1
|
Vittorio O, Brandl M, Cirillo G, Kimpton K, Hinde E, Gaus K, Yee E, Kumar N, Duong H, Fleming C, Haber M, Norris M, Boyer C, Kavallaris M. Dextran-Catechin: An anticancer chemically-modified natural compound targeting copper that attenuates neuroblastoma growth. Oncotarget 2018; 7:47479-47493. [PMID: 27374085 PMCID: PMC5216955 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is frequently diagnosed at advanced stage disease and treatment includes high dose chemotherapy and surgery. Despite the use of aggressive therapy survival rates are poor and children that survive their disease experience long term side effects from their treatment, highlighting the need for effective and less toxic therapies. Catechin is a natural polyphenol with anti-cancer properties and limited side effects, however its mechanism of action is unknown. Here we report that Dextran-Catechin, a conjugated form of catechin that increases serum stability, is preferentially and markedly active against neuroblastoma cells having high levels of intracellular copper, without affecting non-malignant cells. Copper transporter 1 (CTR1) is the main transporter of copper in mammalian cells and it is upregulated in neuroblastoma. Functional studies showed that depletion of CTR1 expression reduced intracellular copper levels and led to a decrease in neuroblastoma cell sensitivity to Dextran-Catechin, implicating copper in the activity of this compound. Mechanistically, Dextran-Catechin was found to react with copper, inducing oxidative stress and decreasing glutathione levels, an intracellular antioxidant and regulator of copper homeostasis. In vivo, Dextran-Catechin significantly attenuated tumour growth in human xenograft and syngeneic models of neuroblastoma. Thus, Dextran-Catechin targets copper, inhibits tumour growth, and may be valuable in the treatment of aggressive neuroblastoma and other cancers dependent on copper for their growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Orazio Vittorio
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Australian Centre for NanoMedicine and ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Miriam Brandl
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Australian Centre for NanoMedicine and ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Giuseppe Cirillo
- Department of Pharmacy Health and Nutritional Science, University of Calabria Arcavacata di Rende, Arcavacata, Rende CS, Italy
| | - Kathleen Kimpton
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Hinde
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Katharina Gaus
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Eugene Yee
- School of Chemistry, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Naresh Kumar
- School of Chemistry, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Hien Duong
- School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Claudia Fleming
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michelle Haber
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Murray Norris
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,University of New South Wales Centre for Childhood Cancer Research, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Maria Kavallaris
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Australian Centre for NanoMedicine and ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dextran-Catechin inhibits angiogenesis by disrupting copper homeostasis in endothelial cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7638. [PMID: 28794411 PMCID: PMC5550437 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07452-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Formation of blood vessels, or angiogenesis, is crucial to cancer progression. Thus, inhibiting angiogenesis can limit the growth and spread of tumors. The natural polyphenol catechin has moderate anti-tumor activity and interacts with copper, which is essential for angiogenesis. Catechin is easily metabolized in the body and this limits its clinical application. We have recently shown that conjugation of catechin with dextran (Dextran-Catechin) improves its serum stability, and exhibits potent anti-tumor activity against neuroblastoma by targeting copper homeostasis. Herein, we investigated the antiangiogenic activity of Dextran-Catechin and its mechanism. We found that Dextran-Catechin displayed potent antiangiogenic activity in vitro and in vivo. We demonstrated Dextran-Catechin generates reactive oxygen species which in turns disrupts copper homeostasis by depleting the copper importer CTR-1 and copper trafficking ATOX-1 protein. Mechanistically, we showed that disrupting copper homeostasis by knockdown of either CTR-1 or ATOX-1 protein can inhibit angiogenesis in endothelial cells. This data strongly suggests the Dextran-Catechin potent antiangiogenic activity is mediated by disrupting copper homeostasis. Thus, compounds such as Dextran-Catechin that affects both tumor growth and angiogenesis could lead the way for development of new drugs against high copper levels tumors.
Collapse
|
3
|
Dong Z, Guan L, Wang C, Xu H, Li Z, Li F. Reconstruction of a helical trimer by the second transmembrane domain of human copper transporter 2 in micelles and the binding of the trimer to silver. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra24889b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The second transmembrane domain of human copper transporter 2 (hCtr2-TMD2) forms a trimer with a weaker intermolecular interaction and a lower affinity for Ag(I) than hCtr1-TMD2 trimer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- P. R. China
| | - Liping Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- P. R. China
| | - Chunyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- P. R. China
| | - Haoran Xu
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology & Engineering
- The Ministry of Education
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- P. R. China
| | - Zhengqiang Li
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology & Engineering
- The Ministry of Education
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- P. R. China
| | - Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tsai CY, Liebig JK, Tsigelny IF, Howell SB. The copper transporter 1 (CTR1) is required to maintain the stability of copper transporter 2 (CTR2). Metallomics 2015. [PMID: 26205368 DOI: 10.1039/c5mt00131e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian cells have two influx Cu transporters that form trimers in membranes. CTR1 is the high affinity transporter that resides largely in the plasma membrane, and CTR2 is the low affinity transporter that is primarily associated with vesicular structures inside the cell. The major differences between CTR1 and CTR2 are that CTR1 contains a HIS/MET-rich domain N-terminal of the METS that participate in the first two stacked rings that form the pore, and a longer C-terminal tail that includes a Cu binding HIS-CYS-HIS (HCH) motif right at the end. It has been reported that CTR1 and CTR2 are physically associated with each other in the cell. We used the CRISPR-Cas9 technology to knock out either CTR1 or CTR2 in fully malignant HEK293T and OVCAR8 human ovarian cancer cells to investigate the interaction of CTR1 and CTR2. We report here that the level of CTR2 protein is markedly decreased in CTR1 knockout clones while the CTR2 transcript level remains unchanged. CTR2 was found to be highly ubiquitinated in the CTR1 knock out cells, and inhibition of the proteasome prevented the degradation of CTR2 when CTR1 was not present while inhibition of autophagy had no effect. Re-expression of CTR1 rescued CTR2 from degradation in the CTR1 knockout cells. We conclude that CTR1 is essential to maintain the stability of CTR2 and that in the absence of CTR1 CTR2 is degraded by the proteasome. This reinforces the concept that the functions of CTR1 and CTR2 are inter-dependent within the Cu homeostasis system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yu Tsai
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, Mail Code 0819, La Jolla, CA 92093-0819, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Dong Z, Wang Y, Wang C, Xu H, Guan L, Li Z, Li F. Self-Assembly of the Second Transmembrane Domain of hCtr1 in Micelles and Interaction with Silver Ion. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:8302-12. [PMID: 26061257 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b03744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Human copper transporter 1 (hCtr1) transports copper and silver by a homotrimer. The protein contains three transmembrane domains in which the second transmembrane domain (TMD2) is a key component lining the central pore of the trimer. The MXXXM motif in the C-terminal end of TMD2 plays a significant role in the function of hCtr1. In this study, we characterized the structure and assembly of isolated TMD2 of hCtr1 in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) micelles and the interaction of the micelle-bound peptide with silver ion using nuclear magnetic resonance, circular dichroism, isothermal titration calorimetry and electrophoresis techniques. We detected the formation of a trimer of the isolated hCtr1-TMD2 in SDS micelles and the binding of the trimer to Ag(I) by a chemical stoichiometry of 3:2 of peptide:Ag(I). We showed that either an intensive pretreatment of the TMD2 peptide by 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol solvent or a conversion from methionine to leucine in the MXXXM motif changes the aggregation structure of the peptide and decreases the binding affinity by 1 order of magnitude. Our results suggest that the intrinsic interaction of the second transmembrane domain itself may be closely associated with the formation of hCtr1 pore in cellular membranes, and two methionine residues in the MXXXM motif may be important for TMD2 both in the trimeric assembly and in a higher-affinity binding to Ag(I).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Dong
- †State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Avenue, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Yunrui Wang
- †State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Avenue, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Chunyu Wang
- †State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Avenue, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | | | - Liping Guan
- †State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Avenue, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | | | - Fei Li
- †State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Avenue, Changchun 130012, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tsai CY, Larson CA, Safaei R, Howell SB. Molecular modulation of the copper and cisplatin transport function of CTR1 and its interaction with IRS-4. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 90:379-87. [PMID: 24967972 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The copper influx transporter CTR1 is also a major influx transporter for cisplatin (cDDP) in tumor cells. It influences the cytotoxicity of cDDP both in vivo and in vitro. Whereas Cu triggers internalization of CTR1 from the plasma membrane, cDDP does not. To investigate the mechanisms of these effects, myc-tagged forms of wild type hCTR1 and variants in which Y103 was converted to alanine, C189 was converted to serine, or the K178/K179 dilysine motif was converted to alanines were re-expressed in mouse embryo cells in which both alleles of CTR1 had been knocked out and also in HEK293T cells. The Y103A mutation and to a lesser extent the C189S mutation reduced internalization of CTR1 induced by Cu while the K178A/K179A had little effect. Both Y103 and C189 were required for Cu and cDDP transport whereas the K178/K179 motif was not. While Y103 lies in an YXXM motif that, when phosphorylated, is a potential docking site for phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and other proteins involved in endocytosis, Western blot analysis of immunoprecipitated myc-CTR1, and proteomic analysis of peptides derived from CTR1, failed to identify any basal or Cu-induced phosphorylation. However, proteomic analysis did identify an interaction of CTR1 with IRS-4 and this was confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation from HEK cells expressing either FLAG-CTR1 or myc-CTR1. The interaction was greater in the Y103A-expressing cells. We conclude that Y103 is required for the internalization of hCTR1 in response to Cu, that this occurs by a mechanism other than phosphorylation and that mutation of Y103 modulates the interaction with IRS-4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yu Tsai
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, Mail Code 0819, La Jolla, CA 92093-0819, USA.
| | - Christopher A Larson
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, Mail Code 0819, La Jolla, CA 92093-0819, USA.
| | - Roohangiz Safaei
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, Mail Code 0819, La Jolla, CA 92093-0819, USA
| | - Stephen B Howell
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, Mail Code 0819, La Jolla, CA 92093-0819, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, Mail Code 0819, La Jolla, CA 92093-0819, USA.
| |
Collapse
|