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Large Animal Models of Cell-Free Cardiac Regeneration. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10101392. [PMID: 33003617 PMCID: PMC7600588 DOI: 10.3390/biom10101392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The adult mammalian heart lacks the ability to sufficiently regenerate itself, leading to the progressive deterioration of function and heart failure after ischemic injuries such as myocardial infarction. Thus far, cell-based therapies have delivered unsatisfactory results, prompting the search for cell-free alternatives that can induce the heart to repair itself through cardiomyocyte proliferation, angiogenesis, and advantageous remodeling. Large animal models are an invaluable step toward translating basic research into clinical applications. In this review, we give an overview of the state-of-the-art in cell-free cardiac regeneration therapies that have been tested in large animal models, mainly pigs. Cell-free cardiac regeneration therapies involve stem cell secretome- and extracellular vesicles (including exosomes)-induced cardiac repair, RNA-based therapies, mainly regarding microRNAs, but also modified mRNA (modRNA) as well as other molecules including growth factors and extracellular matrix components. Various methods for the delivery of regenerative substances are used, including adenoviral vectors (AAVs), microencapsulation, and microparticles. Physical stimulation methods and direct cardiac reprogramming approaches are also discussed.
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Rios-Navarro C, Ortega M, Marcos-Garces V, Gavara J, de Dios E, Perez-Sole N, Chorro FJ, Bodi V, Ruiz-Sauri A. Interstitial changes after reperfused myocardial infarction in swine: morphometric and genetic analysis. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:262. [PMID: 32727469 PMCID: PMC7388500 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02465-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Following myocardial infarction (MI), we aimed to characterize morphometric and genetic changes in extracellular matrix (ECM) components from ischemia onset until late phases after coronary reperfusion in necrotic and salvaged myocardium. Results Swine were divided into one control (n = 5) and three MI groups: 90-min of ischemia without reperfusion, or followed by 1-week or 1-month reperfusion (n = 5 per group). In samples from the necrotic and salvaged areas, ECM components were morphometrically quantified and mRNA levels of factors involved in ECM remodeling were evaluated. After 90-min of ischemia, fibronectin, laminin, and elastic fibers content as well as upregulated mRNA expression of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP)1, TIMP2, TIMP3 and connective tissue growth factor increased in the necrotic and salvaged myocardium. In both reperfused MI groups, collagen-I, collagen-III, elastic fibers, glycosaminoglycans, laminin, and fibronectin levels heightened in the necrotic but not the salvaged myocardium. Moreover, mRNA expression of TIMP1, TIMP2 and TIMP3, as well as metalloproteinase-2 and metalloproteinase-9 heightened in the necrotic but not in the salvaged myocardium. Conclusions Matrix remodeling starts after ischemia onset in both necrotic and salvaged myocardium. Even if ECM composition from the salvaged myocardium was altered after severe ischemia, ECM makes a full recovery to normal composition after reperfusion. Therefore, rapid coronary reperfusion is essential not only to save cardiomyocytes but also to preserve matrix, thus avoiding impaired left ventricular remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Ortega
- Pathology Department, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Av Blasco Ibañez 15, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Victor Marcos-Garces
- Cardiology Department, Hospital Clinico Universitario, Av Blasco Ibanez, 17 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jose Gavara
- INCLIVA Health Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
| | - Elena de Dios
- INCLIVA Health Research Institute, Valencia, Spain.,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Francisco J Chorro
- INCLIVA Health Research Institute, Valencia, Spain.,Cardiology Department, Hospital Clinico Universitario, Av Blasco Ibanez, 17 46010, Valencia, Spain.,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red - Cardiovascular (CIBER-CV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicente Bodi
- INCLIVA Health Research Institute, Valencia, Spain. .,Cardiology Department, Hospital Clinico Universitario, Av Blasco Ibanez, 17 46010, Valencia, Spain. .,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red - Cardiovascular (CIBER-CV), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Amparo Ruiz-Sauri
- INCLIVA Health Research Institute, Valencia, Spain. .,Pathology Department, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Av Blasco Ibañez 15, 46010, Valencia, Spain.
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