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Fonsêca VFC, Dos Santos JDC, Saraiva EP, Xavier Neta GC, Morais LKC, Bícego KC, Pereira WE, Pimenta Filho EC, Moura GAB, Sejian V, Fuller A. Do newborn lambs with black and white hair-coats in an equatorial semi-arid environment maintain homeothermy? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2024:10.1007/s00484-024-02710-9. [PMID: 38884796 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-024-02710-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
We assessed newborn lambs from two hair-coat sheep breeds, the black Santa Ines (n = 29) and white Dorper (n = 26), to determine how they behaviourally and physiologically respond to the prevailing thermal conditions in an equatorial semi-arid environment. Measurements of hair-coat surface temperature, rectal temperature and the lambs' exposure to sun were recorded across the first 24 h of life every hour, after the lambs had received colostrum. Lambs and ewes were kept in a lambing pen and could freely move between a shaded area or be exposed to sun. During the study period, the air temperature ranged between 20 ºC and 34 ºC. When exposed to sun, lambs and ewes could experience as much as 1200 W m-2 of solar irradiance. Santa Ines lambs exhibited higher (highest density interval at 95%, HDI) hair-coat surface temperatures than did Dorper lambs. Overall, both Santa Ines and Dorper lambs sustained homeothermy, with a mean rectal temperature ranging from 38.7 ºC to 39.1 ºC between night and daytime phase, and a mean amplitude of ~ 0.8 ºC. Nevertheless, from 10:00 to 15:00, some lambs were found to be moderately hyperthermic. Five Santa Ines and three Dorper lambs had rectal temperatures above 40 ºC, and one Santa Ines lamb, while exposed to sun, had a rectal temperature of 41.3 ºC. Over this time period, lambs were more likely to move to shade (HDI at 95%). From 00:00 to 06:00, despite the air temperature being lower than the hair-coat surface, favouring high rates of sensible heat loss to the environment, no lamb exhibited signs of hypothermia (rectal temperature < 37.5 ºC). In conclusion, haired newborn lambs coped well with high levels of radiant heat during the daytime and lower temperatures at night. However, providing access to shade during the daytime is important to improve the welfare of newborn lambs delivered in equatorial semi-arid regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- V F C Fonsêca
- Laboratory of Animal Biometeorology, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, Brazil.
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - J D C Dos Santos
- Animal Biometeorology and Ethology Group, Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Paraiba, Areia, Brazil
| | - E P Saraiva
- Animal Biometeorology and Ethology Group, Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Paraiba, Areia, Brazil
| | - G C Xavier Neta
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - L K C Morais
- Animal Biometeorology and Ethology Group, Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Paraiba, Areia, Brazil
| | - K C Bícego
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - W E Pereira
- Department of Fundamental and Social Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, Areia, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - E C Pimenta Filho
- Department of Fundamental and Social Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, Areia, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - G A B Moura
- Laboratory of Animal Biometeorology, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - V Sejian
- Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Veterinary Education and Research Puducherry, Puducherry, India
| | - A Fuller
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Mascarenhas NMH, Furtado DA, Fonsêca VDFC, de Souza BB, de Oliveira AG, Leal Morais FT, Silva RDS, Silva MRD, Batista LF, Dornelas KC, Bezerra CVDC, Costa Silva JAPD. Thermal stress index for native sheep. J Therm Biol 2023; 115:103607. [PMID: 37352597 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
The first objective of this study was to develop a thermal stress index for sheep based on environmental and animal data collected in a climate chamber under various environmental conditions. The second objective was to compare published indices of thermal comfort and the proposed index, testing them with the data from this study, with the objective of pointing out the most adequate index to be used by breeders when choosing management procedures. A total of 3024 data were obtained for the physiological variables of the sheep exposed to the eight thermal conditions in the climatic chamber and in ambient condition, kept three days in each thermal condition. A principal component analysis summarized the measurements of physiological variables into only one variable (y1). Using SigmaPlot software, multiple regression of y1 with the environmental variables and their combinations produced a number of indices. The equation chosen was the heat stress index for sheep, TSI = 24.153 - (0.0523*AT) + (0.746*BGT) + (4.104*Vp), with R2 = 0.668. The correlations presented high values, where these correlation values were assumed to indicate the efficiency of each index as indicators of the animals' response to the environment. Thus, it was assumed that the TSI presents a high efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nágela Maria Henrique Mascarenhas
- Postgraduate Program in Agricultural Engineering, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), Rua Aprígio Veloso, 882 - Universitário, Campina Grande, PB, 58429-900, Brazil.
| | - Dermeval Araújo Furtado
- Postgraduate Program in Agricultural Engineering, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), Rua Aprígio Veloso, 882 - Universitário, Campina Grande, PB, 58429-900, Brazil
| | | | - Bonifácio Benício de Souza
- Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), Avenue Universitária, s/n - Santa Cecilia, Patos, PB, 58708-110, Brazil
| | - Airton Gonçalves de Oliveira
- Postgraduate Program in Agricultural Engineering, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), Rua Aprígio Veloso, 882 - Universitário, Campina Grande, PB, 58429-900, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Teresinha Leal Morais
- Postgraduate Program in Agricultural Engineering, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), Rua Aprígio Veloso, 882 - Universitário, Campina Grande, PB, 58429-900, Brazil
| | - Ricardo de Sousa Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Agricultural Engineering, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), Rua Aprígio Veloso, 882 - Universitário, Campina Grande, PB, 58429-900, Brazil
| | - Maycon Rodrigues da Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), Avenue Universitária, s/n - Santa Cecilia, Patos, PB, 58708-110, Brazil
| | - Luanna Figueiredo Batista
- Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), Avenue Universitária, s/n - Santa Cecilia, Patos, PB, 58708-110, Brazil
| | - Karoline Carvalho Dornelas
- Postgraduate Program in Agricultural Engineering, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), Rua Aprígio Veloso, 882 - Universitário, Campina Grande, PB, 58429-900, Brazil; Federal University of the Mato Grosso (UFMT), Avenue Alexandre Ferronato, 1200 - Res. Cidade Jardim, Sinop, MT, 78550-728, Brazil
| | - Carlos Vailan de Castro Bezerra
- Postgraduate Program in Agricultural Engineering, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), Rua Aprígio Veloso, 882 - Universitário, Campina Grande, PB, 58429-900, Brazil
| | - José Antonio Pires da Costa Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), Avenue Universitária, s/n - Santa Cecilia, Patos, PB, 58708-110, Brazil
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Henrique Mascarenhas NM, Furtado DA, Benício de Souza B, Brilhante de Sousa O, Lima da Costa AN, Feitosa JV, Rodrigues da Silva M, Batista LF, Dornelas KC. Morphology of coat and skin of small ruminants reared in the Brazilian semi-arid region. J Therm Biol 2023; 112:103418. [PMID: 36796883 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2022.103418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The structure of the coat and integument of small ruminants reared in semi-arid regions have valuable characteristics that favor their adaptation to the region. The objective of this study was to evaluate the structural characteristics of the coat and integument and sweating capacity of goats and sheep in the Brazilian semi-arid region, using 20 animals, 10 of each breed, 5 males and 5 females of each species, grouped in a completely randomized design in a 2 x 2 factorial scheme (2 species and 2 genders) with 5 replicates. The animals were already being kept under the influence of high temperatures and levels of direct solar radiation before the day of the collections. At the time of the evaluations, ambient temperature was high, with low relative humidity. The pattern of epidermal thickness and sweat glands per body region was superior in sheep (P < 0.05), and the number of hair follicles and sweat rate were similar (P > 0.05) between the species. There was no difference (P > 0.05) in the evaluated characteristics between the genders, showing that they are not influenced by hormones. The morphology of the coat and skin of these animals showed a superiority of goats compared to sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nágela Maria Henrique Mascarenhas
- Postgraduate Program in Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), Road Aprígio Veloso, 882 - Universitário, Campina Grande, PB, 58429-900, Brazil.
| | - Dermeval Araújo Furtado
- Postgraduate Program in Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), Road Aprígio Veloso, 882 - Universitário, Campina Grande, PB, 58429-900, Brazil
| | - Bonifácio Benício de Souza
- Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), Avenue Universitária, s/n - Santa Cecilia, Patos, PB, 58708-110, Brazil
| | - Otávio Brilhante de Sousa
- Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), Avenue Universitária, s/n - Santa Cecilia, Patos, PB, 58708-110, Brazil
| | - Antonio Nelson Lima da Costa
- Federal University of the Cariri (UFCA), Road Vereador Sebastião Maciel Lopes, s/n, São José, Crato, CE, 63133-610, Brazil
| | - José Valmir Feitosa
- Federal University of the Cariri (UFCA), Road Vereador Sebastião Maciel Lopes, s/n, São José, Crato, CE, 63133-610, Brazil
| | - Maycon Rodrigues da Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), Avenue Universitária, s/n - Santa Cecilia, Patos, PB, 58708-110, Brazil
| | - Luanna Figueiredo Batista
- Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), Avenue Universitária, s/n - Santa Cecilia, Patos, PB, 58708-110, Brazil
| | - Karoline Carvalho Dornelas
- Postgraduate Program in Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), Road Aprígio Veloso, 882 - Universitário, Campina Grande, PB, 58429-900, Brazil; Federal University of the Mato Grosso (UFMT), Avenue Alexandre Ferronato, 1200 - Res. Cidade Jardim, Sinop, MT, 78550-728, Brazil
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Fonsêca VDFC, Gomes da Silva R, Moura GAB, Snelling EP, Fuller A, Mitchell D, Costa CCDM, Milan HM, Maia ASC. Reliability of methods to determine cutaneous evaporative water loss rate in furred and fleeced mammals. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART A, ECOLOGICAL AND INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 337:356-365. [PMID: 34971300 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We used a high-precision weighing system and flow-through respirometry to quantify cutaneous evaporative water loss rates in woolly sheep (wool thickness, ca. 6.5 cm) and haired goats (coat thickness, ca. 2.5 cm), while simultaneously recording parallel data obtained from (1) a flow-through ventilated capsule, (2) a closed hand-held electronic evaporimeter chamber, and (3) a closed colorimetric paper disc chamber. In comparison to the weighing system and respirometry, used here as a "gold standard" measure of cutaneous evaporative water loss rate, we found relatively good agreement with data obtained from the flow-through ventilated capsules. However, we found poor agreement with data obtained from the closed electronic evaporimeter chambers (underestimated by 60%, on average) and the closed colorimetric paper disc chambers (overestimated by 52%, on average). This deviation was likely associated with a requirement for shaved skin in the closed chamber methods. Our results therefore cast doubt on the validity of the closed chamber methods for measurement of cutaneous evaporative water loss rates in furred and fleeced mammals, and instead show that more accurate values can be obtained using flow-through ventilated capsules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinícius de França Carvalho Fonsêca
- Innovation Group of Biometeorology and Animal Welfare, Animal Science Department, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, Brazil
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Roberto Gomes da Silva
- Innovation Group of Biometeorology and Animal Welfare, Animal Science Department, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Gustavo A B Moura
- Innovation Group of Biometeorology and Animal Welfare, Animal Science Department, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Edward P Snelling
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
- Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Research, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Andrea Fuller
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Research, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Duncan Mitchell
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Cíntia C de Melo Costa
- Innovation Group of Biometeorology and Animal Welfare, Animal Science Department, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Hugo M Milan
- Innovation Group of Biometeorology and Animal Welfare, Animal Science Department, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Alex S C Maia
- Innovation Group of Biometeorology and Animal Welfare, Animal Science Department, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, Brazil
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Santos MLPD, Dada JMV, Muniz PC, Nunes-Zotti MLA, Barros FROD, Vieira FMC. Physiological responses of Santa Inês x Dorper ewes and lambs to thermal environment of silvopasture and open pasture systems. Small Rumin Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2021.106565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Landim AV, Roriz ND, Silveira RMF, Vega WHO, Costa HHA, de Sousa LCO, Alves GC, Ferreira J, Mourão GB. Sheep meat production in the Brazilian semi-arid region: crossing between indigenous breeds. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:510. [PMID: 34628538 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02947-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Investigations in the Brazilian semi-arid region evaluating the performance and carcass traits of sheep of indigenous breeds and their crossings have been performed; however, these studies use exotic breeds which produce precocious lambs with heavier carcasses, but not adapted to climatic conditions and the extensive production system, jeopardizing the sustainability of the sheep production system. We crossed between three indigenous breeds: Morada Nova (MN - maternal breed); Rabo Largo (RL - paternal breed), and Santa Inês (SI - paternal breed) with the objective of evaluating the effect of genotype and sex on the performance and carcass traits of purebred and crossbred animals. A total of 30 lambs, males and females, reared in a semi-intensive system were evaluated. Birth and weaning weights were 2.26 ± 0.53 and 7.31 ± 1.85, respectively. All lambs were slaughtered at 10 months of age. A completely randomized design in a 3 × 2 factorial scheme (three genotypes and two sexes) was used. Multivariate techniques were also performed to reduce group and discriminate variables. Birth and weaning weight were similar (P > 0.05) among genetic groups and sexes. The weight gain, carcass and morphometric trait characteristics, and the main commercial cuts were higher in crossbred lambs (P < 0.05). All indicators have discriminatory power between genotypes and sexes, but the carcass traits have a higher discriminatory power (P < 0.001). All genotypes, regardless of sex, have particular characteristics, i.e. MN × SI was characterized by greater forelimb and ham perimeters (P < 0.001), and the MN × RL by higher hot carcass weight and finish (P = 0.001). The cluster analysis and the heatmap plot revealed associations between SI and the size of cuts and RL with the cut commercial yield and the reduction in weight loss due to cooling. Our findings confirm the hypothesis that crossing between indigenous breeds represents an adequate alternative in sheep meat production systems in semi-arid regions. Finally, we encourage the use of indigenous breeds for sheep meat production with breed identity in order to favor the conservation of genetic resources and the sustainability of the production system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Vieira Landim
- Department of Animal Science, State University of Acaraú Valley (UVA), Sobral, CE, 62040-370, Brazil
| | - Natan Donato Roriz
- Department of Animal Science, State University of Acaraú Valley (UVA), Sobral, CE, 62040-370, Brazil
| | - Robson Mateus Freitas Silveira
- Department of Animal Science, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Pádua Dias, 11, Piracicaba, SP, 13.418-900, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | - Genilson César Alves
- Department of Animal Science, State University of Acaraú Valley (UVA), Sobral, CE, 62040-370, Brazil
| | - Josiel Ferreira
- Department of Animal Science, Federal Rural University of the Semi-arid (UFERSA), Mossoró, RN, 59625-900, Brazil
| | - Gerson Barreto Mourão
- Department of Animal Science, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Pádua Dias, 11, Piracicaba, SP, 13.418-900, Brazil
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Moura GAB, Costa CCDM, Fonsêca VDFC, Wijffels G, Castro PA, Neto MC, Maia ASC. Are crossbred cattle (F1, Bos indicus x Bos taurus) thermally different to the purebred Bos indicus cattle under moderate conditions? Livest Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2021.104457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Castro PA, Campos Maia AS, de França Carvalho Fonsêca V, Bernado Moura GA, Carol de Melo Costa C, Nascimento ST, Simão BR, Ruggieri AC, Gomes da Silva R. Comparative methods analysis on rates of cutaneous evaporative water loss (CEWL) in cattle. J Therm Biol 2021; 97:102879. [PMID: 33863443 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.102879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Closed colorimetric paper disc chambers and flow-through ventilated capsules are the most employed methods of measuring rates of local cutaneous evaporative water loss in cattle. However, we do not know if these methods show a close agreement with the total rate of cutaneous evaporative water loss derived from the weighing system (i.e., the gold standard method). We therefore combined a high-precision weighing system and flow through respirometry to accurately quantify the cutaneous evaporative water loss rates in shaded heifers, while simultaneously recording parallel data obtained from a flow-through ventilated capsule, and a closed colorimetric paper disc chamber. Least square means of the local surface-specific cutaneous evaporative water loss rate (g m-2 h-1) derived from the colorimetric paper discs and ventilated capsules show close agreement to the total rate of surface-specific cutaneous evaporative water loss (g m-2 h-1) derived from the weighing method. Likewise, fitted linear regression lines also showed that they were well correlated (e.g., R2 = 0.93 and r = 0.96 for ventilated capsule vs weighing method; and R2 = 0.81 and r = 0.91 for colorimetric paper discs vs weighing method). However, the mean square deviation revealed various sources of disagreement between the local measurements and those derived from the weighing method, in which the local rate of cutaneous evaporative water loss derived from colorimetric paper discs showed greater deviation. In conclusion, given the importance of cutaneous evaporative water loss for assessing temperature requirements and heat tolerance of cattle, our findings show large discrepancies derived from the closed colorimetric paper discs chamber when compared with parallel data derived from the gold standard method, which is sufficient to call into question previous findings obtained by employing such methods. Moreover, the flow-through ventilated capsule appears to be the most accurate method to assess the local rate of cutaneous evaporative water loss in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patric André Castro
- Innovation Group of Biometeorology and Animal Welfare, Animal Science Department, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Alex Sandro Campos Maia
- Innovation Group of Biometeorology and Animal Welfare, Animal Science Department, Federal University of Paraíba, 58 397 000, Areia, Brazil
| | - Vinícius de França Carvalho Fonsêca
- Innovation Group of Biometeorology and Animal Welfare, Animal Science Department, Federal University of Paraíba, 58 397 000, Areia, Brazil; Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Gustavo André Bernado Moura
- Innovation Group of Biometeorology and Animal Welfare, Animal Science Department, Federal University of Paraíba, 58 397 000, Areia, Brazil
| | - Cíntia Carol de Melo Costa
- Innovation Group of Biometeorology and Animal Welfare, Animal Science Department, Federal University of Paraíba, 58 397 000, Areia, Brazil
| | - Sheila Tavares Nascimento
- Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine (FAV), University of Brasília, Brasília, 70.910-900, DF, Brazil
| | - Bruno Rodrigo Simão
- Innovation Group of Biometeorology and Animal Welfare, Animal Science Department, Federal University of Paraíba, 58 397 000, Areia, Brazil
| | - Ana Cláudia Ruggieri
- Animal Science Department, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Roberto Gomes da Silva
- Innovation Group of Biometeorology and Animal Welfare, Animal Science Department, Federal University of Paraíba, 58 397 000, Areia, Brazil
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