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Victorica Erostarbe AE, Fava GA, Acosta JC. Restricted use of space in an endemic lizard of the Andes: addressing the effects of intrinsic and environmental factors. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-021-03120-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Correspondence between thermal biology and locomotor performance in a liolaemid lizard from the southeastern coastal Pampas of Argentina. J Therm Biol 2021; 105:103173. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.103173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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3
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Jansen C, Kumschick S. A global impact assessment of Acacia species introduced to South Africa. Biol Invasions 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-021-02642-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Stellatelli OA, Vega LE, Block C, Rocca C, Bellagamba P, Dajil JE, Cruz FB. Latitudinal pattern of the thermal sensitivity of running speed in the endemic lizard Liolaemus multimaculatus. Integr Zool 2021; 17:619-637. [PMID: 34496145 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Physiological performance in lizards may be affected by climate across latitudinal or altitudinal gradients. In the coastal dune barriers in central-eastern Argentina, the annual maximum environmental temperature decreases up to 2°C from low to high latitudes, while the mean relative humidity of the air decreases from 50% to 25%. Liolaemus multimaculatus, a lizard in the family Liolaemidae, is restricted to these coastal dunes. We investigated the locomotor performance of the species at 6 different sites distributed throughout its range in these dune barriers. We inquired whether locomotor performance metrics were sensitive to the thermal regime attributable to latitude. The thermal performance breadth increased from 7% to 82% with latitude, due to a decrease in its critical thermal minimum of up to 5°C at higher latitudes. Lizards from high latitude sites showed a thermal optimum, that is, the body temperature at which maximum speed is achieved, up to 4°C lower than that of lizards from the low latitude. At relatively low temperatures, the maximum running speed of high-latitude individuals was faster than that of low-latitude ones. Thermal parameters of locomotor performance were labile, decreasing as a function of latitude. These results show populations of L. multimaculatus adjust thermal physiology to cope with local climatic variations. This suggests that thermal sensitivity responds to the magnitude of latitudinal fluctuations in environmental temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Aníbal Stellatelli
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Laura E Vega
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Carolina Block
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Camila Rocca
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | | | - Juan Esteban Dajil
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Félix Benjamín Cruz
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente (INIBIOMA), Universidad Nacional del Comahue - CONICET, San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
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Brizio MV, Cabezas-Cartes F, Fernández JB, Gómez Alés R, Avila LJ. Vulnerability to global warming of the critically endangered Añelo Sand Dunes Lizard (Liolaemus cuyumhue) from the Monte Desert, Patagonia Argentina. CAN J ZOOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2020-0305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The body temperature of lizards is strongly influenced by the thermal quality of microhabitats, exploiting the favourable environmental temperatures, and avoiding exposure to extreme thermal conditions. For these reasons, reptile populations are considered to be especially vulnerable to changes in environmental temperatures produced by climate change. Here, we study the thermal physiology of the critically endangered Añelo Sand Dunes Lizard (Liolaemus cuyumhue Avila, Morando, Perez and Sites, 2009). We hypothesise that (i) there is a thermal coadaptation between optimal temperature for locomotor performance of L. cuyumhue and its thermal preference; (ii) L. cuyumhue lives in an environment with low thermal quality; and (iii) a rise in environmental temperatures due to global warming will impose a decrement in locomotor speed represented by lower warming tolerance and narrower thermal safety margins, increasing their already high vulnerability. We recorded field body temperatures (T b), preferred body temperatures (T pref), the operative temperature (T e), and the thermal sensitivity of locomotion at different body temperatures. Our results indicate that this lizard is not currently under environmental stress or exceeding its thermal limits, but that it is thermoregulating below T pref to avoid overheating, and that an increase in environmental temperature higher than 3.5 °C will strongly affect the use of microhabitats with direct sun exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Victoria Brizio
- Facultad de Ciencias del Ambiente y la Salud, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, CONICET, Buenos Aires 1400, Neuquén, 8300b, Neuquén, Argentina
| | - Facundo Cabezas-Cartes
- Laboratorio de Ecofisiología e Historia de vida de Reptiles, Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medio Ambiente (INIBIOMA–CONICET), Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Quintral 1250, San Carlos de Bariloche, 8400, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Jimena B. Fernández
- Laboratorio de Ecofisiología e Historia de vida de Reptiles, Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medio Ambiente (INIBIOMA–CONICET), Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Quintral 1250, San Carlos de Bariloche, 8400, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Rodrigo Gómez Alés
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de San Juan, CONICET, Av. Ignacio de la Roza 590 (O), Rivadavia, J5402DCS, San Juan, Argentina
| | - Luciano J. Avila
- Instituto Patagónico para el Estudio de los Ecosistemas Continentales (IPEEC–CONICET), Puerto Madryn, 9120, Chubut, Argentina
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6
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Salva AG, Robles CI, Tulli MJ. Thermal biology of Liolaemus scapularis (Iguania:Liolaemidae) from argentinian northwest. J Therm Biol 2021; 98:102924. [PMID: 34016348 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.102924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Thermal traits knowledge is elemental to forecasting the impacts of environmental change on lizard diversity. Daily and seasonal environmental temperature fluctuations are amplified in desert and semi-desert species. As ectotherms, they can ameliorate physiological constrains through behavioral thermoregulation. Herein, we explored the thermal biology and behavioral related aspects of the endangered sand lizard Liolaemus scapularis and compared it between austral spring and summer seasons. The study was carried out in a north sector of Medanos de Cafayate in the SW of Salta province, Argentina. Mean field-body temperature (Tb) of L. scapularis was 35.72 °C ranging from 29.10 to 41.10 °C. Regression analyzes showed that substrate temperature (Ts) was the parameter that best explained the variability of the Tb. Body temperature in spring was only positively related to Ts, whereas in summer the Tb was positively related to air temperature (Ta). Despite GLMs indicated that the Tb of L. scapularis result statistically unchanged through seasons sampled and sexes, micro-environmental temperatures were different for males and females between sampled seasons. The behavioral thermoregulation trait assessed, sun exposure, revealed that the use of patches with different sun input varied with temperature parameters and between seasons. This behavioral trait seems to have a crucial role in the thermal strategy of these lizards in order to maintain an optimal homeostatic state avoiding overheating; still the Tb recorded for the studied population places Liolaemus scapularis in the upper range for the genus. Our results suggest that the species is an active thermoregulator with a hit gain through sand conduction mainly, a relevant shuttling behavior and seasonal intraspecific shifts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Gabriela Salva
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Fundación Miguel Lillo, Miguel Lillo 251, 4000, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina; Instituto de Ecología, Comportamiento y Conservación, Fundación Miguel Lillo, Miguel Lillo 251, T4000JFE, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina.
| | - Cecilia Inés Robles
- Instituto de Ecología, Comportamiento y Conservación, Fundación Miguel Lillo, Miguel Lillo 251, T4000JFE, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - María José Tulli
- Unidad Ejecutora Lillo, (CONICET-FML), Fundación Miguel Lillo, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e IML, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
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7
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Ruland F, Jeschke JM. How biological invasions affect animal behaviour: A global, cross-taxonomic analysis. J Anim Ecol 2020; 89:2531-2541. [PMID: 32745238 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In the Anthropocene, species are faced with drastic challenges due to rapid, human-induced changes, such as habitat destruction, pollution and biological invasions. In the case of invasions, native species may change their behaviour to minimize the impacts they sustain from invasive species, and invaders may also adapt to the conditions in their new environment in order to survive and establish self-sustaining populations. We aimed at giving an overview of which changes in behaviour are studied in invasions, and what is known about the types of behaviour that change, the underlying mechanisms and the speed of behavioural changes. Based on a review of the literature, we identified 191 studies and 360 records (some studies reported multiple records) documenting behavioural changes caused by biological invasions in native (236 records from 148 species) or invasive (124 records from 50 species) animal species. This global dataset, which we make openly available, is not restricted to particular taxonomic groups. We found a mild taxonomic bias in the literature towards mammals, birds and insects. In line with the enemy release hypothesis, native species changed their anti-predator behaviour more frequently than invasive species. Rates of behavioural change were evenly distributed across taxa, but not across the types of behaviour. Our findings may help to better understand the role of behaviour in biological invasions as well as temporal changes in both population densities and traits of invasive species, and of native species affected by them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Ruland
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Berlin, Germany.,Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Jonathan M Jeschke
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Berlin, Germany.,Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Berlin, Germany
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Latitudinal comparison of the thermal biology in the endemic lizard Liolaemus multimaculatus. J Therm Biol 2020; 88:102485. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2019.102485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Garcia RA, Clusella-Trullas S. Thermal landscape change as a driver of ectotherm responses to plant invasions. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20191020. [PMID: 31238850 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.1020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A growing body of research demonstrates the impacts of invasive alien plants on native animals, but few studies consider thermal effects as a driver of the responses of native organisms. As invasive alien plants establish and alter the composition and arrangement of plant communities, the thermal landscapes available to ectotherms also change. Our study reviews the research undertaken to date on the thermal effects of alien plant invasions on native reptiles, amphibians, insects and arachnids. The 37 studies published between 1970 and early 2019 portray an overall detrimental effect of invasive plants on thermal landscapes, ectothermic individuals' performance and species abundance, diversity and composition. With a case study of a lizard species, we illustrate the use of thermal ecology tools in plant invasion research and test the generality of alien plant effects: changes in thermoregulation behaviour in invaded landscapes varied depending on the level of invasion and lizard traits. Together, the literature review and case study show that thermal effects of alien plants on ectotherms can be substantial albeit context-dependent. Further research should cover multiple combinations of native/invasive plant growth forms, invasion stages and ectotherm traits. More attention is also needed to test causality along the chain of effects from thermal landscapes to individuals, populations and communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel A Garcia
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University , Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602 , South Africa
| | - Susana Clusella-Trullas
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University , Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602 , South Africa
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Gontijo ASB, Garcia CS, Righi AF, Galdino CAB. To warm on the rocks, to cool in the wind: Thermal relations of a small-sized lizard from a mountain environment. J Therm Biol 2018; 76:52-57. [PMID: 30143297 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Rising temperatures accompanying global climate change are expected to affect mountain lizards. Therefore, basic information on how these ectotherms deal with their thermal environment is important for further management. We conducted a field study to evaluate how body temperature of the small-sized mountain lizard Eurolophosaurus nanuzae relates to the thermal environment. After capture, the body temperature of the lizards was measured immediately, quickly followed by the substrate and air temperatures, wind intensity, and solar radiation at the capture locations. Linear relationships showed that the body temperature of individuals was positively related to rocky substrate temperatures but negatively related to wind speed. However, air temperature and solar radiation were unrelated to body temperature. Although the substrate is an important heat source for E. nanuzae, in an open environment it can reach temperatures up to 10 °C above the maximum body temperatures of lizards, and can thus be a low-quality thermal substrate. However, individuals seemed to use wind as a cooling source to counterbalance the risks of overheating from high substrate temperatures. As the montane environment that E. nanuzae inhabits seems to have hotter temperatures than those preferred by the species, lizards should benefit from the cooling winds to keep their body temperature at appropriate levels. Different to previous studies that evaluated wind effects on body temperatures of lizards, our results showed that winds seemed to promote thermoregulation for E. nanuzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sofia Buza Gontijo
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia de Vertebrados, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais, Av. Dom José Gaspar, 500, Coração Eucarístico, 30535-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Camila Santos Garcia
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia de Vertebrados, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais, Av. Dom José Gaspar, 500, Coração Eucarístico, 30535-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Ferreira Righi
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia de Vertebrados, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais, Av. Dom José Gaspar, 500, Coração Eucarístico, 30535-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Conrado A B Galdino
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia de Vertebrados, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais, Av. Dom José Gaspar, 500, Coração Eucarístico, 30535-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Stellatelli OA, Block C, Villalba A, Vega LE, Dajil JE, Cruz FB. Behavioral compensation buffers body temperatures of two Liolaemus lizards under contrasting environments from the temperate Pampas: a Bogert effect? ETHOL ECOL EVOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/03949370.2017.1388293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oscar A. Stellatelli
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Deán Funes 3250, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Carolina Block
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Deán Funes 3250, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Agustina Villalba
- Laboratorio de Artrópodos, Centro de Investigación en Abejas Sociales (CIAS). Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Deán Funes 3250, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Laura E. Vega
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Deán Funes 3250, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Juan E. Dajil
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Deán Funes 3250, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Félix B. Cruz
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente (INIBIOMA), Universidad Nacional del Comahue, CONICET, Quintral 1250, 8400 San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
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Interaction Between Morphology and Habitat Use: A Large-Scale Approach in Tropidurinae Lizards. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.3099/0006-9698-554.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Block C, Pedrana J, Stellatelli OA, Vega LE, Isacch JP. Habitat suitability models for the sand lizard Liolaemus wiegmanniibased on landscape characteristics in temperate coastal dunes in Argentina. AUSTRAL ECOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.12356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Block
- Laboratorio de Vertebrados, Departamento de Biología; Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), CONICET - Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata; Funes 3250 (B7602AYJ), Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Julieta Pedrana
- Laboratorio de Recursos Naturales y Gestión Ambiental-CONICET - Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA)-EEA Balcarce; Balcarce Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Oscar Aníbal Stellatelli
- Laboratorio de Vertebrados, Departamento de Biología; Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), CONICET - Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata; Funes 3250 (B7602AYJ), Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Laura Estela Vega
- Laboratorio de Vertebrados, Departamento de Biología; Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), CONICET - Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata; Funes 3250 (B7602AYJ), Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Juan Pablo Isacch
- Laboratorio de Vertebrados, Departamento de Biología; Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), CONICET - Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata; Funes 3250 (B7602AYJ), Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires Argentina
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Cruz FB. Responses of two sympatric sand lizards to exotic forestations in the coastal dunes of Argentina: some implications for conservation. WILDLIFE RESEARCH 2014. [DOI: 10.1071/wr14078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Context Exotic forestations may modify habitat quality, affecting native animal populations that require specific microhabitats to remain viable. Aims We determined whether abundances and body condition of the lizard species Liolaemus wiegmannii and L. multimaculatus differed between forested and non-forested dunes. We also examined what environmental attributes are important in explaining the potential differences. Methods We sampled six sites of 300 ha each. Three of these sites had original vegetation and three were forested with exotic Acacia longifolia. We traced 120 transects per site searching for lizards. Key results Lizards were two times more abundant in non-forested sites than in sites covered by acacia trees (even as low as a fourth of the area). Sites with high densities of acacia (≥78% of coverage) had the lowest abundance of lizards. In forested sites, the snout–vent length of L. wiegmannii was 10% smaller and relative body mass 22% lower than in non-forested sites. We found no differences in the body size of L. multimaculatus. Conclusions The replacement of the native vegetation by A. longifolia has negative effects on lizard species, representing a substantial threat to L. wiegmannii and particularly to L. multimaculatus, a threatened status species. Structural and thermal characteristics of the non-forested sites seemed to be more favourable for the abundance and body condition, whereas the dense vegetation and the low temperatures on the forested sites might explain the lower presence of lizards. Implications We recommend that before the implementation of future forestation plans in the pampasic coastal dunes, the deleterious consequences that this practice generates on native lizard fauna must be considered. When necessary, we recommend that A. longifolia be planted so that the coverage does not exceed a quarter of the total area, so as to prevent the formation of continuous (or closed) forest patches and to maintain the structural heterogeneity of the habitat that these lizards need to survive. In the most affected areas, eradication and control strategies may help reduce the advancement of this exotic plant over the areas intended for conservation.
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