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Kumari P, Nanda KP, Firdaus H. Adverse effects of cadmium on lymphoid organs, immune cells, and immunological responses. J Appl Toxicol 2024. [PMID: 39044417 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Humans and animals possess robust immune systems to safeguard against foreign pathogens. However, recent reports suggest a greater incidence of immunity breakdown due to exposure to environmental pollutants, with heavy metals emerging as potential candidates in such immuno-toxicological studies. While we have extensive data on the general toxicity resulting from exposure to heavy metals, comprehensive documentation of their role as immune disruptors remains scarce. Cd (Cadmium) exerts immunomodulation by interfering with immune organs and cells, leading to altered structure, physiology, and function, thereby inducing symptoms of immune deregulation, inflammation and/or autoimmunity. This review aims to summarize the link between Cd exposure and immune dysfunction, drawing from case studies on exposed human subjects, as well as research conducted on various model organisms and in-vitro culture systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Kumari
- Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Cheri-Manatu Campus, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - Kumari Pragati Nanda
- Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Cheri-Manatu Campus, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - Hena Firdaus
- Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Cheri-Manatu Campus, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
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2
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Zhang H, Xiu M, Li H, Li M, Xue X, He Y, Sun W, Yuan X, Liu Z, Li X, Merriman TR, Li C. Cadmium exposure dysregulates purine metabolism and homeostasis across the gut-liver axis in a mouse model. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 266:115587. [PMID: 37837700 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) exposure has been associated with the development of enterohepatic circulation disorders and hyperuricemia, but the possible contribution of chronic low-dose Cd exposure to disease progression is still need to be explored. A mouse model of wild-type mice (WT) and Uox-knockout mice (Uox-KO) to find out the toxic effects of chronic low-dose Cd exposure on liver purine metabolism by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) platform and associated intestinal flora. High throughput omics analysis including metabolomics and transcriptomics showed that Cd exposure can cause disruption of purine metabolism and energy metabolism. Cd changes several metabolites associated with purine metabolism (xanthine, hypoxanthine, adenosine, uridine, inosine) and related genes, which are associated with elevated urate levels. Microbiome analysis showed that Cd exposure altered the disturbance of homeostasis in the gut. Uox-KO mice were more susceptible to Cd than WT mice. Our findings extend the understanding of potential toxicological interactions between liver and gut microbiota and shed light on the progression of metabolic diseases caused by Cd exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases and Qingdao Key Laboratory of Gout, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China; Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Immune Diseases and Gout, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Meng Xiu
- Plateau Atmosphere and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, China
| | - Hailong Li
- Medical College, Binhai University, Qingdao, China
| | - Maichao Li
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases and Qingdao Key Laboratory of Gout, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China; Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Immune Diseases and Gout, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaomei Xue
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases and Qingdao Key Laboratory of Gout, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China; Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Immune Diseases and Gout, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuwei He
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China; Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Immune Diseases and Gout, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenyan Sun
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China; Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Immune Diseases and Gout, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xuan Yuan
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases and Qingdao Key Laboratory of Gout, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China; Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Immune Diseases and Gout, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China; Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Immune Diseases and Gout, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xinde Li
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China; Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Immune Diseases and Gout, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Tony R Merriman
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China; Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Changgui Li
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases and Qingdao Key Laboratory of Gout, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China; Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Immune Diseases and Gout, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
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Maqsood Q, Sumrin A, Waseem R, Hussain M, Imtiaz M, Hussain N. Bioengineered microbial strains for detoxification of toxic environmental pollutants. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 227:115665. [PMID: 36907340 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Industrialization and other anthropogenic human activities pose significant environmental risks. As a result of the hazardous pollution, numerous living organisms may suffer from undesirable diseases in their separate habitats. Bioremediation, which removes hazardous compounds from the environment using microbes or their biologically active metabolites, is one of the most successful remediation approaches. According to the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), deteriorating soil health negatively impacts food security and human health over time. Soil health restoration is critical right now. Microbes are widely known for their importance in cleaning up toxins present in the soil, such as heavy metals, pesticides, and hydrocarbons. However, the capacity of local bacteria to digest these pollutants is limited, and the process takes an extended time. Genetically modified organisms (GMOs), whose altered metabolic pathways promote the over-secretion of a variety of proteins favorable to the bioremediation process, can speed up the breakdown process. The need for remediation procedures, degrees of soil contamination, site circumstances, broad adoptions, and numerous possibilities occurring at various cleaning stages are all studied in detail. Massive efforts to restore contaminated soils have also resulted in severe issues. This review focuses on the enzymatic removal of hazardous pollutants from the environment, such as pesticides, heavy metals, dyes, and plastics. There are also in-depth assessments of present discoveries and future plans for efficient enzymatic degradation of hazardous pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quratulain Maqsood
- Center for Applied Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Aleena Sumrin
- Center for Applied Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Rafia Waseem
- Center for Applied Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Maria Hussain
- Center for Applied Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mehwish Imtiaz
- Center for Applied Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Nazim Hussain
- Center for Applied Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
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Qing Y, Zheng J, Tang T, Li S, Cao S, Luo Y, Chen Y, He W, Wang J, Zhou Y, Xu C, Zhang W, Ping S, Jiang M, Li D, Ji Y, Yang S, Du J, Li Y. Risk assessment of combined exposure to lead, cadmium, and total mercury among the elderly in Shanghai, China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 256:114874. [PMID: 37054469 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and total mercury (THg) are toxic heavy metals (THMs) that are widely present in the environment and can cause substantial health problems. However, previous risk assessment studies have rarely focused on the elderly population and have usually targeted a single heavy metal, which might underestimate the long-term accumulative and synergistic effects of THMs in humans. Based on the food frequency questionnaire and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, this study assessed external and internal exposures to Pb, Cd and THg in 1747 elderly people in Shanghai. Probabilistic risk assessment with the relative potential factor (RPF) model was used to assess the neurotoxicity and nephrotoxicity risks of combined THMs exposures. The mean external exposures of Pb, Cd and THg in Shanghai elderly were 46.8, 27.2 and 4.9 μg/day, respectively. Plant-based foods are the main source of Pb and THg exposure, while Cd is mainly from animal-based foods. The mean concentrations of Pb, Cd and THg were 23.3, 1.1 and 2.3 μg/L in the whole blood, and 6.2, 1.0 and 2.0 μg/L in the morning urine, respectively. Combined exposure to THMs leading to 10.0 % and 7.1 % of Shanghai elderly at risk of neurotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. The results of this study have important implications for understanding the profiles of Pb, Cd and THg exposure in the elderly living in Shanghai and provide data support for risk assessment and control of nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity from combined THMs exposure in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Qing
- Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai 201300, China; Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, China
| | | | - TianRan Tang
- Guizhou Meteorological Observatory, Guizhou 550081, China
| | - Shichun Li
- Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, China
| | - Shiyu Cao
- Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, China
| | - Yingyi Luo
- Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, China
| | - Yanfeng Chen
- Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, China
| | - Wenting He
- Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, China
| | - Jutao Wang
- Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, China
| | - Chenchen Xu
- Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, China
| | - Weiwen Zhang
- Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, China
| | - Siyuan Ping
- Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, China
| | - Meng Jiang
- Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, China
| | - Dan Li
- Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, China
| | - Yunhe Ji
- Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, China
| | - Shuyu Yang
- Nutrilite Health Institute, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jun Du
- Nutrilite Health Institute, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Yanfei Li
- Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai 201300, China.
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Liu J, Xie Y, Lu Y, Zhao Z, Zhuang Z, Yang L, Huang H, Li H, Mao Z, Pi S, Chen F, He Y. APP/PS1 Gene-Environmental Cadmium Interaction Aggravates the Progression of Alzheimer's Disease in Mice via the Blood-Brain Barrier, Amyloid-β, and Inflammation. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 94:115-136. [PMID: 37248897 DOI: 10.3233/jad-221205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is limited information about gene-environment interaction on the occurrence and the progression of Alzheimer's disease. OBJECTIVE To explore the effect of environmental low-dose cadmium (Cd) exposure on the progress of Alzheimer's disease and the underlining mechanism. METHODS We administered 1 mg/L, 10 mg/L cadmium chloride (treated groups), and water (control group) to C57BL/6J and APP/PS1 mice through drinking water, from one week before mating, until the offspring were sacrificed at 6 months of age. The behaviors, Cd level, blood-brain barrier (BBB) leakage, Aβ1-42 deposition, and inflammation expression were evaluated in these mice. RESULTS Mice of both genotypes had similar blood Cd levels after exposure to the same dose of Cd. The toxic effects of Cd on the two genotypes differed little in terms of neuronal histomorphology and BBB permeability. Cd caused a series of pathological morphological changes in the mouse brains and more fluorescent dye leakage at higher doses. Furthermore, the APP/PS1 mice had more severe damage than the C57BL/6J mice, based on the following five criteria. They were increasing anxiety-like behavior and chaos movement, spatial reference memory damage, Aβ plaque deposition in mouse brains, increasing microglia expression in the brain, and IL-6 higher expression in the cortex and in the serum. CONCLUSION Low-dose Cd exposure for 6 months increases Aβ plaque deposition and BBB permeability, exacerbates inflammatory responses, and activates microglia, in APP/PS1 mice. APP/PS1 gene-environmental Cd interaction aggravates the progression of Alzheimer's disease in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieyi Liu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yirong Xie
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yao Lu
- Office of Academic Affairs, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhao
- Department of Toxicology, Guangdong Province Hospital for Occupational Disease Prevention and Treatment, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhixiong Zhuang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Linqing Yang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Haiyan Huang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hongya Li
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhiyi Mao
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shurong Pi
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Fubin Chen
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yun He
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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6
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Zhang Y, Song B, Dun M, Zhou Z. Risk assessment of cadmium intake via food among residents in the mining-affected areas of Nandan County, China. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2022; 44:3571-3580. [PMID: 34643850 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-01123-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the dietary structure, Cadmium (Cd) contents in foods and exposure to Cd through diets of the residents in the mining-affected areas of Nandan County in summer 2013 (July to August) and winter 2014 (November to December). The weighing of foods and the chemical analysis of foods were applied to determine the dietary structure, and the concentration of trace element Cd in the diets, respectively, of the residents in the mining-affected areas (Chehe town, Dachang town, and Zhanglao town) and a control area (Liuzhai town), and subsequently the Cd exposure from the diets was estimated. In the mining-affected areas, the geometric mean of Cd in rice and rice products was the highest (0.29 μg/g) among all food types, and it exceeds the value of 0.2ug/g from the China Food Safety National Standard for Maximum Levels of Contaminants in Foods (GB2762-2017). The Cd contents in rice and rice products, vegetables, and beans in the mining-affected areas were significantly higher than those in the control area. The estimated daily food intakes of Cd in the mining-affected areas were higher than the intake in the control area. The THQ in the mining-affected areas of Chehe town, Dachang town, and Zhanglao town was 3.03, 2.31, and 3.27, respectively. All of which were higher than the value of 1.44 in the control area. Thus, the high level of dietary cadmium intakes of residents in this area deserves our attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxia Zhang
- Colleges of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Song
- Colleges of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, People's Republic of China.
| | - Mengjie Dun
- Colleges of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziyang Zhou
- Colleges of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, People's Republic of China
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Nanda KP, Firdaus H. Dietary cadmium induced declined locomotory and reproductive fitness with altered homeostasis of essential elements in Drosophila melanogaster. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 255:109289. [PMID: 35114395 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2022.109289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) exerts detrimental effects on multiple biological processes of the living organisms along with epigenetic transgenerational effect. Drosophila melanogaster offers unique opportunity to evaluate Cd toxicity when studying important life traits in short duration of time by designing distinct behavioural assays. Present study utilized this model organism to assess Cd induced lethality, retarded growth, decreased life span and altered behaviour of the animals either at larval or adult stage. Our investigations revealed reduced locomotion and reproductive fitness of the animals upon Cd exposure. Transgenerational effect on locomotion was found to be behaviour specific as larval crawling was affected, but adult fly negative geotaxis was comparable to the control. Mechanistically, decreased antioxidant enzymes activity, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) together with altered homeostasis of essential elements (Fe, Zn and Mg) may be responsible for the observed effects. Altogether our work showed extensive range of Cd altered Drosophila behaviour which warrants need to control environmental Cd toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumari Pragati Nanda
- Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ratu-Lohardaga Road, Brambe, Ranchi 835205, Jharkhand, India
| | - Hena Firdaus
- Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ratu-Lohardaga Road, Brambe, Ranchi 835205, Jharkhand, India.
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8
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Zheng X, Wang L, You L, Liu Y, Cohen M, Tian S, Li W, Li X. Dietary licorice enhances in vivo cadmium detoxification and modulates gut microbial metabolism in mice. IMETA 2022; 1:e7. [PMID: 38867726 PMCID: PMC10989944 DOI: 10.1002/imt2.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Mass cadmium (Cd) poisoning is a serious health problem in many parts of the world. We propose that dietary intervention can be a practical solution to this problem. This study aimed to identify effective dietary products from traditional Chinese herbs that can detoxify Cd. Five candidate herbal foods with detoxifying potential were selected and subjected to mouse toxicological tests. The chemical composition and dose-response effects of licorice on mouse hepatocytes were determined. Licorice was selected for further tests to examine its effects on growth, tissue Cd accumulation, and gut and liver fitness of mice. The expression of hepatic metallothionein (Mt) genes was quantified in vitro in hepatocytes and in vivo in liver tissues of mice. The results showed that licorice dietary intervention was effective in reducing blood Cd by >50% within 1 month. Cd was also substantially reduced in the heart and lung tissues, but increased 2.1-fold in the liver. The liver of Cd poisoned mice improved with licorice intervention. Licorice treatment significantly induced Cd accumulation and expression of the Mt1 gene in hepatic cells both in vitro and in vivo. Licorice intake substantially altered gut microbial structure and enriched Parabacteroides distasonis. Omics results showed that licorice improved gut metabolism, particularly the metabolic pathways for glycyrrhizin, bile acids, and amino acids. Dietary licorice effectively reduced mouse blood Cd and had a profound impact on liver and gut fitness. We conclude that herbal licorice can be used as a dietary intervention for mass Cd poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zheng
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Soil Ecology, Centre for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesShijiazhuangChina
| | - Likun Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Soil Ecology, Centre for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesShijiazhuangChina
| | - Linhao You
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, The Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life ScienceHebei Normal UniversityShijiazhuangChina
| | - Yong‐Xin Liu
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, State Key Laboratory of Plant GenomicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Michael Cohen
- Department of BiologySonoma State UniversityRohnert ParkCaliforniaUSA
| | - Siyu Tian
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, The Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life ScienceHebei Normal UniversityShijiazhuangChina
| | - Wenjun Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Soil Ecology, Centre for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesShijiazhuangChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xiaofang Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Soil Ecology, Centre for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesShijiazhuangChina
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9
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Moon CS. Blood Concentrations and Dietary Intake of Cd among the General Population in South Korea. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 19:ijerph19010152. [PMID: 35010411 PMCID: PMC8750295 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to identify the time trends of blood Cd concentrations and their correlation with the Cd-B and the intakes of food groups as an influencing factor for Cd exposure among the general population in South Korea. During seven Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys from 2005 to 2017, a total of 9578 individuals (4317 men and 5261 women) participated in a 24 h recall test for a dietary survey and a blood-metal survey using physical examinations performed in the same survey year. The blood Cd concentration was observed to decrease significantly (p < 0.05) from 1.51 µg/L in 2005 to 0.76 µg/L in 2017. In terms of the food groups, grains and cereals, potatoes and starch, and fruits were significantly correlated with the corresponding Cd concentrations and also showed decreased intakes. For Koreans, the observed decrease in blood Cd concentrations was probably caused by a decrease in the intake of food groups of plant origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan-Seok Moon
- Department of Safety and Health, College of Health Sciences, Catholic University of Pusan, Busan 46252, Korea
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10
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Saravanan A, Kumar PS, Vo DVN, Jeevanantham S, Karishma S, Yaashikaa PR. A review on catalytic-enzyme degradation of toxic environmental pollutants: Microbial enzymes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 419:126451. [PMID: 34174628 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Industrialization and other human anthropogenic activities cause serious threats to the environment. The toxic pollutants can cause detrimental diseases on diverse living beings in their respective ecosystems. Bioremediation is one of the efficient remediation methods in which the toxic pollutants are removed from the environment by the application of microorganisms or their biologically active products (enzymes). Typically, the microorganisms in the environment produce various enzymes to immobilize and degrade the toxic environmental pollutants by utilizing them as a substrate for their growth and development. Both the bacterial and fungal enzymes can degrade the toxic pollutants present in the environment and convert them into non-toxic forms through their catalytic reaction mechanism. Hydrolases, oxidoreductases, dehalogenases, oxygenases and transferases are the major classes of microbial enzymes responsible for the degradation of most of the toxic pollutants in the environment. Recently, there are different immobilizations and genetic engineering techniques have been developed to enhance enzyme efficiency and diminish the process cost for pollutant removal. This review focused on enzymatic removal of toxic pollutants such as heavy metals, dyes, plastics and pesticides in the environment. Current trends and further expansion for efficient removal of toxic pollutants through enzymatic degradation are also reviewed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Saravanan
- Department of Biotechnology, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Chennai 602105, India
| | - P Senthil Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai 603110, India; Centre of Excellence in Water Research (CEWAR), Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai 603110, India.
| | - Dai-Viet N Vo
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - S Jeevanantham
- Department of Biotechnology, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Chennai 602105, India
| | - S Karishma
- Department of Biotechnology, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Chennai 602105, India
| | - P R Yaashikaa
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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11
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Iqbal T, Cao M, Zhao Z, Zhao Y, Chen L, Chen T, Li C, Zhou X. Damage to the Testicular Structure of Rats by Acute Oral Exposure of Cadmium. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18116038. [PMID: 34199704 PMCID: PMC8200047 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18116038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most important heavy metal toxicants, used throughout the world at the industrial level. It affects humans through environmental and occupational exposure and animals through the environment. The most severe effects of oral exposure to Cd on the male reproductive system, particularly spermatogenesis, have not been discussed. In this study, we observed the damage to the testes and heritable DNA caused by oral exposure to Cd. Adult male Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into four groups: a control group and three groups treated with 5, 10, and 15 mg Cd/kg/day for 17 days by oral gavage. Our results revealed that Cd significantly decreases weight gain in 10 and 15 mg/kg groups, whereas the 5 mg/kg groups showed no difference in weight gain. The histopathology showed adverse structural effects on the rat testis by significantly reducing the thickness of the tunica albuginea, the diameter of the tubular lumen, and the interstitial space among seminiferous tubules and increasing the height of the epithelium and the diameter of the seminiferous tubules in Cd treated groups. Comet assay in epididymal sperms demonstrated a significant difference in the lengths of the head and comet in all the 3 Cd treated groups, indicating damage in heritable DNA, although variations in daily sperm production were not significant. Only a slight decrease in sperm count was reported in Cd-treated groups as compared to the control group, whereas the tail length, percentage of DNA in head, and tail showed no significant difference in control and all the experimental groups. Overall, our findings indicate that Cd toxicity must be controlled using natural sources, such as herbal medicine or bioremediation, with non-edible plants, because it could considerably affect heritable DNA and induce damage to the reproductive system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xu Zhou
- Correspondence: (C.L.); (X.Z.)
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Chandravanshi L, Shiv K, Kumar S. Developmental toxicity of cadmium in infants and children: a review. Environ Anal Health Toxicol 2021; 36:e2021003-0. [PMID: 33730790 PMCID: PMC8207007 DOI: 10.5620/eaht.2021003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Several millions of people are exposed to cadmium worldwide due to natural and anthropogenic activities that led to their widespread distribution in the environment and have shown potential adverse effects on the kidneys, liver, heart and nervous system. Recently human and animal-based studies have been shown that In utero and early life exposure to cadmium can have serious health issues that are related to the risk of developmental disabilities and other outcomes in adulthood. Since, cadmium crosses the placental barrier and reaches easily to the fetus, even moderate or high-level exposure of this metal during pregnancy could be of serious health consequences which might be reflected either in the children’s early or later stages of life. Mortality from various diseases including cancer, cardiovascular, respiratory, kidney and neurological problems, correlation with In utero or early life exposure to cadmium has been found in epidemiological studies. Animal studies with strong evidence of various diseases mostly support for the human studies, as well as suggested a myriad mechanism by which cadmium can interfere with human health and development. More studies are needed to establish the mechanism of cadmium-induced toxicity with environmentally relevant doses in childhood and later life. In this review, we provide a comprehensive examination of the literature addressing potential long- term health issues with In utero and early life exposure to cadmium, as well as correlating with human and animal exposure studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalit Chandravanshi
- Department of Forensic Science, College and Traffic Management- Institute of Road and Traffic Education, Faridabad - Haryana - 121010, India
| | - Kunal Shiv
- Division of Forensic Science, School of Basic & Applied Sciences, Galgotias University Greater Noida - 201306, India
| | - Sudhir Kumar
- Forensic Science laboratory, Modinagar, Ghaziabad - 201204, India
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Deng M, Zhu Y, Shao K, Zhang Q, Ye G, Shen J. Metals source apportionment in farmland soil and the prediction of metal transfer in the soil-rice-human chain. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 260:110092. [PMID: 31941630 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
China is facing serious heavy metal pollution in farmland soil, which is a major pressing concern for food safety and human health. This research delivers an integrated methodology for pollution source apportionment and a soil-rice-human model to predict heavy metal transfer in the farmland soil, rice grain and human blood chain. The source identification integrated positive matrix factorization (PMF), cluster analysis (CA) and the life cycle assessment (LCA) survey of agricultural and industrial production and consumption. Based on the case analysis of Shaoxing, this method showed very good performance through the illustration of the source contributions by PMF and LCA at county level and the identification of the pollution sources using CA and LCA at field scale. According to the overall evaluation, the integrated method was superior for the farmland metals pollution source identification comparing to existing source apportionment methods. To predict metal transformation in soil-rice-human chain, a set of models of metals (As, Pb, Cd, Hg, Cr) accumulation ability in rice grain and human blood has been established by literature review and monitoring data. The models showed adequate predictability for the metal content of rice grains at both the field and regional scale, and plausible simulation of the metal concentration in human blood throughout the whole study region. Therefore, this study provides valuable tools for farmland soil heavy metal pollution source identification and for the prediction of heavy metal transformation in soil-rice-human chain; and it can highlight the need to take mitigating action to reduce farmland metal pollution risks in specific regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meihua Deng
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310021, China.
| | - Youwei Zhu
- Zhejiang Agricultural and Rural Bureau, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Kan Shao
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Indiana University School of Public Health-Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Qi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310021, China
| | - Guohua Ye
- Shaoxing Agricultural and Rural Bureau, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Jing Shen
- Shaoxing Agricultural and Rural Bureau, Shaoxing, 312000, China
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Filippini T, Upson K, Adani G, Malagoli C, Baraldi C, Michalke B, Vinceti M. Comparison of Methodologies to Estimate Dietary Cadmium Intake in an Italian Population. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E2264. [PMID: 32230925 PMCID: PMC7177715 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17072264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium is a metal that is toxic to humans, and the major source of cadmium exposure in the non-smoking general population is diet. To identify major food sources and lower exposure from diet, an accurate estimate of dietary cadmium intake is needed. Hence, the objectives of this study are to develop a method to assess dietary cadmium intake using a biomarker measurement and to improve the estimation of dietary cadmium intake when using a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). In a random sample of an Italian population, we collected dietary habits by FFQ and measured cadmium in foods and beverages. These data were used to compute the estimated weekly dietary intake (WDI) of cadmium (µg) by kilogram (kg) of body weight (bw) (WDIFFQ). We also measured fasting serum cadmium levels by inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry. We used these data to develop a model for the estimation of the biomarker-derived dietary cadmium intake (WDIbio). In the 51 subjects recruited, the median level of serum cadmium was 0.041 µg/L (interquartile range (IQR): 0.030-0.054). The median WDIFFQ and WDIbio were 1.34 µg/kg bw/week (IQR: 0.86-1.70) and 0.72 µg/kg bw/week (IQR: 0.55-1.11), respectively. The correlation between the two estimates was low-to-moderate (r = 0.291). In exploratory analyses, the correlation was slightly higher in women and participants ages <50 years, and markedly higher in participants with body mass index <25 kg/m2 and smokers. Our approach allows for the dietary contribution to be isolated from the overall cadmium exposure measured with a biomarker; the estimated dietary cadmium intake was roughly similar to that estimated using the FFQ, especially in select subgroups. Future refinements to the biomarker-derived dietary cadmium intake approach should take into consideration additional sources of cadmium exposure, as well as factors affecting its absorption and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Filippini
- CREAGEN, Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center—Section of Public Health, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (T.F.); (G.A.); (C.M.)
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy;
| | - Kristen Upson
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
| | - Giorgia Adani
- CREAGEN, Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center—Section of Public Health, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (T.F.); (G.A.); (C.M.)
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy;
| | - Carlotta Malagoli
- CREAGEN, Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center—Section of Public Health, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (T.F.); (G.A.); (C.M.)
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy;
| | - Claudia Baraldi
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy;
| | - Bernhard Michalke
- Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany;
| | - Marco Vinceti
- CREAGEN, Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center—Section of Public Health, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (T.F.); (G.A.); (C.M.)
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy;
- Department of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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Melila M, Rajendran R, Lumo AK, Arumugam G, Kpemissi M, Sadikou A, Lazar G, Amouzou K. Cardiovascular dysfunction and oxidative stress following human contamination by fluoride along with environmental xenobiotics (Cd & Pb) in the phosphate treatment area of Togo, West Africa. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2019; 56:13-20. [PMID: 31442949 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In Togo, the phosphate ore mill discharges waste containing xenobiotics like cadmium, lead and fluoride. If the role of heavy metals in the appearance of pathologies is known, the role of fluoride remains to be studied alongside xenobiotics. This study tested the hypothesis that the toxicity of fluoride contributes, along with heavy metals, to physiological dysfunction. In this process, we have studied the variation in the parameters of cardiovascular functioning, depending on the level of human contamination by fluoride and xenobiotics. The concentration of Cd and Pb in blood samples were determined by AAS and fluoride by titanium-chloride method. Lipid peroxidation, the total antioxidant potential of collected blood samples and the parameters of cardiovascular dysfunction were also measured. Cd, Pb and F contents and lipid peroxidation were found to be significantly elevated in polluted areas than control zone as well as total cholesterol, LDL and triglyceride. HDL and antioxidant potential of blood decreased in the polluted areas. Correlation tests showed that fluoride levels are related to variations in the bio-indicators of high blood pressure and oxidative stress (R varied from 0.354 to 0.907). Togo phosphate treatment leads to human contamination with fluoride, along with Cd and Pb, increasing the risk of cardiovascular dysfunction and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamatchi Melila
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Department of Biochemistry/Nutrition, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lome, 01 BP 1515 Lome 01, Togo; Department of Marine Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620 024, India; Research Center in Physical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Vasile Alecsandri of Bacau, 157 Calea Marasesti, 600115, Bacau, Romania
| | - Rajaram Rajendran
- Department of Marine Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620 024, India.
| | - Awaga Kwami Lumo
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Department of Biochemistry/Nutrition, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lome, 01 BP 1515 Lome 01, Togo
| | - Ganeshkumar Arumugam
- Department of Marine Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620 024, India
| | - Mabozou Kpemissi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology-Physiology, Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lome, 01 BP 1515 Lome 01, Togo
| | - Agbere Sadikou
- Laboratory of Pharmacology-Physiology, Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lome, 01 BP 1515 Lome 01, Togo
| | - Gabriel Lazar
- Research Center in Physical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Vasile Alecsandri of Bacau, 157 Calea Marasesti, 600115, Bacau, Romania
| | - Kou'santa Amouzou
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Department of Biochemistry/Nutrition, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lome, 01 BP 1515 Lome 01, Togo
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Preparation and characterization of carboxymethyl starch from cadmium-contaminated rice. Food Chem 2019; 308:125674. [PMID: 31669944 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium-contaminated rice has been a serious food safety issue in China. In this research, carboxymethyl rice starch (CMS) from cadmium-contaminated rice and native rice was prepared to remove the cadmium in rice. The preparation of native rice starch (NRS) and starch from cadmium-contaminated rice (Cd-CRS) was similar, and carboxymethyl starch was prepared following the same steps. A single factor experiment was performed to obtain the carboxymethyl starch prepared under the optimal conditions. Cadmium content was reduced from 0.38 mg/kg to 0.04 mg/kg after alkalization. The physical properties, including particle size, degree of crystallinity, water absorption and freeze-thaw stability, of NRS and Cd-CRS and their carboxymethyl starches were studied. The results showed that the cadmium was significantly removed after extracting starch from cadmium-contaminated rice by alkalization and carboxymethylation. Then, starch samples and carboxymethyl starch samples were characterized. All results showed no obvious difference between Cd-CMS and NCMS, indicating that carboxymethyl starch from cadmium-contaminated rice could be widely used in both food and nonfood industries.
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Vardhan KH, Kumar PS, Panda RC. A review on heavy metal pollution, toxicity and remedial measures: Current trends and future perspectives. J Mol Liq 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.111197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 500] [Impact Index Per Article: 100.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Cheng Y, Zhang J, Wu T, Jiang X, Jia H, Qing S, An Q, Zhang Y, Su J. Reproductive toxicity of acute Cd exposure in mouse: Resulting in oocyte defects and decreased female fertility. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2019; 379:114684. [PMID: 31325558 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2019.114684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd), a known metal contaminant, is widespreadly used in industry, thereby human health is severely affected through the way of occupational and environmental exposure. The adverse effects of the exposure to Cd on the female reproductive system, especially oocyte maturation and fertility have not been clearly defined. In this study, we found the arrested development of ovaries and uteri after Cd exposure and determined oocyte quality via assessing the key regulators during meiotic maturation and fertilization. We found that Cd exposure impeded the mouse oocyte meiotic progression by disrupting the normal spindle assembly, chromosome alignment and actin cap formation. Besides, exposure to Cd induced oxidative stress with the increased reactive oxygen species and apoptosis levels, leading to abnormal mitochondrial distribution, insufficient energy supply, and DNA damage, which ultimately led to oocyte quality deterioration. We also analyzed the effects of cadmium on epigenetic modifications, and the levels of 5mC, H3K9me3 and H3K9ac decreased after acute exposure to cadmium. Further experiments showed that the litter size in Cd-exposed female mice reduced, thereby indicating increased reproductive Cd toxicity. In conclusion, Cd exposure impairs oocyte maturation and fertilization ability induced by oxidative stress, early apoptosis and epigenetic modifications, which lead to the decrease of female fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyao Cheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai Province 810003, PR China
| | - Teng Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China
| | - Xianlei Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China
| | - Huiqun Jia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China
| | - Suzhu Qing
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China
| | - Quanli An
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China.
| | - Jianmin Su
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China.
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