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Czerny M, Grabenwöger M, Berger T, Aboyans V, Della Corte A, Chen EP, Desai ND, Dumfarth J, Elefteriades JA, Etz CD, Kim KM, Kreibich M, Lescan M, Di Marco L, Martens A, Mestres CA, Milojevic M, Nienaber CA, Piffaretti G, Preventza O, Quintana E, Rylski B, Schlett CL, Schoenhoff F, Trimarchi S, Tsagakis K, Siepe M, Estrera AL, Bavaria JE, Pacini D, Okita Y, Evangelista A, Harrington KB, Kachroo P, Hughes GC. EACTS/STS Guidelines for Diagnosing and Treating Acute and Chronic Syndromes of the Aortic Organ. Ann Thorac Surg 2024; 118:5-115. [PMID: 38416090 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2024.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Czerny
- Clinic for Cardiovascular Surgery, Department University Heart Center Freiburg Bad Krozingen, University Clinic Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Martin Grabenwöger
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Clinic Floridsdorf, Vienna, Austria; Medical Faculty, Sigmund Freud Private University, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Tim Berger
- Clinic for Cardiovascular Surgery, Department University Heart Center Freiburg Bad Krozingen, University Clinic Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Victor Aboyans
- Department of Cardiology, Dupuytren-2 University Hospital, Limoges, France; EpiMaCT, Inserm 1094 & IRD 270, Limoges University, Limoges, France
| | - Alessandro Della Corte
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy; Cardiac Surgery Unit, Monaldi Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Edward P Chen
- Division of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Nimesh D Desai
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Julia Dumfarth
- University Clinic for Cardiac Surgery, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - John A Elefteriades
- Aortic Institute at Yale New Haven Hospital, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Christian D Etz
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Medicine Rostock, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Karen M Kim
- Division of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, The University of Texas at Austin/Dell Medical School, Austin, Texas
| | - Maximilian Kreibich
- Clinic for Cardiovascular Surgery, Department University Heart Center Freiburg Bad Krozingen, University Clinic Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mario Lescan
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University Medical Centre Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Luca Di Marco
- Cardiac Surgery Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andreas Martens
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Klinikum Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany; The Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Carlos A Mestres
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery and the Robert WM Frater Cardiovascular Research Centre, The University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Milan Milojevic
- Department of Cardiac Surgery and Cardiovascular Research, Dedinje Cardiovascular Institute, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Christoph A Nienaber
- Division of Cardiology at the Royal Brompton & Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriele Piffaretti
- Vascular Surgery Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria School of Medicine, Varese, Italy
| | - Ourania Preventza
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Eduard Quintana
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bartosz Rylski
- Clinic for Cardiovascular Surgery, Department University Heart Center Freiburg Bad Krozingen, University Clinic Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christopher L Schlett
- Faculty of Medicine, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Florian Schoenhoff
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Bern, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Santi Trimarchi
- Department of Cardiac Thoracic and Vascular Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Konstantinos Tsagakis
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Medicine Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Matthias Siepe
- EACTS Review Coordinator; Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Bern, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anthony L Estrera
- STS Review Coordinator; Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, McGovern Medical School at UTHealth Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Joseph E Bavaria
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Davide Pacini
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, S. Orsola University Hospital, IRCCS Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Yutaka Okita
- Cardio-Aortic Center, Takatsuki General Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Arturo Evangelista
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center on Cardiovascular Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Departament of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain; Instituto del Corazón, Quirónsalud-Teknon, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Katherine B Harrington
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Baylor Scott and White The Heart Hospital, Plano, Texas
| | - Puja Kachroo
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - G Chad Hughes
- Division of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
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2
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Sumii K, Ichimura T, Nakagawa H, Kitamura A. Transesophageal Echocardiographic Evaluation of Coronary Blood Flow and the Initial Flap Assisting in the Surgical Decision-Making: A Case of Acute Type A Aortic Dissection. Cureus 2024; 16:e61872. [PMID: 38975408 PMCID: PMC11227659 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.61872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute aortic dissection is a life-threatening condition. Myocardial ischemia associated with dissection occurs due to direct extension into the coronary artery or indirect involvement of the coronary ostia secondary to the dissection flap. Thus, the surgical procedure may require coronary reconstruction, in addition to aortic replacement. We experienced a case in which coronary artery reconstruction could be avoided because intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography showed that the aortic flap did not obstruct the right coronary artery in systole, and pulsed Doppler imaging indicated that there was sufficient coronary blood flow. This case shows that it is critical to establish a correct and early diagnosis and to proceed with the appropriate treatment for patients with myocardial ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Sumii
- Anesthesiology, Saitama International Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, JPN
| | - Takuya Ichimura
- Anesthesiology, Saitama International Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, JPN
| | - Hideyuki Nakagawa
- Anesthesiology, Saitama International Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, JPN
| | - Akira Kitamura
- Anesthesiology, Saitama International Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, JPN
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3
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Saito Y, Kanagami T, Kobayashi Y. Reply to: The role of CT in acute type A aortic intramural hematoma. Int J Cardiol 2024; 397:131648. [PMID: 38072132 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2023.131648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Saito
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan.
| | - Teruaki Kanagami
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan; Department of Cardiology, Chiba Rosai Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshio Kobayashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
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4
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Czerny M, Grabenwöger M, Berger T, Aboyans V, Della Corte A, Chen EP, Desai ND, Dumfarth J, Elefteriades JA, Etz CD, Kim KM, Kreibich M, Lescan M, Di Marco L, Martens A, Mestres CA, Milojevic M, Nienaber CA, Piffaretti G, Preventza O, Quintana E, Rylski B, Schlett CL, Schoenhoff F, Trimarchi S, Tsagakis K. EACTS/STS Guidelines for diagnosing and treating acute and chronic syndromes of the aortic organ. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2024; 65:ezad426. [PMID: 38408364 DOI: 10.1093/ejcts/ezad426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Czerny
- Clinic for Cardiovascular Surgery, Department University Heart Center Freiburg Bad Krozingen, University Clinic Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin Grabenwöger
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Clinic Floridsdorf, Vienna, Austria
- Medical Faculty, Sigmund Freud Private University, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tim Berger
- Clinic for Cardiovascular Surgery, Department University Heart Center Freiburg Bad Krozingen, University Clinic Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Victor Aboyans
- Department of Cardiology, Dupuytren-2 University Hospital, Limoges, France
- EpiMaCT, Inserm 1094 & IRD 270, Limoges University, Limoges, France
| | - Alessandro Della Corte
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
- Cardiac Surgery Unit, Monaldi Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Edward P Chen
- Division of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Nimesh D Desai
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Julia Dumfarth
- University Clinic for Cardiac Surgery, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - John A Elefteriades
- Aortic Institute at Yale New Haven Hospital, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Christian D Etz
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Medicine Rostock, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Karen M Kim
- Division of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, The University of Texas at Austin/Dell Medical School, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Maximilian Kreibich
- Clinic for Cardiovascular Surgery, Department University Heart Center Freiburg Bad Krozingen, University Clinic Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mario Lescan
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University Medical Centre Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Luca Di Marco
- Cardiac Surgery Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andreas Martens
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Klinikum Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- The Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Carlos A Mestres
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery and the Robert WM Frater Cardiovascular Research Centre, The University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Milan Milojevic
- Department of Cardiac Surgery and Cardiovascular Research, Dedinje Cardiovascular Institute, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Christoph A Nienaber
- Division of Cardiology at the Royal Brompton & Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Gabriele Piffaretti
- Vascular Surgery Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria School of Medicine, Varese, Italy
| | - Ourania Preventza
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Eduard Quintana
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bartosz Rylski
- Clinic for Cardiovascular Surgery, Department University Heart Center Freiburg Bad Krozingen, University Clinic Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christopher L Schlett
- Faculty of Medicine, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Florian Schoenhoff
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Bern, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Santi Trimarchi
- Department of Cardiac Thoracic and Vascular Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Konstantinos Tsagakis
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Medicine Essen, Essen, Germany
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Yamamoto K, Saito Y, Hashimoto O, Nakayama T, Okino S, Sakai Y, Nakamura Y, Fukuzawa S, Himi T, Kobayashi Y. Biomarkers for Risk Stratification in Patients With Type A Acute Aortic Dissection. Am J Cardiol 2024; 212:103-108. [PMID: 38040278 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2023.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Type A acute aortic dissection (AAD) is a fatal disease and thus, accurate and objective risk stratification is essential. In this study, we evaluated the prognostic value of readily available and assessable biomarkers in patients with type A AAD. This was a retrospective, multicenter, observational study. A total of 703 patients with type A AAD diagnosed using contrast-enhanced computed tomography were included. Therapeutic strategies were left to the physician's discretion in a real-world clinical setting. The prognostic value for in-hospital mortality was examined in 15 circulating biomarkers on admission, which are routinely available in clinical practice. Of the 703 patients, 126 (17.9%) died during the hospitalization. Of the 15 biomarkers, the multivariable analysis identified positive cardiac troponin, a low total bilirubin (T-Bil) level, and increased levels of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) as significant predictors of in-hospital death. The receiver operating characteristics curve analysis showed that these 4 biomarkers had an independent additive prognostic value. With the cut-off values of T-Bil, BNP, and LDH, in combination with positive troponin, the increase in the number of positive biomarkers was progressively associated with higher in-hospital mortality from 1.3% to 9.8%, 20.5%, 36.4%, and 75.0% (p <0.001). In conclusion, in patients with type A AAD, positive cardiac troponin, a low T-Bil level, and increased levels of BNP and LDH on admission were related to higher in-hospital mortality, with an incremental prognostic value, suggesting that the readily available and assessable biomarkers can aid in decision-making in therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayo Yamamoto
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yuichi Saito
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan.
| | - Osamu Hashimoto
- Department of Cardiology, Chiba Emergency Medical Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakayama
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Narita, Japan
| | - Shinichi Okino
- Department of Cardiology, Funabashi Municipal Medical Center, Funabashi, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Sakai
- Department of Cardiology, Chiba Emergency Medical Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshitake Nakamura
- Division of Cardiology, Chiba Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Ichihara, Japan
| | - Shigeru Fukuzawa
- Department of Cardiology, Funabashi Municipal Medical Center, Funabashi, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Himi
- Division of Cardiology, Kimitsu Central Hospital, Kisarazu, Japan
| | - Yoshio Kobayashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
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6
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Kanagami T, Saito Y, Hashimoto O, Nakayama T, Okino S, Sakai Y, Nakamura Y, Fukuzawa S, Himi T, Kobayashi Y. Clinical characteristics and outcomes in patients with acute type A aortic intramural hematoma. Int J Cardiol 2023; 391:131355. [PMID: 37696364 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2023.131355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although type A acute aortic dissection (AAD) including classic double-channel aorta and intramural hematoma (IMH) is a life-threatening condition, the prognostic impact and predictors of IMH remain to be established. The present study evaluated the prevalence, baseline characteristics, and outcomes of IMH as compared with classic non-thrombosed type A AAD. METHODS This multicenter registry in Japan retrospectively included 703 patients with type A AAD. IMH was defined as a crescentic or circular area along the ascending aortic wall without contrast enhancement on computed tomography (CT). Non-thrombosed type A AAD was defined as the classic double-channel ascending aorta on contrast-enhanced CT. The primary endpoint was in-hospital mortality. RESULTS Of the 703 patients with type A AAD, 312 (44.3%) had IMH. Older age was an only baseline patient factor significantly associated with the presence of IMH in the multivariable analysis. The longitudinal extent of dissection was greater in patients with classic non-thrombosed AAD than those with IMH, resulting in an increased risk of end-organ malperfusion in the classic AAD group. During the hospitalization, 41 (13.1%) and 85 (21.7%) patients with and without IMH died (p < 0.001). IMH was associated with lower in-hospital mortality in a multivariable model, irrespective of age and the implementation of surgery. CONCLUSIONS The present study showed that IMH on CT was frequent among patients with type A AAD. Although IMH was more likely to be present in the elderly, its effect on the better survival was independent of age and surgical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruaki Kanagami
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan; Department of Cardiology, Chiba Rosai Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yuichi Saito
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan.
| | - Osamu Hashimoto
- Department of Cardiology, Chiba Emergency Medical Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakayama
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Narita, Japan
| | - Shinichi Okino
- Department of Cardiology, Funabashi Municipal Medical Center, Funabashi, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Sakai
- Department of Cardiology, Chiba Emergency Medical Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshitake Nakamura
- Division of Cardiology, Chiba Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Ichihara, Japan
| | - Shigeru Fukuzawa
- Department of Cardiology, Funabashi Municipal Medical Center, Funabashi, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Himi
- Division of Cardiology, Kimitsu Central Hospital, Kisarazu, Japan
| | - Yoshio Kobayashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
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7
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Saito Y, Ichihara S, Hashimoto O, Nakayama T, Sasaki H, Yumoto K, Oshima S, Tobaru T, Kushida S, Kanda J, Sakai Y, Okino S, Fukuzawa S, Abiko A, Itoh T, Nakamura Y, Nakashima T, Yasuda S, Goto K, Takebayashi H, Oshitomi T, Sakamoto T, Kojima S, Otsuka Y, Himi T, Inagaki Y, Yamaguchi J, Hagiya K, Nanasato M, Kobayashi Y. Timing of Recognition of Type A Acute Aortic Dissection in Acute Myocardial Infarction. Am J Cardiol 2023; 207:428-430. [PMID: 37797549 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2023.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Saito
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan.
| | - Shinya Ichihara
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Asahi General Hospital, Asahi, Japan
| | - Osamu Hashimoto
- Department of Cardiology, Chiba Emergency Medical Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakayama
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Narita, Japan
| | - Haruka Sasaki
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan; Departments of Cardiology, Kawasaki Saiwai Hospital, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Keita Yumoto
- Cardiovascular Surgery, Kawasaki Saiwai Hospital, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Susumu Oshima
- Aortic Surgery, Kawasaki Saiwai Hospital, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Tobaru
- Departments of Cardiology, Kawasaki Saiwai Hospital, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Shunichi Kushida
- Department of Cardiology, Chiba Emergency Medical Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Junji Kanda
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Asahi General Hospital, Asahi, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Sakai
- Department of Cardiology, Chiba Emergency Medical Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shinichi Okino
- Department of Cardiology, Funabashi Municipal Medical Center, Funabashi, Japan
| | - Shigeru Fukuzawa
- Department of Cardiology, Funabashi Municipal Medical Center, Funabashi, Japan
| | - Akihiko Abiko
- Divisions of Cardiology, Iwate Medical University Hospital, Yahaba, Japan
| | - Tomonori Itoh
- Divisions of Cardiology, Iwate Medical University Hospital, Yahaba, Japan; Department of Internal Medicine and Community Medicine, Department of Medical Education, Iwate Medical University Hospital, Yahaba, Japan
| | - Yoshitake Nakamura
- Division of Cardiology, Chiba Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Ichihara, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nakashima
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yasuda
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kenji Goto
- Division of Cardiology, Fukuyama Cardiovascular Hospital, Fukuyama, Japan
| | - Hideo Takebayashi
- Division of Cardiology, Fukuyama Cardiovascular Hospital, Fukuyama, Japan
| | - Takashi Oshitomi
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Surgery, Saiseikai Kumamoto Hospital, Kumamato, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Sakamoto
- Divisions of Cardiology, Saiseikai Kumamoto Hospital, Kumamato, Japan
| | - Sunao Kojima
- Department of General Internal Medicine 3, Kawasaki Medical School General Medical Center, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yoritaka Otsuka
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Fukuoka Kieikai Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Himi
- Division of Cardiology, Kimitsu Central Hospital, Kisarazu, Japan
| | - Yusuke Inagaki
- Department of Cardiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junichi Yamaguchi
- Department of Cardiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenichi Hagiya
- Department of Cardiology, Sakakibara Heart Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mamoru Nanasato
- Department of Cardiology, Sakakibara Heart Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshio Kobayashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
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8
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Pitts L, Kofler M, Montagner M, Heck R, Kurz SD, Buz S, Falk V, Kempfert J. The impact of malperfusion patterns in elderly patients undergoing surgery for acute type A aortic dissection. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2023; 64:ezad288. [PMID: 37589652 DOI: 10.1093/ejcts/ezad288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study is to investigate the outcome of elderly patients with surgically treated acute type A aortic dissection (ATAAD) complicated by malperfusion. METHODS Patients ≥70 years old who underwent surgical treatment for ATAAD between January 2000 and December 2020 were enrolled in this study and stratified by their specific Penn Classification into 4 different subgroups, where Penn Abc was defined as multilevel malperfusion. Short- and long-term outcomes were investigated. Multivariable binary logistic regression was performed to identify risk factors for 1-year mortality. RESULTS Four hundred elderly patients underwent surgical treatment for ATAAD. A total of 204 (51%) patients had no evidence of malperfusion (Penn Aa), 106 (26.5%) had localized organic malperfusion (Penn Ab), 44 (11%) patients had systemic malperfusion (Penn Ac) and 46 (11.5%) suffered from multilevel malperfusion (Penn Abc). For the latter, in-hospital mortality was 70% (P < 0.001). Age (P < 0.006) and multilevel malperfusion (P < 0.001) were independent risk factors for 1-year mortality. Patients with multilevel malperfusion showed the worst 1-year survival (P < 0.001). In the case of Penn Aa, in-hospital mortality was 13% (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Surgery may lead to satisfactory results in the absence of malperfusion, even in octogenarians. Elderly patients with multilevel malperfusion show very poor surgical outcome. In these patients, the decision for surgery should be taken with caution. Operation, if performed, should be carried out by experienced teams only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Pitts
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité (DHZC), Berlin, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Kofler
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité (DHZC), Berlin, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matteo Montagner
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité (DHZC), Berlin, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Roland Heck
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité (DHZC), Berlin, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan D Kurz
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité (DHZC), Berlin, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Semih Buz
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité (DHZC), Berlin, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site, Berlin, Germany
| | - Volkmar Falk
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité (DHZC), Berlin, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Translational Cardiovascular Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Kempfert
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité (DHZC), Berlin, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site, Berlin, Germany
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9
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Yu J, Yu W, Zeng H, Gao J, Xiong J. Case report: Surgery combined with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for a patient with type A aortic dissection complicated with myocardial infarction after percutaneous coronary intervention. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1205373. [PMID: 37485265 PMCID: PMC10360360 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1205373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Aortic dissection (AD) is a severe cardiovascular disease characterized by aortic rupture, aortic valve insufficiency, aortic branch lumen stenosis, and occlusion. Acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction may be the primary manifestation when aortic dissection affects the coronary artery, leading to delayed or missed diagnosis of aortic dissection, and preventing patients from receiving timely and comprehensive treatment. Simultaneous aortic repair and coronary artery bypass grafting surgery are controversial because of their high mortality rates. Personalized and optimal treatment plans for patients should be taken seriously based on their different conditions and treatment options. Case presentation A 42-year-old man who experienced 1 h of persistent precordialgia was admitted to a local second-level hospital for emergency treatment. Electrocardiogram (ECG) showed evidence of ST-segment elevation, and myocardial enzyme levels were CK-MB 18.35 ng/ml and troponin 0.42 ng/ml. The patient was treated for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and urgently sent to the interventional catheter room. Coronary angiography showed stenosis of the starting part of the right coronary artery trunk. Thus, stent implantation was performed, and the stenosis section recovered patency; however, postoperative precordialgia was not alleviated. Computed tomography angiography (CTA) revealed a type A AD. The patient was immediately transferred to a higher-level hospital, underwent emergency surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) ascending aorta replacement, SUN's procedure (total arch replacement and stented elephant trunk implantation), and simultaneous implantation of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), and regained consciousness within intensive care unit care. ECMO was discontinued when hemodynamics stabilized. The patient ultimately recovered well and was discharged. Conclusion This case demonstrated that precordialgia is not limited to myocardial infarction but may also be accompanied by aortic dissection. Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) can timely and effectively restore coronary artery perfusion, strive for the opportunity of aortic repair surgery, and can overcome pump failure caused by myocardial infarction, cardiopulmonary bypass, heart block time, and myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Personalized treatment is crucial for patients with complex type A aortic dissection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjian Yu
- Department of Cardiac and Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Wenbo Yu
- The First Clinical Medical College of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Hui Zeng
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiac Surgery, Ningdu County People's Hospital, Ganzhou, China
| | - Jianfeng Gao
- The First Clinical Medical College of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Jianxian Xiong
- Department of Cardiac and Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
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10
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Ichihara S, Saito Y, Hashimoto O, Sasaki H, Yumoto K, Oshima S, Tobaru T, Kanda J, Sakai Y, Yasuda S. Timing of Myocardial Infarction Diagnosis in Type A Acute Aortic Dissection and Coronary Artery Involvement. JACC. ASIA 2023; 3:531-533. [PMID: 37396421 PMCID: PMC10308120 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacasi.2023.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuichi Saito
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8677, Japan
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11
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Wang W, Wang L, Chai C, Sun Q, Yuan Y, Wang T, Wu L, Tang Z. Prognostic impact of branch vessel involvement on organ malperfusion and mid-term survival in patients with acute type A aortic dissection. Int J Cardiol 2023; 381:81-87. [PMID: 37001645 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2023.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to investigate the impact of branch vessel involvement on organ malperfusion and mid-term survival in patients with acute type A aortic dissection (ATAAD). METHODS Between January 2019 and December 2020, 493 consecutive patients with angiographically confirmed ATAAD were retrospectively analysed. Preoperative computed tomography angiography parameters (branch artery involvement, longitudinal extent of dissection) were reviewed. The incidence of organ malperfusion, in-hospital mortality, and mid-term outcomes of patients with and without branch vessel involvement were compared. RESULTS Branch vessel involvement was detected in 407 patients (82.6%), and organ malperfusion was observed in 234 patients (47.5%). The incidence of organ malperfusion was significantly higher in patients with branch vessel involvement compared with patients without it (52.6% vs. 23.3%, p < 0.001). Patients with coronary artery involvement (32.5%) were more likely to manifest as clinical malperfusion, whereas it occurred only 19.4% in patients with renal artery involvement. In-hospital mortality was higher in patients with branch vessel involvement (19.9% vs. 8.1%, p = 0.010). Median follow-up time was 16.1 months. Two-year survival rate was lower in patients with branch vessel involvement (76.3% vs. 84.5%, p = 0.085) or organ malperfusion (68.3% vs. 86.0%, p < 0.001). Multivariable analysis identified cardiac, cerebral, visceral and renal malperfusion as independent predictors for in-hospital mortality. CONCLUSIONS Only a small proportion of branch vessel involvement was associated with corresponding organ malperfusion in patients with ATAAD. Branch vessel involvement had a greater effect on short-term outcomes than mid-term survival, and organ malperfusion was related to a worse prognosis beyond it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendan Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Chen Chai
- Emergency Centre, Hubei Clinical Research Centre for Emergency and Resuscitation, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Qi Sun
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yue Yuan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Tiantian Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Long Wu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Zehai Tang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
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12
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Saito Y, Oyama K, Tsujita K, Yasuda S, Kobayashi Y. Treatment strategies of acute myocardial infarction: updates on revascularization, pharmacological therapy, and beyond. J Cardiol 2023; 81:168-178. [PMID: 35882613 DOI: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2022.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Owing to recent advances in early reperfusion strategies, pharmacological therapy, standardized care, and the identification of vulnerable patient subsets, the prognosis of acute myocardial infarction has improved. However, there is still considerable room for improvement. This review article summarizes the latest evidence concerning clinical diagnosis and treatment of acute myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Saito
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan.
| | - Kazuma Oyama
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kenichi Tsujita
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yasuda
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoshio Kobayashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
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13
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Right versus left coronary artery involvement in patients with type A acute aortic dissection. Int J Cardiol 2023; 371:49-53. [PMID: 36257475 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2022.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type A acute aortic dissection (AAD) complicated by coronary malperfusion is a life-threatening disease. In the present study, we compared the clinical characteristics and prognostic impact of treatment strategies including surgical treatment and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in type A AAD patients with RCA and LCA involvement. METHODS This multicenter registry included 220 patients with type A AAD and either RCA or LCA involvement. Treatment strategies were left to treating physicians. The primary endpoint was in-hospital death. RESULTS Of 220 patients, 115 (52.3%) and 105 (47.7%) had RCA and LCA involvement. Patients with LCA involvement were more1 likely to present with Killip class IV on admission than those with RCA involvement. Coronary angiography was performed in 52 of 220 (23.6%) patients, among whom 39 (75.0%) underwent subsequent PCI. During the hospitalization, 93 (42.3%) patients died. Patients with LCA involvement had an increased risk of in-hospital mortality compared to those with RCA involvement (54.3% vs. 31.3%, p < 0.001). In patients with RCA involvement, multivariable analysis identified Killip class IV and no surgical treatment as predictors of in-hospital death, while PCI and surgical treatment were indicated as factors associated with lower in-hospital mortality in patients with LCA involvement. CONCLUSIONS The rates of RCA and LCA involvement were similar in type A AAD. Immediate PCI as a bridge to subsequent surgical treatment might improve survival in patients with type A AAD complicated by coronary malperfusion, especially in those with LCA involvement.
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He YB, Jin HZ, Zhao JL, Wang C, Ma WR, Xing J, Zhang XB, Zhang YY, Dai HD, Zhao NS, Zhang JF, Zhang GX, Zhang J. Single-cell transcriptomic analysis reveals differential cell subpopulations and distinct phenotype transition in normal and dissected ascending aorta. Mol Med 2022; 28:158. [PMID: 36536281 PMCID: PMC9764678 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-022-00584-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute thoracic aortic dissection (ATAD) is a fatal condition characterized by tear of intima, formation of false lumen and rupture of aorta. However, the subpopulations of normal and dissected aorta remain less studied. METHODS Single-cell RNA sequencing was performed including 5 patients with ATAD and 4 healthy controls. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence were used to verify the findings. RESULTS We got 8 cell types from human ascending aorta and identified 50 subpopulations including vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), endothelial cells, fibroblasts, neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages. Six transmembrane epithelial antigen of prostate 4 metalloreductase (STEAP4) was identified as a new marker of synthetic VSMCs. CytoTRACE identified subpopulations with higher differentiation potential in specified cell types including synthetic VSMCs, enolase 1+ fibroblasts and myeloid-derived neutrophils. Synthetic VSMCs-derived C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12) might interact with neutrophils and fibroblasts via C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) and atypical chemokine receptor 3 (ACKR3), respectively, which might recruit neutrophils and induce transdifferentitation of fibroblasts into synthetic VSMCs. CONCLUSION We characterized signatures of different cell types in normal and dissected human ascending aorta and identified a new marker for isolation of synthetic VSMCs. Moreover, we proposed a potential mechanism that synthetic VSMCs might interact with neutrophils and fibroblasts via CXCL12-CXCR4/ACKR3 axis whereby deteriorating the progression of ATAD, which might provide new insights to better understand the development and progression of ATAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-bin He
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No.241, West Huaihai Road, Shanghai, 200030 China
| | - Hai-zhen Jin
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Department of Central Laboratory, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin-long Zhao
- grid.412528.80000 0004 1798 5117Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Chong Wang
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No.241, West Huaihai Road, Shanghai, 200030 China
| | - Wen-rui Ma
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Cardiac Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Xing
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Department of Biobank, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-bin Zhang
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No.241, West Huaihai Road, Shanghai, 200030 China
| | - Yang-yang Zhang
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No.241, West Huaihai Road, Shanghai, 200030 China
| | - Huang-dong Dai
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No.241, West Huaihai Road, Shanghai, 200030 China
| | - Nai-shi Zhao
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No.241, West Huaihai Road, Shanghai, 200030 China
| | - Jian-feng Zhang
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No.241, West Huaihai Road, Shanghai, 200030 China
| | - Guan-xin Zhang
- grid.73113.370000 0004 0369 1660Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, No.168, Changhai Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No.241, West Huaihai Road, Shanghai, 200030 China
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