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Yu L, Liu J, Jia J, Yang J, Tong R, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Yin S, Li J, Sun D. Fusion Genes Landscape of Lung Cancer Patients From Inner Mongolia, China. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2024; 63:e23258. [PMID: 39011998 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.23258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths globally. Gene fusion, a key driver of tumorigenesis, has led to the identification of numerous driver gene fusions for lung cancer diagnosis and treatment. However, previous studies focused on Western populations, leaving the possibility of unrecognized lung cancer-associated gene fusions specific to Inner Mongolia due to its unique genetic background and dietary habits. To address this, we conducted DNA sequencing analysis on tumor and adjacent nontumor tissues from 1200 individuals with lung cancer in Inner Mongolia. Our analysis established a comprehensive fusion gene landscape specific to lung cancer in Inner Mongolia, shedding light on potential region-specific molecular mechanisms underlying the disease. Compared to Western cohorts, we observed a higher occurrence of ALK and RET fusions in Inner Mongolian patients. Additionally, we discovered eight novel fusion genes in three patients: SLC34A2-EPHB1, CCT6P3-GSTP1, BARHL2-APC, HRAS-MELK, FAM134B-ERBB2, ABCB1-GIPC1, GPR98-ALK, and FAM134B-SALL1. These previously unreported fusion genes suggest potential regional specificity. Furthermore, we characterized the fusion genes' structures based on breakpoints and described their impact on major functional gene domains. Importantly, the identified novel fusion genes exhibited significant clinical and pathological relevance. Notably, patients with SLC34A2-EPHB1, CCT6P3-GSTP1, and BARHL2-APC fusions showed sensitivity to the combination of chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Patients with HRAS-MELK, FAM134B-ERBB2, and ABCB1-GIPC1 fusions showed sensitivity to chemotherapy. In summary, our study provides novel insights into the frequency, distribution, and characteristics of specific fusion genes, offering valuable guidance for the development of effective clinical treatments, particularly in Inner Mongolia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Yu
- Clinical Medical Research Center, Inner Mongolian People's Hospital, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Gene Regulation of the Metabolic Disease, Inner Mongolian People's Hospital, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Medical Sciences, Inner Mongolian People's Hospital, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Jinyang Liu
- Department of Sciences, Geneis Beijing Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
- Department of Data Mining, Qingdao Geneis Institute of Big Data Mining and Precision Medicine, Qingdao, China
| | - Jianchao Jia
- Clinical Medical Research Center, Inner Mongolian People's Hospital, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Gene Regulation of the Metabolic Disease, Inner Mongolian People's Hospital, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Medical Sciences, Inner Mongolian People's Hospital, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Clinical Medical Research Center, Inner Mongolian People's Hospital, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Gene Regulation of the Metabolic Disease, Inner Mongolian People's Hospital, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Medical Sciences, Inner Mongolian People's Hospital, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Ruiying Tong
- Clinical Medical Research Center, Inner Mongolian People's Hospital, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Gene Regulation of the Metabolic Disease, Inner Mongolian People's Hospital, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Medical Sciences, Inner Mongolian People's Hospital, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Clinical Medical Research Center, Inner Mongolian People's Hospital, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Gene Regulation of the Metabolic Disease, Inner Mongolian People's Hospital, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Medical Sciences, Inner Mongolian People's Hospital, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Department of Sciences, Geneis Beijing Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
- Department of Data Mining, Qingdao Geneis Institute of Big Data Mining and Precision Medicine, Qingdao, China
| | - Songtao Yin
- Department of Medical Imaging, Inner Mongolian People's Hospital, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Junlin Li
- Department of Medical Imaging, Inner Mongolian People's Hospital, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Dejun Sun
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Medical Sciences, Inner Mongolian People's Hospital, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Inner Mongolian People's Hospital, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
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Daruish M, Ambrogio F, Colagrande A, Marzullo A, Alaggio R, Trilli I, Ingravallo G, Cazzato G. Kinase Fusions in Spitz Melanocytic Tumors: The Past, the Present, and the Future. Dermatopathology (Basel) 2024; 11:112-123. [PMID: 38390852 PMCID: PMC10885070 DOI: 10.3390/dermatopathology11010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, particular interest has developed in molecular biology applied to the field of dermatopathology, with a focus on nevi of the Spitz spectrum. From 2014 onwards, an increasing number of papers have been published to classify, stratify, and correctly frame molecular alterations, including kinase fusions. In this paper, we try to synthesize the knowledge gained in this area so far. In December 2023, we searched Medline and Scopus for case reports and case series, narrative and systematic reviews, meta-analyses, observational studies-either longitudinal or historical, case series, and case reports published in English in the last 15 years using the keywords spitzoid neoplasms, kinase fusions, ALK, ROS1, NTRK (1-2-3), MET, RET, MAP3K8, and RAF1. ALK-rearranged Spitz tumors and ROS-1-rearranged tumors are among the most studied and characterized entities in the literature, in an attempt (although not always successful) to correlate histopathological features with the probable molecular driver alteration. NTRK-, RET-, and MET-rearranged Spitz tumors present another studied and characterized entity, with several rearrangements described but as of yet incomplete information about their prognostic significance. Furthermore, although rarer, rearrangements of serine-threonine kinases such as BRAF, RAF1, and MAP3K8 have also been described, but more cases with more detailed information about possible histopathological alterations, mechanisms of etiopathogenesis, and also prognosis are needed. The knowledge of molecular drivers is of great interest in the field of melanocytic diagnostics, and it is important to consider that in addition to immunohistochemistry, molecular techniques such as FISH, PCR, and/or NGS are essential to confirm and classify the different patterns of mutation. Future studies with large case series and molecular sequencing techniques are needed to allow for a more complete and comprehensive understanding of the role of fusion kinases in the spitzoid tumor family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maged Daruish
- Dorset County Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Dorchester DT1 2JY, UK
| | - Francesca Ambrogio
- Section of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePRe-J), University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Anna Colagrande
- Section of Molecular Pathology, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePRe-J), University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Andrea Marzullo
- Section of Molecular Pathology, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePRe-J), University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Rita Alaggio
- Pathology Unit, Department of Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Irma Trilli
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ingravallo
- Section of Molecular Pathology, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePRe-J), University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Gerardo Cazzato
- Section of Molecular Pathology, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePRe-J), University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy
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Fancelli S, Caliman E, Mazzoni F, Brugia M, Castiglione F, Voltolini L, Pillozzi S, Antonuzzo L. Chasing the Target: New Phenomena of Resistance to Novel Selective RET Inhibitors in Lung Cancer. Updated Evidence and Future Perspectives. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13051091. [PMID: 33806299 PMCID: PMC7961559 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13051091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary REarranged during Transfection (RET) is an emerging target for several types of cancer, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The recent U.S. FDA approval of pralsetinib and selpercatinib raises issues regarding the emergence of secondary mutations and amplifications involved in parallel signaling pathways and receptors, liable for resistance mechanisms. The aim of this review is to explore recent knowledge on RET resistance in NSCLC in pre-clinic and in clinical settings and accordingly, the state-of-the-art in new drugs or combination of drugs development. Abstract The potent, RET-selective tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) pralsetinib and selpercatinib, are effective against the RET V804L/M gatekeeper mutants, however, adaptive mutations that cause resistance at the solvent front RET G810 residue have been found, pointing to the need for the development of the next-generation of RET-specific TKIs. Also, as seen in EGFR- and ALK-driven NSCLC, the rising of the co-occurring amplifications of KRAS and MET could represent other escaping mechanisms from direct inhibition. In this review, we summarize actual knowledge on RET fusions, focusing on those involved in NSCLC, the results of main clinical trials of approved RET-inhibition drugs, with particular attention on recent published results of selective TKIs, and finally, pre-clinical evidence regarding resistance mechanisms and suggestion on hypothetical and feasible drugs combinations and strategies viable in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Fancelli
- Medical Oncology Unit, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy; (S.F.); (E.C.); (F.M.); (M.B.); (S.P.)
| | - Enrico Caliman
- Medical Oncology Unit, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy; (S.F.); (E.C.); (F.M.); (M.B.); (S.P.)
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy;
| | - Francesca Mazzoni
- Medical Oncology Unit, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy; (S.F.); (E.C.); (F.M.); (M.B.); (S.P.)
| | - Marco Brugia
- Medical Oncology Unit, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy; (S.F.); (E.C.); (F.M.); (M.B.); (S.P.)
| | - Francesca Castiglione
- Pathological Histology and Molecular Diagnostics Unit, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy;
| | - Luca Voltolini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy;
- Thoraco-Pulmonary Surgery Unit, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Serena Pillozzi
- Medical Oncology Unit, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy; (S.F.); (E.C.); (F.M.); (M.B.); (S.P.)
| | - Lorenzo Antonuzzo
- Medical Oncology Unit, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy; (S.F.); (E.C.); (F.M.); (M.B.); (S.P.)
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-055-7948406
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A Series of RET Fusion Spitz Neoplasms With Plaque-Like Silhouette and Dyscohesive Nesting of Epithelioid Melanocytes. Am J Dermatopathol 2020; 43:243-251. [PMID: 33742998 DOI: 10.1097/dad.0000000000001780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Two distinct studies have shown that RET fusions are found in 3%-4% of Spitz neoplasms. RET fusions have been well described in papillary thyroid cancer, non-small-cell lung cancer, breast cancer, and soft-tissue mesenchymal tumors as well as some other neoplasms. However, there are no comprehensive descriptions to date of the characteristic morphologic, clinical, or genomic findings in RET fusion Spitz neoplasms. In this study, we identified 5 cases of RET fusion Spitz neoplasms. These tumors showed characteristic morphologic features which included plaque-like silhouette and monotonous epithelioid cytology with expansile and dyscohesive nesting. Four of 5 patients including 1 diagnosed as Spitz melanoma had clinical follow-up all of which was uneventful. Furthermore, we describe the genomic sequences in 4 of these cases, 2 of which have previously described KIF5B-RET fusion and 2 of which had a novel LMNA-RET fusion. We believe this report significantly contributes to our current knowledge regarding Spitz neoplasms and describes characteristics features which can help with recognition of the RET subgroup of Spitz.
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Li W, Guo L, Liu Y, Dong L, Yang L, Chen L, Liu K, Shao Y, Ying J. Potential Unreliability of Uncommon ALK, ROS1, and RET Genomic Breakpoints in Predicting the Efficacy of Targeted Therapy in NSCLC. J Thorac Oncol 2020; 16:404-418. [PMID: 33248323 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2020.10.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Variable genomic breakpoints have been identified through the application of target-capture DNA next-generation sequencing (NGS) for ALK, ROS1, and RET fusion detection in NSCLC. We investigated whether ALK, ROS1, and RET genomic breakpoint location can predict matched targeted therapy efficacy. METHODS NSCLCs were analyzed by DNA NGS, target-specific RNA NGS, whole-transcriptome sequencing, and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS In total, 3787 NSCLC samples were analyzed. DNA NGS detected ALK, ROS1, and RET fusions in 241, 59, and 76 cases, respectively. These fusions were divided into canonical (single EML4-ALK, CD74/EZR/TPM3/SDC4-ROS1, and KIF5B/CCDC6-RET fusions), noncanonical (single non-EML4-ALK, non-CD74/EZR/TPM3/SDC4-ROS1, and non-KIF5B/CCDC6-RET fusions), and primary/reciprocal (both primary and reciprocal rearrangements were detected) subtypes on the basis of genomic breakpoint position, and noncanonical and primary/reciprocal subtypes were defined as uncommon fusions. Further RNA sequencing and immunohistochemistry revealed that six of 47 (12.8%) uncommon fusions were actually nonproductive rearrangements that generated no aberrant transcripts or proteins. Moreover, genomic breakpoints of canonical ALK and RET, but not ROS1, fusions always predicted breakpoints at the transcript level, whereas 85.4% (35 of 41) of uncommon fusions actually produced canonical fusion transcripts. Patients with uncommon ALK fusion (n = 31) who received first-line crizotinib exhibited shorter median progression-free survival than those with canonical ALK fusion (n = 53, 8.4 mo versus 12.0 mo, p = 0.004). However, no difference in progression-free survival was observed when only ALK RNA or protein-positive cases were analyzed (p = 0.185). CONCLUSIONS Uncommon ALK, ROS1, and RET genomic breakpoint is an unreliable predictor of matched targeted therapy efficacy. Functional validation by RNA or protein assay may add value for the accurate detection and interpretation of rare fusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Li
- Department of Pathology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Guo
- Department of Pathology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yutao Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Dong
- Department of Pathology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Pathology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Chen
- HeliTec Biotechnologies, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaihua Liu
- Nanjing Geneseeq Technology Inc., Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Shao
- Nanjing Geneseeq Technology Inc., Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianming Ying
- Department of Pathology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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Ou SHI, Zhu VW. Catalog of 5' fusion partners in RET+ NSCLC Circa 2020. JTO Clin Res Rep 2020; 1:100037. [PMID: 34589933 PMCID: PMC8474217 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtocrr.2020.100037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of RET fusion-positive (RET+) NSCLC around late 2011 to early 2012, clinical trials of multikinase inhibitors and highly potent and selective RET tyrosine kinase inhibitors have indicated that RET fusion is an actionable oncogenic driver in NSCLC. There seems to be a differential response to multikinase inhibitors depending on the fusion partner (KIF5B-RET versus non-KIF5B-RET); thus, knowledge of the fusion partners in RET+ NSCLC is important. To date, we identified 48 unique fusion partners in RET from published literature and congress proceedings. Two of the novel fusion partners (CCNYL2 and TRIM24) were identified in RET fusions that emerged as resistant to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors. In addition, multiple intergenic rearrangements were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai-Hong Ignatius Ou
- Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Orange, California
| | - Viola W. Zhu
- Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Orange, California
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Davis JL, Vargas SO, Rudzinski ER, López Marti JM, Janeway K, Forrest S, Winsnes K, Pinto N, Yang SE, VanSandt M, Boyd TK, Corless CL, Liu YJ, Surrey LF, Harris MH, Church A, Al-Ibraheemi A. Recurrent RET gene fusions in paediatric spindle mesenchymal neoplasms. Histopathology 2020; 76:1032-1041. [PMID: 31994201 DOI: 10.1111/his.14082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The classification of paediatric spindle mesenchymal tumours is evolving, and the spectrum of so-called 'infantile fibrosarcoma' has expanded to include tumours with NTRK, BRAF and MET gene fusions. RET-rearranged paediatric spindle cell neoplasms are an emerging group; there is sparse literature on their clinical, pathological and genetic features, and their nosological place in the canon of soft tissue tumours is uncertain. In this study, we report five RET-rearranged paediatric spindle cell tumours with fusion partners MYH10, KIAA1217 and CLIP2. METHODS AND RESULTS The tumours occurred in the pelvic region, paraspinal region, kidney and subcutaneous tissue of hand and abdomen. The patients' ages ranged from 6 months to 13 years (median 1 year). The tumours were composed of monomorphic spindle cells arranged in a fascicular pattern. Lesional cells had minimally atypical ovoid or tapered nuclei and pale cytoplasm with indistinct borders. Necrosis was not identified. Mitoses numbered three to 12 per 10 high-power field. Cases showed inconsistent and variable expression of S100, CD34 and SMA. Clinical behaviour ranged from small lesions potentially cured by simple resection to large lesions exhibiting metastasis, but responsive to kinase inhibitor therapy. CONCLUSIONS Our findings help to define RET-rearranged spindle cell tumours. Although it is likely that these tumours comprise part of the morphological and clinical spectrum of infantile fibrosarcoma (IFS), identification of RET gene alteration is important for its unique therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Davis
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Sara O Vargas
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Erin R Rudzinski
- Department of Laboratories, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jessica M López Marti
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Nacional de Pediatria Juan P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Katherine Janeway
- Department of Oncology, Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Suzanne Forrest
- Department of Oncology, Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Katrina Winsnes
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Oregon Health and Science University/Doernbecher Children's Hospital, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Navin Pinto
- Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington Medical Center and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sung E Yang
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Mandy VanSandt
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Theonia K Boyd
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Yajuan J Liu
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lea F Surrey
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marian H Harris
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alanna Church
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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RET Gene Fusions in Malignancies of the Thyroid and Other Tissues. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11040424. [PMID: 32326537 PMCID: PMC7230609 DOI: 10.3390/genes11040424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Following the identification of the BCR-ABL1 (Breakpoint Cluster Region-ABelson murine Leukemia) fusion in chronic myelogenous leukemia, gene fusions generating chimeric oncoproteins have been recognized as common genomic structural variations in human malignancies. This is, in particular, a frequent mechanism in the oncogenic conversion of protein kinases. Gene fusion was the first mechanism identified for the oncogenic activation of the receptor tyrosine kinase RET (REarranged during Transfection), initially discovered in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). More recently, the advent of highly sensitive massive parallel (next generation sequencing, NGS) sequencing of tumor DNA or cell-free (cfDNA) circulating tumor DNA, allowed for the detection of RET fusions in many other solid and hematopoietic malignancies. This review summarizes the role of RET fusions in the pathogenesis of human cancer.
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