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Paiva Prudente T, Oliva HNP, Oliva IO, Mezaiko E, Monteiro-Junior RS. Effects of Physical Exercise on Cerebral Blood Velocity in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:847. [PMID: 37887497 PMCID: PMC10604216 DOI: 10.3390/bs13100847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
As the older population grows, there is an increasing interest in understanding how physical exercise can counteract the changes seen with aging. The benefits of exercise to general health, and especially to the cardiovascular system, have been a topic of discussion for decades. However, there is still a need to elucidate the effects of training programs on the cerebrovascular blood velocity in older people. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate the effect of physical exercise on the cerebral blood velocity in older people (PROSPERO CRD42019136305). A search was performed on PubMed, Web of Science, EBSCO, ScienceDirect, and Scopus from the inception of this study to October 2023, retrieving 493 results, of which 26 were included, analyzing more than 1000 participants. An overall moderate risk of bias was found for the studies using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tools for randomized and non-randomized clinical trials. The pooled results of randomized trials showed that older people who underwent physical exercise presented a statistically significant increase in cerebral blood velocity (3.58; 95%CI = 0.51, 6.65; p = 0.02). This result indicates that physical exercise is important to help maintain cerebral health in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Paiva Prudente
- School of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, GO, Brazil;
| | - Henrique Nunes Pereira Oliva
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA;
- Postgraduation Programme of Health Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes Claros 39401-089, MG, Brazil
| | - Isabela Oliveira Oliva
- School of Medicine, Centro Universitario FIPMoc (UNIFIPMoc), Montes Claros 39408-007, MG, Brazil;
| | - Eleazar Mezaiko
- School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, GO, Brazil;
| | - Renato Sobral Monteiro-Junior
- Postgraduation Programme of Health Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes Claros 39401-089, MG, Brazil
- Postgraduation Programme of Neurology/Neuroscience, Universidade Federal, Niterói 24020-141, RJ, Brazil
- Research and Study Group in Neuroscience, Exercise, Health and Sport—GENESEs, Physical Education Department, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes Claros 39401-089, MG, Brazil
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Miutz LN, Burma JS, Van Roessel RK, Johnson NE, Phillips AA, Emery CA, Brassard P, Smirl JD. The effect of supine cycling and progressive lower body negative pressure on cerebral blood velocity responses. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2023; 135:316-325. [PMID: 37348016 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00758.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Moderate-intensity aerobic exercise increases cerebral blood velocity (CBv) primarily due to hyperpnea-induced vasodilation; however, the integrative control of cerebral blood flow (CBF) allows other factors to contribute to the vasodilation. Although lower body negative pressure (LBNP) can reduce CBv, the exact LBNP intensity required to blunt the aforementioned exercise-induced CBv response is unknown. This could hold utility for concussion recovery, allowing individuals to exercise at higher intensities without symptom exacerbation. Thirty-two healthy adults (age: 20-33 yr; 19 females/13 males) completed a stepwise maximal exercise test during a first visit to determine each participant's wattage associated with their exercise-induced maximal CBv increase. During the second visit, following supine rest, participants completed moderate-intensity exercise at their determined threshold, while progressive LBNP was applied at 0, -20, -40, -60, -70, -80, and ∼88 Torr. Bilateral middle cerebral artery blood velocities (MCAvs), mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate, respiratory rate, and end-tidal carbon dioxide levels were measured continuously. Two-way analysis of variance with effect sizes compared between sexes and stages. Compared with resting supine baseline, averaged MCAv was elevated during 0 and -20 Torr LBNP (q value > 7.73; P < 0.001); however, no differences were noted between baseline and -40 to -70 Torr (q value < |4.24|; P > 0.262). Differences were present between females and males for absolute MCAv measures (q value > 11.2; P < 0.001), but not when normalized to baseline (q value < 0.03; P > 0.951). Supine cycling-elicited increases in MCAv are able to be blunted during the application of LBNP ranging from -40 to -70 Torr. The blunted CBv response demonstrates the potential benefit of allowing individuals to aerobically train (moderate-intensity supine cycling with LBNP) without exacerbating symptoms during the concussion recovery phase.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The current investigation demonstrated that moderate-intensity supine cycling-induced increases in cerebral blood velocities were balanced by the lower body negative pressure-induced decreases in cerebral blood velocity. Although performed in a healthy population, the results may lend themselves to a potential treatment option for individuals recovering from concussion or experience persistent concussion symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren N Miutz
- Cerebrovascular Concussion Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Integrated Concussion Research Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Health and Sport Science, University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio, United States
| | - Joel S Burma
- Cerebrovascular Concussion Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Integrated Concussion Research Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rowan K Van Roessel
- Cerebrovascular Concussion Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nathan E Johnson
- Cerebrovascular Concussion Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Aaron A Phillips
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiac Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Biomedical Engineering, and Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Carolyn A Emery
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Integrated Concussion Research Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Patrice Brassard
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University Laval, Quebec City, Québec, Canada
- Research center of the Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Quebec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Jonathan D Smirl
- Cerebrovascular Concussion Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Integrated Concussion Research Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Schoech L, Allie K, Salvador P, Martinez M, Rivas E. Sex Differences in Thermal Comfort, Perception, Feeling, Stress and Focus During Exercise Hyperthermia. Percept Mot Skills 2021; 128:969-987. [PMID: 33730933 DOI: 10.1177/00315125211002096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
It is unclear whether men and women perceive thermal stress differently when changes in intestinal temperature (ΔTin) and metabolic heat production (MHprod) are matched between sexes during exercise hyperthermia. This study tested the hypothesis that females have enhanced sensitivity to comfort and perception of thermal stress during exercise hyperthermia in these conditions. We had 22 healthy active adults (11 males, 11 females; M age = 22.4 years, SD = 4.9; M height = 169 cm, SD = 7.6; M weight = 68.3 kg, SD = 13) exercise in random order, separated by at least three days at similar MHprod (M = 7.0 W/kg, SD = 1.5; p = 0.32) for 60 minutes on a cycle ergometer in cool (M = 24.00C, SD = 0.0; M = 14.4%Rh, SD = 3.6) and hot (M = 42.3°C, SD = 0.2; M = 10-60%Rh) environments with a progressive increase in humidity conditions. We measured ΔTin, and thermal stress indices for sensation (TS), comfort (TC), pleasantness (TP), and stickiness (S), feeling (FS scale), stress (visual analogue stress scale, VAS), focus (F) and felt arousal (FAS scale). We examined environmental conditions as wet bulb globe temperatures (WBGT). Males and females had similar increases in ΔTin (ME: WBGT; p < 0.0001), and both groups reported increased TS and TC and decreased TP (ME: WBGT, p ≤ 0.01). However, females reported that TS, TC, and TP, felt hotter overall, more uncomfortable, and more unpleasant, compared to males (ME: Sex; p < 0.04). Overall, females felt worse and were more stressed compared to males (ME: Sex; p ≤ 0.05). Females also reported greater internal focus as WBGT increased compared to males (I: WBGT × Sex; p < 0.003). Knowing that females perceive thermal stress during exercise hyperthermia to be hotter, more uncomfortable, more unpleasant, and more stressful compared to males can help coaches/trainers plan different exercise routines for exercisers of both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Schoech
- Exercise & Thermal Integrative Physiology Laboratory, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, United States
| | - Kyleigh Allie
- Exercise & Thermal Integrative Physiology Laboratory, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, United States
| | - Paolo Salvador
- Exercise & Thermal Integrative Physiology Laboratory, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, United States
| | - Mauricio Martinez
- Exercise & Thermal Integrative Physiology Laboratory, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, United States
| | - Eric Rivas
- Exercise & Thermal Integrative Physiology Laboratory, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, United States.,KBR, Human Physiology, Performance, Protection & Operations Laboratory, NASA, Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas, United States
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