIONS Conventional methods in TCM education emphasize teacher-centered clinical training akin to apprenticeship, modern methods incorporate technological advances and formal accreditation; however, the absence of traditional apprenticeship could compromise core TCM principles, and an integrated model, though striving to harmonize these elements, still falls short in the area of student interactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanxuan Zhou
- Department of Natural Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qian Yang
- Department of Natural Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Linlin Bi
- Department of Natural Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Siwang Wang
- Department of Natural Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Lin CH, Tan YF, Tseng ST, Chen WC, Kuo CW, Wu CC, Tsai TM, Hu WL, Chang TC, Hung YC. Meridian study on the response current affected by acupuncture needling direction. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e30338. [PMID: 36107585 PMCID: PMC9439725 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000030338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Acupuncture manipulation with needling direction is important for the therapeutic effect based on traditional Chinese medicine theory. However, there is controversy over directional manipulation and therapeutic effect, despite some research showing that acupuncture manipulations may have something to do with therapeutic effect. Moreover, research usually focuses on the therapeutic effects on the acupoints and acupuncture time rather than exploring the manipulation method. This study applies a semiconductor analyzer to investigate the effects of acupuncture manipulation. 10 healthy participants were recruited for the study. We used a cross-over design to compare the effect of different manipulation on individuals. This study employed an Agilent B1500A semiconductor analyzer to investigate the electric characteristics of meridians under directional supplementation and draining manipulation. We measured the electric current of meridians under different manipulation, and compared the difference between supplementation and draining manipulation in healthy individuals. The electric current was significantly larger in supplementation manipulation compared to draining manipulation in the meridians (P < .001). The measured electric current in the same manipulation methods did not show a statistical difference between meridians (P = .094). The different directional manipulation result in different electric currents in humans. Our finding implies that the supplementation and draining manipulation may result in different therapeutic effects clinically as the description of traditional Chinese medicine theory. Therefore, directional manipulation may need to be taken into consideration in future acupuncture studies and clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Hung Lin
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Fang Tan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ting Tseng
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chung Chen
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Wei Kuo
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chuan Wu
- Department of Materials and Optoelectronic Science, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Ming Tsai
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Long Hu
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- College of Nursing, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Kaohsiung Medical College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Chang Chang
- Department of Physics, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Yu-Chiang Hung, Department of Chinese Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No. 123, Dapi Road, Niaosong District, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan (e-mail: ); Ting-Chang Chang, Department of Physics, and also with the Center of Crystal Research, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan (e-mail: )
| | - Yu-Chiang Hung
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Yu-Chiang Hung, Department of Chinese Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No. 123, Dapi Road, Niaosong District, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan (e-mail: ); Ting-Chang Chang, Department of Physics, and also with the Center of Crystal Research, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan (e-mail: )
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Zekri ARN, Easa Amer K, Hafez MM, Hassan ZK, Ahmed OS, Soliman HK, Bahnasy AA, Abdel Hamid W, Gad A, Ali M, Ali Hassan W, Samir Madboly M, Abdel Raouf A, Khattab AA, Salah El Din Hamdy M, Sherif Soliman M, Hamdi El Sissy M, Mohamed El Khateeb S, Hosny Ezzelarab M, Fathalla LA, Abouelhoda M. Genomic characterization of SARS-CoV-2 in Egypt. J Adv Res 2020; 30:123-132. [PMID: 33262895 PMCID: PMC7688418 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2020.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread throughout the globe, causing a pandemic. In Egypt over 115,000 individuals were infected so far. Objective In the present study, the objective is to perform a complete genome sequence of SAR-CoV2 isolated from Egyptian coronavirus disease (COVID-19) patients. Methods Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from 61 COVID-19 patients who attended at National Cancer Institute, Kasr Al-Aini Hospital and the army hospital. Viral RNA was extracted and whole genomic sequencing was conducted using Next Generation Sequencing. Results In all cases, the sequenced virus has at least 99% identity to the reference Wuhan 1. The sequence analysis showed 204 distinct genome variations including 114 missense mutations, 72 synonymous mutations, 1 disruptive in-frame deletion, 7 downstream gene mutations, 6 upstream gene mutations, 3 frame-shift deletions, and 1 in-frame deletion. The most dominant clades were G/GH/GR/O and the dominant type is B. Conclusion The whole genomic sequence of SARS-CoV2 showed 204 variations in the genomes of the Egyptian isolates, where the Asp614Gly (D614G) substitution is the most common among the samples (60/61). So far, there were no strikingly variations specific to the Egyptian population, at least for this set of samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdel-Rahman N Zekri
- Cancer Biology Department, Virology and Immunology Unit, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, 11796, Egypt
| | - Khaled Easa Amer
- Egypt Center for Research and Regenerative Medicine ECRRM, Egypt
| | - Mohammed M Hafez
- Cancer Biology Department, Virology and Immunology Unit, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, 11796, Egypt
| | - Zeinab K Hassan
- Cancer Biology Department, Virology and Immunology Unit, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, 11796, Egypt
| | - Ola S Ahmed
- Cancer Biology Department, Virology and Immunology Unit, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, 11796, Egypt
| | - Hany K Soliman
- Cancer Biology Department, Virology and Immunology Unit, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, 11796, Egypt
| | - Abeer A Bahnasy
- Surgical Pathology Department National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, 11796, Egypt
| | | | - Ahmad Gad
- Military Central Laboratories, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Ali
- Egypt Center for Research and Regenerative Medicine ECRRM, Egypt
| | - Wael Ali Hassan
- Egypt Center for Research and Regenerative Medicine ECRRM, Egypt
| | | | | | - Ayman A Khattab
- Egypt Center for Research and Regenerative Medicine ECRRM, Egypt
| | | | - May Sherif Soliman
- Clinical and Chemical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Maha Hamdi El Sissy
- Clinical and Chemical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | | | | | - Lamiaa A Fathalla
- Clinical Pathology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University 11796, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Abouelhoda
- Systems and Biomedical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt
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