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Nakamura R, Yamada T, Tokuda S, Morimoto K, Katayama Y, Matsui Y, Hirai S, Ishida M, Kawachi H, Sawada R, Tachibana Y, Osoegawa A, Horinaka M, Sakai T, Yasuhiro T, Kozaki R, Yano S, Takayama K. Triple combination therapy comprising osimertinib, an AXL inhibitor, and an FGFR inhibitor improves the efficacy of EGFR-mutated non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Lett 2024; 598:217124. [PMID: 39059573 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2024.217124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
We previously reported that combined therapy with epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI) osimertinib and AXL inhibitor ONO-7475 is effective in preventing the survival of drug-tolerant cells in high-AXL-expressing EGFR-mutated non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. Nevertheless, certain residual cells are anticipated to eventually develop acquired resistance to this combination therapy. In this study, we attempted to establish a multidrug combination therapy from the first-line setting to overcome resistance to this combination therapy in high-AXL-expressing EGFR-mutated NSCLC. siRNA screening assay showed that fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) knockdown induced pronounced inhibition of cell viability in the presence of the osimertinib-ONO-7475 combination, which activates FGFR1 by upregulating FGF2 via the c-Myc pathway. Cell-based assays showed that triple therapy with osimertinib, ONO-7475, and the FGFR inhibitor BGJ398 significantly increased apoptosis by increasing expression of proapoptotic factor Bim and reduced cell viability compared with that observed for the osimertinib-ONO-7475 therapy. Xenograft models showed that triple therapy considerably suppressed tumor regrowth. A novel therapeutic strategy of additional initial FGFR1 inhibition may be highly effective in suppressing the emergence of osimertinib- and ONO-7475-resistant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Nakamura
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tadaaki Yamada
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Shinsaku Tokuda
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kenji Morimoto
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuki Katayama
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yohei Matsui
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Soichi Hirai
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masaki Ishida
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hayato Kawachi
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryo Sawada
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yusuke Tachibana
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Atsushi Osoegawa
- Department of Thoracic and Breast Surgery, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Oita, Japan
| | - Mano Horinaka
- Department of Drug Discovery Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Sakai
- Department of Drug Discovery Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomoko Yasuhiro
- Research Center of Oncology, Discovery and Research, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryohei Kozaki
- Research Center of Oncology, Discovery and Research, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Seiji Yano
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan; Division of Medical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; WPI-Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-Nano LSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Koichi Takayama
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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2
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Figarol S, Delahaye C, Gence R, Doussine A, Cerapio JP, Brachais M, Tardy C, Béry N, Asslan R, Colinge J, Villemin JP, Maraver A, Ferrer I, Paz-Ares L, Kessler L, Burrows F, Lajoie-Mazenc I, Dongay V, Morin C, Florent A, Pagano S, Taranchon-Clermont E, Casanova A, Pradines A, Mazieres J, Favre G, Calvayrac O. Farnesyltransferase inhibition overcomes oncogene-addicted non-small cell lung cancer adaptive resistance to targeted therapies. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5345. [PMID: 38937474 PMCID: PMC11211478 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49360-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Drug-tolerance has emerged as one of the major non-genetic adaptive processes driving resistance to targeted therapy (TT) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the kinetics and sequence of molecular events governing this adaptive response remain poorly understood. Here, we combine real-time monitoring of the cell-cycle dynamics and single-cell RNA sequencing in a broad panel of oncogenic addiction such as EGFR-, ALK-, BRAF- and KRAS-mutant NSCLC, treated with their corresponding TT. We identify a common path of drug adaptation, which invariably involves alveolar type 1 (AT1) differentiation and Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK)-mediated cytoskeletal remodeling. We also isolate and characterize a rare population of early escapers, which represent the earliest resistance-initiating cells that emerge in the first hours of treatment from the AT1-like population. A phenotypic drug screen identify farnesyltransferase inhibitors (FTI) such as tipifarnib as the most effective drugs in preventing relapse to TT in vitro and in vivo in several models of oncogenic addiction, which is confirmed by genetic depletion of the farnesyltransferase. These findings pave the way for the development of treatments combining TT and FTI to effectively prevent tumor relapse in oncogene-addicted NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Figarol
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Inserm, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Célia Delahaye
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Inserm, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Rémi Gence
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Inserm, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Aurélia Doussine
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Inserm, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Juan Pablo Cerapio
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Inserm, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Mathylda Brachais
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Inserm, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Claudine Tardy
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Inserm, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Nicolas Béry
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Inserm, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Raghda Asslan
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Inserm, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Jacques Colinge
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), Inserm, Université de Montpellier, Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM), Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Villemin
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), Inserm, Université de Montpellier, Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM), Montpellier, France
| | - Antonio Maraver
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), Inserm, Université de Montpellier, Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM), Montpellier, France
| | - Irene Ferrer
- Unidad de Investigación Clínica de Cáncer de Pulmón, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre-CNIO, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Paz-Ares
- Unidad de Investigación Clínica de Cáncer de Pulmón, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre-CNIO, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Isabelle Lajoie-Mazenc
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Inserm, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Vincent Dongay
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Inserm, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Toulouse, service de pneumologie, Toulouse, France
| | - Clara Morin
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Inserm, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Toulouse, service de pneumologie, Toulouse, France
| | - Amélie Florent
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Inserm, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Sandra Pagano
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Inserm, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Estelle Taranchon-Clermont
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Inserm, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
- Oncopole Claudius Regaud, Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse-Oncopole, Laboratoire de Biologie Médicale Oncologique, Toulouse, France
| | - Anne Casanova
- Oncopole Claudius Regaud, Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse-Oncopole, Laboratoire de Biologie Médicale Oncologique, Toulouse, France
| | - Anne Pradines
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Inserm, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
- Oncopole Claudius Regaud, Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse-Oncopole, Laboratoire de Biologie Médicale Oncologique, Toulouse, France
| | - Julien Mazieres
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Inserm, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Toulouse, service de pneumologie, Toulouse, France
| | - Gilles Favre
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Inserm, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
- Oncopole Claudius Regaud, Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse-Oncopole, Laboratoire de Biologie Médicale Oncologique, Toulouse, France.
| | - Olivier Calvayrac
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Inserm, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
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3
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Ismail NZ, Khairuddean M, Alidmat MM, Abubakar S, Arsad H. Investigating the potential of mono-chalcone compounds in targeting breast cancer receptors through network pharmacology, molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation, antiproliferative effects, and gene expressions. 3 Biotech 2024; 14:151. [PMID: 38737798 PMCID: PMC11087420 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-024-03991-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The study aims to investigate various aspects of synthesized mono-chalcone compounds 5 and 8 concerning breast cancer, including network pharmacology, molecular docking, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, antiproliferative effects, and gene expressions. Initially, the compounds underwent a network pharmacology analysis targeting breast cancer-related targets, with MalaCards, SwissTargetPrediction, and PharmMapper identifying 70 breast cancer target receptors. Subsequently, protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis revealed two distinct target gene clusters. Survival analysis identified seven significant target genes following Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment and Gene Ontology (GO) evaluation. Molecular docking and MD simulations were conducted on these seven target genes (AKT2, BRAF, ESR1, FGFR1, IGF1, IGF1R, and KIT), revealing that compound 8 exhibited the highest binding affinities, as well as better stability and compactness when interacting with the targeted proteins. Next, the compounds underwent cell viability assay and gene expression analysis to validate the in silico findings. Both compounds demonstrated the ability to suppress breast cancer proliferation, with compound 8 showing increased selectivity in targeting breast cancer cells while causing minimal harm to normal breast cells. The suppression of breast cancer cell proliferation was attributed to decreased expression levels of AKT2, BRAF, FGFR1, IGF1, IGF1R, KIT, and ESR1. Hence, the results provide insights into the molecular interaction responsible for the anti-breast cancer capabilities of mono-chalcone compounds. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-024-03991-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Zafirah Ismail
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Melati Khairuddean
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | | | - Sadiq Abubakar
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
- Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Bayero University Kano, Kano, 3011 Nigeria
| | - Hasni Arsad
- Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam, 13200 Kepala Batas, Penang Malaysia
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4
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Fang S, Peng L, Zhang M, Hou R, Deng X, Li X, Xin J, Peng L, Liu Z, Liu Y, Xie Y, Zhou B, Fang W, Liu Z, Cheng C. MiR-2110 induced by chemically synthesized cinobufagin functions as a tumor-metastatic suppressor via targeting FGFR1 to reduce PTEN ubiquitination degradation in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2024; 39:3548-3562. [PMID: 38477013 DOI: 10.1002/tox.24197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Tumor cell metastasis is the key cause of death in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). MiR-2110 was cloned and identified in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-positive NPC, but its role is unclear in NPC. In this study, we investigated the effect of miR-2110 on NPC metastasis and its related molecular basis. In addition, we also explored whether miR-2110 can be regulated by cinobufotalin (CB) and participate in the inhibition of CB on NPC metastasis. Bioinformatics, RT-PCR, and in situ hybridization were used to observe the expression of miR-2110 in NPC tissues and cells. Scratch, Boyden, and tail vein metastasis model of nude mouse were used to detect the effect of miR-2110 on NPC metastasis. Western blot, Co-IP, luciferase activity, colocalization of micro confocal and ubiquitination assays were used to identify the molecular mechanism of miR-2110 affecting NPC metastasis. Finally, miR-2110 induced by CB participates in CB-stimulated inhibition of NPC metastasis was explored. The data showed that increased miR-2110 significantly suppresses NPC cell migration, invasion, and metastasis. Suppressing miR-2110 markedly restored NPC cell migration and invasion. Mechanistically, miR-2110 directly targeted FGFR1 and reduced its protein expression. Decreased FGFR1 attenuated its recruitment of NEDD4, which downregulated NEDD4-induced phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) ubiquitination and degradation and further increased PTEN protein stability, thereby inactivating PI3K/AKT-stimulated epithelial-mesenchymal transition signaling and ultimately suppressing NPC metastasis. Interestingly, CB, a potential new inhibitory drug for NPC metastasis, significantly induced miR-2110 expression by suppressing PI3K/AKT/c-Jun-mediated transcription inhibition. Suppression of miR-2110 significantly restored cell migration and invasion in CB-treated NPC cells. Finally, a clinical sample assay indicated that reduced miR-2110 was negatively correlated with NPC lymph node metastasis and positively related to NPC patient survival prognosis. In summary, miR-2110 is a metastatic suppressor involving in CB-induced suppression of NPC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyi Fang
- Cancer Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Lanzhu Peng
- Cancer Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengmin Zhang
- Cancer Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rentao Hou
- Cancer Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xing Deng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoning Li
- Cancer Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianyang Xin
- Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lingrong Peng
- Department of Radiology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhihua Liu
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiyi Liu
- Cancer Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingying Xie
- Cancer Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Beixian Zhou
- The People's Hospital of Gaozhou, Gaozhou, China
| | - Weiyi Fang
- Cancer Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Cancer Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chao Cheng
- Cancer Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Otolaryngology, Shenzhen Longgang Otolaryngology Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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5
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Duan XP, Qin BD, Jiao XD, Liu K, Wang Z, Zang YS. New clinical trial design in precision medicine: discovery, development and direction. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:57. [PMID: 38438349 PMCID: PMC10912713 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01760-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
In the era of precision medicine, it has been increasingly recognized that individuals with a certain disease are complex and different from each other. Due to the underestimation of the significant heterogeneity across participants in traditional "one-size-fits-all" trials, patient-centered trials that could provide optimal therapy customization to individuals with specific biomarkers were developed including the basket, umbrella, and platform trial designs under the master protocol framework. In recent years, the successive FDA approval of indications based on biomarker-guided master protocol designs has demonstrated that these new clinical trials are ushering in tremendous opportunities. Despite the rapid increase in the number of basket, umbrella, and platform trials, the current clinical and research understanding of these new trial designs, as compared with traditional trial designs, remains limited. The majority of the research focuses on methodologies, and there is a lack of in-depth insight concerning the underlying biological logic of these new clinical trial designs. Therefore, we provide this comprehensive review of the discovery and development of basket, umbrella, and platform trials and their underlying logic from the perspective of precision medicine. Meanwhile, we discuss future directions on the potential development of these new clinical design in view of the "Precision Pro", "Dynamic Precision", and "Intelligent Precision". This review would assist trial-related researchers to enhance the innovation and feasibility of clinical trial designs by expounding the underlying logic, which be essential to accelerate the progression of precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Peng Duan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bao-Dong Qin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Jiao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhan Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan-Sheng Zang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China.
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6
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Samad SS, Schwartz JM, Francavilla C. Functional selectivity of Receptor Tyrosine Kinases regulates distinct cellular outputs. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 11:1348056. [PMID: 38259512 PMCID: PMC10800419 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1348056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Functional selectivity refers to the activation of differential signalling and cellular outputs downstream of the same membrane-bound receptor when activated by two or more different ligands. Functional selectivity has been described and extensively studied for G-protein Coupled Receptors (GPCRs), leading to specific therapeutic options for dysregulated GPCRs functions. However, studies regarding the functional selectivity of Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs) remain sparse. Here, we will summarize recent data about RTK functional selectivity focusing on how the nature and the amount of RTK ligands and the crosstalk of RTKs with other membrane proteins regulate the specificity of RTK signalling. In addition, we will discuss how structural changes in RTKs upon ligand binding affects selective signalling pathways. Much remains to be known about the integration of different signals affecting RTK signalling specificity to orchestrate long-term cellular outcomes. Recent advancements in omics, specifically quantitative phosphoproteomics, and in systems biology methods to study, model and integrate different types of large-scale omics data have increased our ability to compare several signals affecting RTK functional selectivity in a global, system-wide fashion. We will discuss how such methods facilitate the exploration of important signalling hubs and enable data-driven predictions aiming at improving the efficacy of therapeutics for diseases like cancer, where redundant RTK signalling pathways often compromise treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakim S. Samad
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Functions, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Division of Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Marc Schwartz
- Division of Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Chiara Francavilla
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Functions, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Section of Protein Science and Biotherapeutics, Department of Bioengineering and Biomedicine, Danish Technical University, Lyngby, Denmark
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7
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Li Y, Yan B, He S. Advances and challenges in the treatment of lung cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 169:115891. [PMID: 37979378 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer accounts for a relatively high proportion of malignant tumors. As the most prevalent type of lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is characterized by high morbidity and mortality. Presently, the arsenal of treatment strategies encompasses surgical resection, chemotherapy, targeted therapy and radiotherapy. However, despite these options, the prognosis remains distressingly poor with a low 5-year survival rate. Therefore, it is urgent to pursue a paradigm shift in treatment methodologies. In recent years, the advent of sophisticated biotechnologies and interdisciplinary integration has provided innovative approaches for the treatment of lung cancer. This article reviews the cutting-edge developments in the nano drug delivery system, molecular targeted treatment system, photothermal treatment strategy, and immunotherapy for lung cancer. Overall, by systematically summarizing and critically analyzing the latest progress and current challenges in these treatment strategies of lung cancer, we aim to provide a theoretical basis for the development of novel drugs for lung cancer treatment, and thus improve the therapeutic outcomes for lung cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Li
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingshuo Yan
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiming He
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, People's Republic of China.
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8
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Ludwig ML, Michmerhuizen NL, Wang J, Birkeland AC, Majchrowski BK, Nimmagadda S, Zhai J, Bhangale A, Kulkarni A, Jiang H, Swiecicki PL, Brenner JC. Multi-kinase compensation rescues EGFR knockout in a cell line model of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Arch Oral Biol 2023; 156:105822. [PMID: 37844343 PMCID: PMC11209876 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2023.105822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a debilitating disease with poor survival rates. While the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-targeting antibody Cetuximab is approved for treatment, responses are limited and the molecular mechanisms driving resistance remain incompletely understood. METHODS To better understand how cells survive without EGFR activity, we developed an EGFR knockout derivative of the UM-SCC-92 cell line using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. We then characterized changes to the transcriptome with RNAseq and changes in response to kinase inhibitors with resazurin cell viability assays. Finally, we tested if inhibitors with activity in the EGFR knockout model also had synergistic activity in combination with EGFR inhibitors in either wild type UM-SCC-92 cells or a known Cetuximab-resistant model. RESULTS Functional and molecular analysis showed that knockout cells had decreased cell proliferation, upregulation of FGFR1 expression, and an enhanced mesenchymal phenotype. In fact, expression of common EMT genes including VIM, SNAIL1, ZEB1 and TWIST1 were all upregulated in the EGFR knockout. Surprisingly, EGFR knockout cells were resistant to FGFR inhibitor monotherapies, but sensitive to combinations of FGFR and either XIAP or IGF-1R inhibitors. Accordingly, both wild type UM-SCC-92 and Cetuximab-resistant UM-SCC-104 cells with were sensitive to combined inhibition of EGFR, FGFR and either XIAP or IGF-1R. CONCLUSIONS These data offer insights into EGFR inhibitor resistance and show that resistance to EGFR knockout likely occurs through a complex network of kinases. Future studies of cetuximab-resistant HNSCC tumors are warranted to determine if this EMT phenotype and/or multi-kinase resistance is observed in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Ludwig
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Nicole L Michmerhuizen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Jiayu Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Andrew C Birkeland
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Behirda K Majchrowski
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Sai Nimmagadda
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Jingyi Zhai
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Apurva Bhangale
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Aditi Kulkarni
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Hui Jiang
- Rogel Cancer Center University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Paul L Swiecicki
- Department of Hematology Oncology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Rogel Cancer Center University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - J Chad Brenner
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Rogel Cancer Center University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
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9
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Fu K, Xie F, Wang F, Fu L. Therapeutic strategies for EGFR-mutated non-small cell lung cancer patients with osimertinib resistance. J Hematol Oncol 2022; 15:173. [PMID: 36482474 PMCID: PMC9733018 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-022-01391-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) are the preferential options for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients harboring EGFR mutations. Osimertinib is a potent irreversible third-generation EGFR-TKI targeting EGFR mutations but has little effect on wild-type EGFR. In view of its remarkable efficacy and manageable safety, osimertinib was recommended as the standard first-line treatment for advanced or metastatic NSCLC patients with EGFR mutations. However, as the other EGFR-TKIs, osimertinib will inevitably develop acquired resistance, which limits its efficacy on the treatment of EGFR-mutated NSCLC patients. The etiology of triggering osimertinib resistance is complex including EGFR-dependent and EGFR-independent pathways, and different therapeutic strategies for the NSCLC patients with osimertinib resistance have been developed. Herein, we comprehensively summarized the resistance mechanisms of osimertinib and discuss in detail the potential therapeutic strategies for EGFR-mutated NSCLC patients suffering osimertinib resistance for the sake of the improvement of survival and further achievement of precise medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Fu
- grid.488530.20000 0004 1803 6191State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Esophageal Cancer Institute, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060 People’s Republic of China
| | - Fachao Xie
- grid.488530.20000 0004 1803 6191State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Esophageal Cancer Institute, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060 People’s Republic of China
| | - Fang Wang
- grid.488530.20000 0004 1803 6191State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Esophageal Cancer Institute, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060 People’s Republic of China
| | - Liwu Fu
- grid.488530.20000 0004 1803 6191State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Esophageal Cancer Institute, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060 People’s Republic of China
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10
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Li C, Qiu Y, Zhang Y. Research Progress on Therapeutic Targeting of Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts to Tackle Treatment-Resistant NSCLC. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:1411. [PMID: 36422541 PMCID: PMC9696940 DOI: 10.3390/ph15111411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for most lung cancer cases and is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Treatment options for lung cancer are no longer limited to surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, as targeted therapy and immunotherapy offer a new hope for patients. However, drug resistance in chemotherapy and targeted therapy, and the low response rates to immunotherapy remain important challenges. Similar to tumor development, drug resistance occurs because of significant effects exerted by the tumor microenvironment (TME) along with cancer cell mutations. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are a key component of the TME and possess multiple functions, including cross-talking with cancer cells, remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM), secretion of various cytokines, and promotion of epithelial-mesenchymal transition, which in turn provide support for the growth, invasion, metastasis, and drug resistance of cancer cells. Therefore, CAFs represent valuable therapeutic targets for lung cancer. Herein, we review the latest progress in the use of CAFs as potential targets and mediators of drug resistance for NSCLC treatment. We explored the role of CAFs on the regulation of the TME and surrounding ECM, with particular emphasis on treatment strategies involving combined CAF targeting within the current framework of cancer treatment.
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11
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Patient Selection Approaches in FGFR Inhibitor Trials-Many Paths to the Same End? Cells 2022; 11:cells11193180. [PMID: 36231142 PMCID: PMC9563413 DOI: 10.3390/cells11193180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitors of fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) signaling have been investigated in various human cancer diseases. Recently, the first compounds received FDA approval in biomarker-selected patient populations. Different approaches and technologies have been applied in clinical trials, ranging from protein (immunohistochemistry) to mRNA expression (e.g., RNA in situ hybridization) and to detection of various DNA alterations (e.g., copy number variations, mutations, gene fusions). We review, here, the advantages and limitations of the different technologies and discuss the importance of tissue and disease context in identifying the best predictive biomarker for FGFR targeting therapies.
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12
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Li J, Li P, Shao J, Liang S, Wan Y, Zhang Q, Li C, Li Y, Wang C. Emerging Role of Noncoding RNAs in EGFR TKI-Resistant Lung Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14184423. [PMID: 36139582 PMCID: PMC9496789 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14184423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer accounts for the majority of malignancy-related mortalities worldwide. The introduction of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) has revolutionized the treatment and significantly improved the overall survival (OS) of lung cancer. Nevertheless, almost all EGFR-mutant patients invariably acquire TKI resistance. Accumulating evidence has indicated that noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), such as microRNAs (miRNAs), long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs), have a central role in the tumorigenesis and progression of lung cancer by regulating crucial signaling pathways, providing a new approach for exploring the underlying mechanisms of EGFR-TKI resistance. Therefore, this review comprehensively describes the dysregulation of ncRNAs in EGFR TKI-resistant lung cancer and its underlying mechanisms. We also underscore the clinical application of ncRNAs as prognostic, predictive and therapeutic biomarkers for EGFR TKI-resistant lung cancer. Furthermore, the barriers that need to be overcome to translate the basic findings of ncRNAs into clinical practice are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Med-X Center for Manufacturing, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Medical School/West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Peiyi Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Medical School/West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jun Shao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Med-X Center for Manufacturing, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Medical School/West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Shufan Liang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Med-X Center for Manufacturing, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Medical School/West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yuntian Wan
- West China Medical School/West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qiran Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Med-X Center for Manufacturing, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Medical School/West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Changshu Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Med-X Center for Manufacturing, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Medical School/West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yalun Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Med-X Center for Manufacturing, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Medical School/West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (C.W.)
| | - Chengdi Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Med-X Center for Manufacturing, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Medical School/West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (C.W.)
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13
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Comparison of the efficacy and safety of first-line treatments based on clinicopathological characteristics for patients with advanced epidermal growth factor receptor mutated non-small-cell lung cancer: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2022; 177:103760. [PMID: 35870763 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2022.103760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A growing number of regimens have been approved as first-line treatments for patients with advanced epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutated non-small cell lung cancer. However, the optimal regimen has not been determined, especially for patients with different clinicopathological characteristics. Therefore, we performed this meta-analysis to compare the efficacy and safety of first-line treatments for patients with EGFR-mutated NSCLC based on clinicopathological characteristics, thereby providing evidence for individual patient clinical decision-making. METHODS The PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library databases, and abstracts of ASCO, ESMO, and WCLC were searched from inception to 3 June 2021 to identify eligible randomized controlled trials (RCTs). The outcomes of progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), objective response rate (ORR), and grade 3 or higher adverse events (≥3AEs) were compared and ranked based on various clinicopathological characteristics among 14 regimens by network meta-analysis (NMA) and the surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA), respectively. RESULTS 25 RCTs were included, with a total of 6965 patients and 14 treatment regimens. The primary endpoint of all RCTs was PFS, and OS, ORR, and ≥3AEs were secondary endpoints. Regarding overall patients, the most distinct PFS benefit was observed in osimertinib (OSI), with the fewest ≥3AEs, whereas gefitinib plus pemetrexed-based chemotherapy (GEF+PB) provided the greatest benefit for OS. When considering EGFR mutation type, aumolertinib (AUM) and GEF+PB could be the optimal regimens in terms of PFS for patients with EGFR 19DEL and EGFR 21L858R, respectively. Notably, the efficacy of the 14 regimens for PFS varied across clinicopathological characteristics, with GEP+PB ranking first in Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (ECOG PS)= 1, Asian, age<65 and smoking subgroups, with AUM ranking first in ECOG PS= 0 and female subgroups, with ICO+PB ranking first in age ≥65 and no smoking subgroups, and with AFA+CET ranking first in the male subgroup. In terms of brain metastases, third-generation EGFR-TKI showed obvious superiority, with AUM and OSI optimally prolonging PFS in patients with and without brain metastases, respectively. In addition, GEF+PB is a superior alternative, ranking second in terms of PFS regardless of the presence of brain metastases. CONCLUSIONS OSI and GEF+PB were the most two effective first-line regimens for overall patients, ranking first in PFS and OS, respectively. GEF+PB ranked first in terms of PFS in subgroups of EGFR 21L858R, ECOG PS= 1, Asian, age <65, and smoking. Meanwhile, AUM in subgroups of EGFR 19DEL, ECOG PS= 0, female, brain metastasis, OSI in the subgroup of without brain metastasis, ICO+PB in no smoking subgroup, and AFA+CET in male subgroup were the best options as for their evident superiority in PFS.
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14
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Eggermont C, Giron P, Noeparast M, Vandenplas H, Aza-Blanc P, Gutierrez GJ, De Grève J. The EGFR-STYK1-FGF1 axis sustains functional drug tolerance to EGFR inhibitors in EGFR-mutant non-small cell lung cancer. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:611. [PMID: 35840561 PMCID: PMC9287553 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04994-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients harboring activating mutations in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) are sensitive to therapy with EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI). Despite remarkable clinical responses using EGFR TKI, surviving drug tolerant cells serve as a reservoir from which drug resistant tumors may emerge. This study addresses the need for improved efficacy of EGFR TKI by identifying targets involved in functional drug tolerance against them. To this aim, a high-throughput siRNA kinome screen was performed using two EGFR TKI-sensitive EGFR-mutant NSCLC cell lines in the presence/absence of the second-generation EGFR TKI afatinib. From the screen, Serine/Threonine/Tyrosine Kinase 1 (STYK1) was identified as a target that when downregulated potentiates the effects of EGFR inhibition in vitro. We found that chemical inhibition of EGFR combined with the siRNA-mediated knockdown of STYK1 led to a significant decrease in cancer cell viability and anchorage-independent cell growth. Further, we show that STYK1 selectively interacts with mutant EGFR and that the interaction is disrupted upon EGFR inhibition. Finally, we identified fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1) as a downstream effector of STYK1 in NSCLC cells. Accordingly, downregulation of STYK1 counteracted the afatinib-induced upregulation of FGF1. Altogether, we unveil STYK1 as a valuable target to repress the pool of surviving drug tolerant cells arising upon EGFR inhibition. Co-targeting of EGFR and STYK1 could lead to a better overall outcome for NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolien Eggermont
- grid.8767.e0000 0001 2290 8069Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Oncology, Oncology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Philippe Giron
- grid.8767.e0000 0001 2290 8069Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Oncology, Oncology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium ,grid.411326.30000 0004 0626 3362Center of Medical Genetics, UZ Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Maxim Noeparast
- grid.8767.e0000 0001 2290 8069Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Oncology, Oncology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium ,grid.10253.350000 0004 1936 9756Present Address: Institute of Molecular Oncology, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Philipps University, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Hugo Vandenplas
- grid.8767.e0000 0001 2290 8069Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Oncology, Oncology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pedro Aza-Blanc
- grid.479509.60000 0001 0163 8573Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Gustavo J. Gutierrez
- grid.8767.e0000 0001 2290 8069Laboratory of Pathophysiological Cell Signaling, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium ,grid.476376.70000 0004 0603 3591Present Address: Galapagos NV, Generaal De Wittelaan L11 A3, 2800 Mechelen, Belgium
| | - Jacques De Grève
- Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Oncology, Oncology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium. .,Center of Medical Genetics, UZ Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
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15
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Shi K, Wang G, Pei J, Zhang J, Wang J, Ouyang L, Wang Y, Li W. Emerging strategies to overcome resistance to third-generation EGFR inhibitors. J Hematol Oncol 2022; 15:94. [PMID: 35840984 PMCID: PMC9287895 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-022-01311-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), the receptor for members of the epidermal growth factor family, regulates cell proliferation and signal transduction; moreover, EGFR is related to the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion, metastasis, and apoptosis. Therefore, EGFR has become an important target for the treatment of cancer, including non-small cell lung cancer, head and neck cancer, breast cancer, glioma, cervical cancer, and bladder cancer. First- to third-generation EGFR inhibitors have shown considerable efficacy and have significantly improved disease prognosis. However, most patients develop drug resistance after treatment. The challenge of overcoming intrinsic and acquired resistance in primary and recurrent cancer mediated by EGFR mutations is thus driving the search for alternative strategies in the design of new therapeutic agents. In view of resistance to third-generation inhibitors, understanding the intricate mechanisms of resistance will offer insight for the development of more advanced targeted therapies. In this review, we discuss the molecular mechanisms of resistance to third-generation EGFR inhibitors and review recent strategies for overcoming resistance, new challenges, and future development directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunyu Shi
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Guan Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Junping Pei
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jifa Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jiaxing Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Liang Ouyang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China. .,Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Yuxi Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China. .,Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province and Precision Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China. .,Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Weimin Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China. .,Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province and Precision Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China. .,Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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16
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Michmerhuizen NL, Ludwig ML, Birkeland AC, Nimmagadda S, Zhai J, Wang J, Jewell BM, Genouw D, Remer L, Kim D, Foltin SK, Bhangale A, Kulkarni A, Bradford CR, Swiecicki PL, Carey TE, Jiang H, Brenner JC. Small molecule profiling to define synergistic EGFR inhibitor combinations in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck 2022; 44:1192-1205. [PMID: 35224804 PMCID: PMC8986607 DOI: 10.1002/hed.27018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a debilitating disease with poor survival. Although epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-targeting antibody cetuximab improves survival in some settings, responses are limited suggesting that alternative approaches are needed. METHODS We performed a high throughput drug screen to identify EGFR inhibitor-based synergistic combinations of clinically advanced inhibitors in models resistant to EGFR inhibitor monotherapies, and then performed downstream validation experiments on prioritized synergistic combinations. RESULTS From our screen, we re-discovered known synergistic EGFR inhibitor combinations with FGFR or IGF-1R inhibitors that were broadly effective and also discovered novel synergistic combinations with XIAP inhibitor and DNMT inhibitors that were effective in only a subset of models. CONCLUSIONS Conceptually, our data identify novel synergistic combinations that warrant evaluation in future studies, and suggest that some combinations, although highly synergistic, will require parallel companion diagnostic development to be effectively advanced in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L. Michmerhuizen
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMichiganUSA
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Megan L. Ludwig
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMichiganUSA
- Program in Cellular and Molecular BiologyUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Andrew C. Birkeland
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Sai Nimmagadda
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Jingyi Zhai
- Department of BiostatisticsUniversity of Michigan School of Public HealthAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Jiayu Wang
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMichiganUSA
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Brittany M. Jewell
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Dylan Genouw
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Lindsay Remer
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Daniel Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Susan K. Foltin
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Apurva Bhangale
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Aditi Kulkarni
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Carol R. Bradford
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMichiganUSA
- Rogel Cancer CenterUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Paul L. Swiecicki
- Department of Hematology and OncologyUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMichiganUSA
- Rogel Cancer CenterUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Thomas E. Carey
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMichiganUSA
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMichiganUSA
- Rogel Cancer CenterUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Hui Jiang
- Department of BiostatisticsUniversity of Michigan School of Public HealthAnn ArborMichiganUSA
- Rogel Cancer CenterUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - J. Chad Brenner
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMichiganUSA
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMichiganUSA
- Program in Cellular and Molecular BiologyUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMichiganUSA
- Rogel Cancer CenterUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMichiganUSA
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17
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Tang Q, Cao H, Tong N, Liu Y, Wang W, Zou Y, Xu L, Zeng Z, Xu W, Yin Z, Ma W, Wang Q. Tubeimoside-I sensitizes temozolomide-resistant glioblastoma cells to chemotherapy by reducing MGMT expression and suppressing EGFR induced PI3K/Akt/mTOR/NF-κB-mediated signaling pathway. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 99:154016. [PMID: 35278900 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM, World Health Organization [WHO] grade IV) is one of the malignant Central Nerve System (CNS) tumors with high incidence rate and poor prognosis. The use of alkylating agents, such as temozolomide (TMZ), has been the main method of cytotoxic therapy for glioma patients for decades. However, TMZ resistance may be one of the major reasons for treatment failure, so far. In searching for effective agents to reverse TMZ resistance, we found that Tubeimoside-I (TBMS1), a saponin from traditional Chinese medicine, Bolbostemma paniculatum (Maxim.) Franquet, showed activities of reversing TMZ resistance of GBM. However, the ability of TBMS1 enhancing the chemosensitivity of GBM has been rarely studied, and its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. PURPOSE This study purposes to reveal the synergistic effects and mechanism of TBMS1 and TMZ against TMZ-resistant GBM cells. METHODS CCK8 assay was used to investigate the anti-proliferative effects on grade IV glioblastoma human T98G and U118 MG cells. Cell proliferation was determined by EdU assay and clonogenic assay after TMZ plus TBMS1 treatment. Apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry. DNA damage and DNA Double Strand Break (DSB) were assessed by cleaved Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), γH2AX Foci Assay and Comet Assay, respectively. Expression of proteins associated with apoptosis and DNA repair enzymes were measured by Western blot analysis. The prognostic significance of key proteins of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) induced PI3K/Akt/mTOR/NF-κB signaling pathway was analyzed using GEPIA (http://gepia.cancer-pku.cn) and validated by Western blotting. RESULTS Here we demonstrated that TBMS1 sensitized TMZ-resistant T98G and U118 MG glioblastoma cells to chemotherapy and exhibited promotion of apoptosis and inhibition on cell viability, proliferation and clone formation. Coefficient of drug in interaction (CDI) values showed a notable synergistic effect between TBMS1 and TMZ. Moreover, we observed that combination of TBMS1 and TMZ induced apoptosis was accompanied by robust DSB, γH2AX Foci formation and increasing cleaved PARP, as well as the heightened ratio of Bax/Bcl-2, cleavages of caspase-3 and caspase-9. In addition, the synergistic anti-glioma effect between TBMS1 and TMZ was intimately related to the reduction of MGMT expression in TMZ-resistant GBM cells. Moreover, it was also associated with attenuated expression of EGFR, p-PI3K-p85, p-Akt (Ser473), p-mTOR (Ser2481) and p-NF-κB p65(Ser536), which implying deactivation of the EGFR induced PI3K/Akt/mTOR/NF-κB signaling pathway. CONCLUSION We first demonstrated that synergistic effects of TBMS1 and TMZ induced apoptosis in GBM cells through reducing MGMT expression and inhibiting the EGFR induced PI3K/Akt/mTOR/NF-κB signaling pathway. This study provides a rationale for combined application of TMZ and TBMS1 as a potential chemotherapeutic treatment for MGMT+ GBM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfa Tang
- Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Haihong Cao
- Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Ni Tong
- Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Yuanliang Liu
- Department of Pathology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510180, China
| | - Wanyu Wang
- Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Yuheng Zou
- Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Lanyang Xu
- Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Zhiyun Zeng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Wei Xu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Zhixin Yin
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Wenjuan Ma
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China.
| | - Qirui Wang
- Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China.
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18
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Hu L, Fan M, Shi S, Song X, Wang F, He H, Qi B. Dual target inhibitors based on EGFR: Promising anticancer agents for the treatment of cancers (2017-). Eur J Med Chem 2022; 227:113963. [PMID: 34749202 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The EGFR family play a significant role in cell signal transduction and their overexpression is implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous human solid cancers. Inhibition of the EGFR-mediated signaling pathways by EGFR inhibitors is a widely used strategy for the treatment of cancers. In most cases, the EGFR inhibitors used in clinic were only effective when the cancer cells harbored specific activating EGFR mutations which appeared to preserve the ligand-dependency of receptor activation but altered the pattern of downstream signaling pathways. Moreover, cancer is a kind of multifactorial disease, and therefore manipulating a single target may result in treatment failure. Although drug combinations for the treatment of cancers proved to be successful, the use of two or more drugs concurrently still was a challenge in clinical therapy owing to various dose-limiting toxicities and drug-drug interactions caused by pharmacokinetic profiles changed. Therefore, a single drug targeting two or multiple targets could serve as an effective strategy for the treatment of cancers. In recent, drugs with diverse pharmacological effects have been shown to be more advantageous than combination therapies due to their lower incidences of side effects and more resilient therapies. Accordingly, dual target-single-agent strategy has become a popular field for cancer treatment, and researchers became more and more interest in the development of novel dual-target drugs in recent years. In this review, we briefly introduce the EGFR family proteins and synergisms between EGFR and other anticancer targets, and summarizes the development of potential dual target inhibitors based on wild-type and/or mutant EGFR for the treatment of solid cancers in the past five years. Additionally, the rational design and SARs of these dual target agents are also presented in detailed, which will lay a significant foundation for the further development of novel EGFR-based dual inhibitors with excellent druggability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Hu
- Department of Bioengineering, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, 519041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Mengmeng Fan
- Department of Bioengineering, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, 519041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shengmin Shi
- Department of Bioengineering, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, 519041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiaomeng Song
- Department of Bioengineering, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, 519041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, 519041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Huan He
- Department of Bioengineering, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, 519041, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Baohui Qi
- Department of Bioengineering, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, 519041, Guangdong Province, China.
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19
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Chan JM, Quintanal-Villalonga Á, Gao VR, Xie Y, Allaj V, Chaudhary O, Masilionis I, Egger J, Chow A, Walle T, Mattar M, Yarlagadda DVK, Wang JL, Uddin F, Offin M, Ciampricotti M, Qeriqi B, Bahr A, de Stanchina E, Bhanot UK, Lai WV, Bott MJ, Jones DR, Ruiz A, Baine MK, Li Y, Rekhtman N, Poirier JT, Nawy T, Sen T, Mazutis L, Hollmann TJ, Pe'er D, Rudin CM. Signatures of plasticity, metastasis, and immunosuppression in an atlas of human small cell lung cancer. Cancer Cell 2021; 39:1479-1496.e18. [PMID: 34653364 PMCID: PMC8628860 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2021.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive malignancy that includes subtypes defined by differential expression of ASCL1, NEUROD1, and POU2F3 (SCLC-A, -N, and -P, respectively). To define the heterogeneity of tumors and their associated microenvironments across subtypes, we sequenced 155,098 transcriptomes from 21 human biospecimens, including 54,523 SCLC transcriptomes. We observe greater tumor diversity in SCLC than lung adenocarcinoma, driven by canonical, intermediate, and admixed subtypes. We discover a PLCG2-high SCLC phenotype with stem-like, pro-metastatic features that recurs across subtypes and predicts worse overall survival. SCLC exhibits greater immune sequestration and less immune infiltration than lung adenocarcinoma, and SCLC-N shows less immune infiltrate and greater T cell dysfunction than SCLC-A. We identify a profibrotic, immunosuppressive monocyte/macrophage population in SCLC tumors that is particularly associated with the recurrent, PLCG2-high subpopulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Chan
- Department of Medicine, Thoracic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Program for Computational and Systems Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Álvaro Quintanal-Villalonga
- Department of Medicine, Thoracic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Vianne Ran Gao
- Program for Computational and Systems Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10016, USA; Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yubin Xie
- Program for Computational and Systems Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10016, USA; Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Viola Allaj
- Department of Medicine, Thoracic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ojasvi Chaudhary
- Program for Computational and Systems Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ignas Masilionis
- Program for Computational and Systems Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jacklynn Egger
- Department of Medicine, Thoracic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Andrew Chow
- Department of Medicine, Thoracic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Thomas Walle
- Department of Medical Oncology; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Clinical Cooperation Unit Virotherapy; National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marissa Mattar
- Antitumor Assessment Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Dig V K Yarlagadda
- Program for Computational and Systems Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - James L Wang
- Department of Computer Science, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Fathema Uddin
- Department of Medicine, Thoracic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Michael Offin
- Department of Medicine, Thoracic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Metamia Ciampricotti
- Department of Medicine, Thoracic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Besnik Qeriqi
- Antitumor Assessment Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Amber Bahr
- Antitumor Assessment Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Elisa de Stanchina
- Antitumor Assessment Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Umesh K Bhanot
- Precision Pathology Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - W Victoria Lai
- Department of Medicine, Thoracic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Matthew J Bott
- Thoracic Service, Department of Surgery, Fiona and Stanley Druckenmiller Center for Lung Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - David R Jones
- Thoracic Service, Department of Surgery, Fiona and Stanley Druckenmiller Center for Lung Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Arvin Ruiz
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Marina K Baine
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yanyun Li
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Natasha Rekhtman
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - John T Poirier
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Tal Nawy
- Program for Computational and Systems Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Triparna Sen
- Department of Medicine, Thoracic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Linas Mazutis
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Travis J Hollmann
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Dana Pe'er
- Program for Computational and Systems Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10016, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Charles M Rudin
- Department of Medicine, Thoracic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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20
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Poźniak M, Porębska N, Jastrzębski K, Krzyścik MA, Kucińska M, Zarzycka W, Barbach A, Zakrzewska M, Otlewski J, Miączyńska M, Opaliński Ł. Modular self-assembly system for development of oligomeric, highly internalizing and potent cytotoxic conjugates targeting fibroblast growth factor receptors. J Biomed Sci 2021; 28:69. [PMID: 34635096 PMCID: PMC8504119 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-021-00767-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overexpression of FGFR1 is observed in numerous tumors and therefore this receptor constitutes an attractive molecular target for selective cancer treatment with cytotoxic conjugates. The success of cancer therapy with cytotoxic conjugates largely relies on the precise recognition of a cancer-specific marker by a targeting molecule within the conjugate and its subsequent cellular internalization by receptor mediated endocytosis. We have recently demonstrated that efficiency and mechanism of FGFR1 internalization are governed by spatial distribution of the receptor in the plasma membrane, where clustering of FGFR1 into larger oligomers stimulated fast and highly efficient uptake of the receptor by simultaneous engagement of multiple endocytic routes. Based on these findings we aimed to develop a modular, self-assembly system for generation of oligomeric cytotoxic conjugates, capable of FGFR1 clustering, for targeting FGFR1-overproducing cancer cells. METHODS Engineered FGF1 was used as FGFR1-recognition molecule and tailored for enhanced stability and site-specific attachment of the cytotoxic drug. Modified streptavidin, allowing for controlled oligomerization of FGF1 variant was used for self-assembly of well-defined FGF1 oligomers of different valency and oligomeric cytotoxic conjugate. Protein biochemistry methods were applied to obtain highly pure FGF1 oligomers and the oligomeric cytotoxic conjugate. Diverse biophysical, biochemical and cell biology tests were used to evaluate FGFR1 binding, internalization and the cytotoxicity of obtained oligomers. RESULTS Developed multivalent FGF1 complexes are characterized by well-defined architecture, enhanced FGFR1 binding and improved cellular uptake. This successful strategy was applied to construct tetrameric cytotoxic conjugate targeting FGFR1-producing cancer cells. We have shown that enhanced affinity for the receptor and improved internalization result in a superior cytotoxicity of the tetrameric conjugate compared to the monomeric one. CONCLUSIONS Our data implicate that oligomerization of the targeting molecules constitutes an attractive strategy for improvement of the cytotoxicity of conjugates recognizing cancer-specific biomarkers. Importantly, the presented approach can be easily adapted for other tumor markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Poźniak
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Engineering, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Natalia Porębska
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Engineering, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Kamil Jastrzębski
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 02-109, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mateusz Adam Krzyścik
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Engineering, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marika Kucińska
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Engineering, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Weronika Zarzycka
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Engineering, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Barbach
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Engineering, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Zakrzewska
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Engineering, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Otlewski
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Engineering, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marta Miączyńska
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 02-109, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Łukasz Opaliński
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Engineering, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland.
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21
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Chang MM, Wu SZ, Yang SH, Wu CC, Wang CY, Huang BM. FGF9/FGFR1 promotes cell proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, M2 macrophage infiltration and liver metastasis of lung cancer. Transl Oncol 2021; 14:101208. [PMID: 34438248 PMCID: PMC8390529 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2021.101208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
FGF9 induced cell proliferation, EMT, migration, and invasion of mouse Lewis lung cancer (LLC) cells, in vitro. FGF9 interacted with FGFR1 and activated FAK, AKT, and ERK/MAPK signal pathways, induced the expression of EMT key proteins (N-cadherin, vimentin, snail, MMP2, MMP3 and MMP13) and reduced the expression of E-cadherin. FGF9 promoted liver metastasis of subcutaneous inoculated LLC tumor with tumor growth, angiogenesis, EMT and M2-macrophage infiltration in the tumor microenvironment. The FGF9/LLC syngeneic animal model provides a useful tool for the mechanism studies of liver metastasis which is the worst prognostic factor for lung cancer patients with distant organ metastasis.
Fibroblast growth factors 9 (FGF9) modulates cell proliferation, differentiation and motility for development and repair in normal cells. Abnormal activation of FGF9 signaling is associated with tumor progression in many cancers. Also, FGF9 may be an unfavorable prognostic indicator for non-small cell lung cancer patients. However, the effects and mechanisms of FGF9 in lung cancer remain elusive. In this study, we investigated the FGF9-induced effects and signal activation profiles in mouse Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) in vitro and in vivo. Our results demonstrated that FGF9 significantly induced cell proliferation and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenomena (migration and invasion) in LLC cells. Mechanism-wise, FGF9 interacted with FGFR1 and activated FAK, AKT, and ERK/MAPK signal pathways, induced the expression of EMT key proteins (N-cadherin, vimentin, snail, MMP2, MMP3 and MMP13), and reduced the expression of E-cadherin. Moreover, in the allograft mouse model, intratumor injection of FGF9 to LLC-tumor bearing C57BL/6 mice enhanced LLC tumor growth which were the results of increased Ki67 expression and decreased cleaved caspase-3 expression compared to control groups. Furthermore, we have a novel finding that FGF9 promoted liver metastasis of subcutaneous inoculated LLC tumor with angiogenesis, EMT and M2-macrophage infiltration in the tumor microenvironment. In conclusion, FGF9 activated FAK, AKT, and ERK signaling through FGFR1 with induction of EMT to stimulate LLC tumorigenesis and hepatic metastasis. This novel FGF9/LLC allograft animal model may therefore be useful to study the mechanism of liver metastasis which is the worst prognostic factor for lung cancer patients with distant organ metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Min Chang
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Su-Zhen Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Liouying, Tainan 73657, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shang-Hsun Yang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chia-Ching Wu
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chia-Yih Wang
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| | - Bu-Miin Huang
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 40406, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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22
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Wang T, Liu Z, She Y, Deng J, Zhong Y, Zhao M, Li S, Xie D, Sun X, Hu X, Chen C. A novel protein encoded by circASK1 ameliorates gefitinib resistance in lung adenocarcinoma by competitively activating ASK1-dependent apoptosis. Cancer Lett 2021; 520:321-331. [PMID: 34389432 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Acquired resistance to growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors limits the therapeutic benefits gained by EGFR-mutant lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) patients treated with gefitinib. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are novel noncoding RNAs implicated in the regulation of chemoresistance in malignancies. However, whether circRNAs participate in the development of EGFR-TKI resistance in LUAD remains to be clarified. Here, we report that circASK1 (hsa_circ_0007798) is significantly downregulated in gefitinib-resistant cells and enhances the gefitinib sensitivity of LUAD cells. Mechanistically, we identified a novel protein encoded by circASK1, ASK1-272a.a, which is essential for ASK1/JNK/p38 signaling activation and mediates the chemosensitivity-inducing effect of circASK1 in LUAD. Importantly, this novel isoform competes with ASK1 for binding to Akt1, therefore antagonizing Akt1-induced ASK1 phosphorylation and inactivation, leading to the activation of ASK1-induced apoptosis and alleviating gefitinib resistance. Moreover, increased YTHDF2-mediated endoribonucleolytic cleavage of m6A-modified circASK1 accounts for its downregulation in gefitinib-resistant cells. The clinical data and in vivo model further corroborated the suppressive effect of circASK1 and its encoded protein on gefitinib resistance. Our study provides a novel therapeutic target to overcome gefitinib resistance in LUAD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Wang
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhenchuan Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yunlang She
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jiajun Deng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yifan Zhong
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Mengmeng Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Shenghui Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Dong Xie
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xiwen Sun
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xuefei Hu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Chang Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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23
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Shaikh M, Shinde Y, Pawara R, Noolvi M, Surana S, Ahmad I, Patel H. Emerging Approaches to Overcome Acquired Drug Resistance Obstacles to Osimertinib in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. J Med Chem 2021; 65:1008-1046. [PMID: 34323489 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The pyrimidine core-containing compound Osimertinib is the only epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI) from the third generation that has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to target threonine 790 methionine (T790M) resistance while sparing the wild-type epidermal growth factor receptor (WT EGFR). It is nearly 200-fold more selective toward the mutant EGFR as compared to the WT EGFR. A tertiary cystein 797 to serine 797 (C797S) mutation in the EGFR kinase domain has hampered Osimertinib treatment in patients with advanced EGFR-mutated non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This C797S mutation is presumed to induce a tertiary-acquired resistance to all current reversible and irreversible EGFR TKIs. This review summarizes the molecular mechanisms of resistance to Osimertinib as well as different strategies for overcoming the EGFR-dependent and EGFR-independent mechanisms of resistance, new challenges, and a future direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matin Shaikh
- H. R. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Maharashtra, India 425405
| | - Yashodeep Shinde
- R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Maharashtra, India 425405
| | - Rahul Pawara
- R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Maharashtra, India 425405
| | - Malleshappa Noolvi
- Shree Dhanvantari College of Pharmacy, Kim, Surat, Gujarat, India 394111
| | - Sanjay Surana
- R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Maharashtra, India 425405
| | - Iqrar Ahmad
- R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Maharashtra, India 425405
| | - Harun Patel
- R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Maharashtra, India 425405
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24
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Terp MG, Jacobsen K, Molina MA, Karachaliou N, Beck HC, Bertran-Alamillo J, Giménez-Capitán A, Cardona AF, Rosell R, Ditzel HJ. Combined FGFR and Akt pathway inhibition abrogates growth of FGFR1 overexpressing EGFR-TKI-resistant NSCLC cells. NPJ Precis Oncol 2021; 5:65. [PMID: 34267282 PMCID: PMC8282882 DOI: 10.1038/s41698-021-00208-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) resistance in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients is inevitable. Identification of resistance mechanisms and corresponding targeting strategies can lead to more successful later-line treatment in many patients. Using spectrometry-based proteomics, we identified increased fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) expression and Akt activation across erlotinib, gefitinib, and osimertinib EGFR-TKI-resistant cell line models. We show that while combined EGFR-TKI and FGFR inhibition showed some efficacy, simultaneous inhibition of FGFR and Akt or PI3K induced superior synergistic growth inhibition of FGFR1-overexpressing EGFR-TKI-resistant NSCLC cells. This effect was confirmed in vivo. Only dual FGFR and Akt inhibition completely blocked the resistance-mediating signaling pathways downstream of Akt. Further, increased FGFR1 expression was associated with significantly lower PFS in EGFR-TKI-treated NSCLC patients, and increased FGFR1 were demonstrated in a few post- vs. pre-EGFR-TKI treatment clinical biopsies. The superior therapeutic benefit of combining FGFR and Akt inhibitors provide the rationale for clinical trials of this strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikkel G Terp
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Kirstine Jacobsen
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Miguel Angel Molina
- Laboratory of Oncology, Pangaea Biotech, Quiron Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Niki Karachaliou
- Instituto Oncológico Dr. Rosell, University Hospital Sagrat Cor, Barcelona, Spain.,Global Clinical Development, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Hans C Beck
- Center for Clinical Proteomics, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Jordi Bertran-Alamillo
- Laboratory of Oncology, Pangaea Biotech, Quiron Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Giménez-Capitán
- Laboratory of Oncology, Pangaea Biotech, Quiron Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrés F Cardona
- Thoracic Oncology Unit, Clinical and Translational Oncology Group, Clinica del Country, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Rafael Rosell
- Laboratory of Oncology, Pangaea Biotech, Quiron Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain.,Instituto Oncológico Dr. Rosell, Quiron-Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain.,Catalan Institute of Oncology, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain.,Germans Trias i Pujol, Health Sciences Institute and Hospital, Badalona, Spain
| | - Henrik J Ditzel
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark. .,Department of Oncology, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark. .,Academy of Geriatric Cancer Research (AgeCare), Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark.
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25
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Cheng CC, Chao WT, Shih JH, Lai YS, Hsu YH, Liu YH. Sorafenib combined with dasatinib therapy inhibits cell viability, migration, and angiogenesis synergistically in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2021; 88:143-153. [PMID: 33860837 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-021-04272-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Sorafenib is a multikinase inhibitor used for treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Sorafenib resistance may be related to Src-induced cell migration and angiogenesis, which are regulated by cancer stem cell activation and release of vascular endothelial growth factor. Dasatinib is a Src inhibitor that inhibits Src phosphorylation and suppresses Src-associated cell migration and angiogenesis. This study investigated whether combined treatment with dasatinib can overcome sorafenib resistance. METHODS Hepatoma cell lines were used for sorafenib and/or dasatinib treatment. Cell viability, cell migration, molecular expressions, and release of vascular endothelial growth factor by hepatoma cells were evaluated. Hepatoma cell culture medium was applied on human umbilical vein endothelial cells to monitor angiogenesis promoted by the hepatoma cells. RESULTS Sorafenib and dasatinib combined therapy suppressed cell viability of hepatoma cells synergistically. Dasatinib suppressed sorafenib-induced cell migration via inhibiting sorafenib-induced Src/FAK phosphorylation, cell-to-cell contact and cancer stem cell activation. Culture medium from Chang liver and PLC/PRF/5 cells suppressed angiogenesis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells with any treatment, whereas sorafenib-treated medium of HepG2 cells induced angiogenesis. This sorafenib-induced angiogenesis was then suppressed by dasatinib. Vascular endothelial growth factor released from hepatoma cells was also inhibited by combined treatment. CONCLUSION Src/FAK phosphorylation and cancer stem cell activation inducing cell migration and angiogenesis may be the key factors of sorafenib resistance. Sorafenib and dasatinib combined treatment suppresses cell migration and angiogenesis by inhibiting the Src/FAK phosphorylation, cell-to-cell contact, cancer stem cell activation, and release of vascular endothelial growth factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiung-Chi Cheng
- Department of Pathology, Chang Bing Show-Chwan Memorial Hospital, 6, Lugong Road, Lukang Zhen, Changhua County, 505, Taiwan
- Center for General Education, Providence University, 200, Section 7, Taiwan Boulevard, Shalu District, Taichung City, 433, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ting Chao
- Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, 1727, Section 4, Taiwan Boulevard, Xitun District, Taichung City, 407, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Hao Shih
- Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, 1727, Section 4, Taiwan Boulevard, Xitun District, Taichung City, 407, Taiwan
| | - Yih-Shyong Lai
- Department of Pathology, Chang Bing Show-Chwan Memorial Hospital, 6, Lugong Road, Lukang Zhen, Changhua County, 505, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Hsiang Hsu
- Department of Pathology, Tzu Chi University, 701, Section 3, Jhongyang Road, Hualien, 97004, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsiang Liu
- Department of Pathology, Chang Bing Show-Chwan Memorial Hospital, 6, Lugong Road, Lukang Zhen, Changhua County, 505, Taiwan.
- Department of Pathology, Tzu Chi University, 701, Section 3, Jhongyang Road, Hualien, 97004, Taiwan.
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26
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Compte M, Harwood SL, Erce-Llamazares A, Tapia-Galisteo A, Romero E, Ferrer I, Garrido-Martin EM, Enguita AB, Ochoa MC, Blanco B, Oteo M, Merino N, Nehme-Álvarez D, Hangiu O, Domínguez-Alonso C, Zonca M, Ramírez-Fernández A, Blanco FJ, Morcillo MA, Muñoz IG, Melero I, Rodriguez-Peralto JL, Paz-Ares L, Sanz L, Alvarez-Vallina L. An Fc-free EGFR-specific 4-1BB-agonistic Trimerbody Displays Broad Antitumor Activity in Humanized Murine Cancer Models without Toxicity. Clin Cancer Res 2021; 27:3167-3177. [PMID: 33785484 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-4625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The induction of 4-1BB signaling by agonistic antibodies can drive the activation and proliferation of effector T cells and thereby enhance a T-cell-mediated antitumor response. Systemic administration of anti-4-1BB-agonistic IgGs, although effective preclinically, has not advanced in clinical development due to their severe hepatotoxicity. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Here, we generated a humanized EGFR-specific 4-1BB-agonistic trimerbody, which replaces the IgG Fc region with a human collagen homotrimerization domain. It was characterized by structural analysis and in vitro functional studies. We also assessed pharmacokinetics, antitumor efficacy, and toxicity in vivo. RESULTS In the presence of a T-cell receptor signal, the trimerbody provided potent T-cell costimulation that was strictly dependent on 4-1BB hyperclustering at the point of contact with a tumor antigen-displaying cell surface. It exhibits significant antitumor activity in vivo, without hepatotoxicity, in a wide range of human tumors including colorectal and breast cancer cell-derived xenografts, and non-small cell lung cancer patient-derived xenografts associated with increased tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells. The combination of the trimerbody with a PD-L1 blocker led to increased IFNγ secretion in vitro and resulted in tumor regression in humanized mice bearing aggressive triple-negative breast cancer. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate the nontoxic broad antitumor activity of humanized Fc-free tumor-specific 4-1BB-agonistic trimerbodies and their synergy with checkpoint blockers, which may provide a way to elicit responses in most patients with cancer while avoiding Fc-mediated adverse reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Compte
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Leadartis SL, Madrid, Spain
| | - Seandean L Harwood
- Immunotherapy and Cell Engineering Laboratory, Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ainhoa Erce-Llamazares
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Leadartis SL, Madrid, Spain.,Cancer Immunotherapy Unit (UNICA), Department of Immunology, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.,Immuno-Oncology and Immunotherapy Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Tapia-Galisteo
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Romero
- Biomedical Applications and Pharmacokinetics Unit, Centro de investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Ferrer
- H12O-CNIO Lung Cancer Clinical Research Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria 12 de Octubre (imas12), and Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Oncología (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva M Garrido-Martin
- H12O-CNIO Lung Cancer Clinical Research Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria 12 de Octubre (imas12), and Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Oncología (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana B Enguita
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Pathology. Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria C Ochoa
- Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Belén Blanco
- Cancer Immunotherapy Unit (UNICA), Department of Immunology, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.,Immuno-Oncology and Immunotherapy Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Oteo
- Biomedical Applications and Pharmacokinetics Unit, Centro de investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
| | - Nekane Merino
- Structural Biology Unit, CIC bioGUNE, Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Derio, Spain
| | - Daniel Nehme-Álvarez
- Cancer Immunotherapy Unit (UNICA), Department of Immunology, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.,Immuno-Oncology and Immunotherapy Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Oana Hangiu
- Cancer Immunotherapy Unit (UNICA), Department of Immunology, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.,Immuno-Oncology and Immunotherapy Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Domínguez-Alonso
- Cancer Immunotherapy Unit (UNICA), Department of Immunology, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.,Immuno-Oncology and Immunotherapy Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuela Zonca
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Leadartis SL, Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel Ramírez-Fernández
- Cancer Immunotherapy Unit (UNICA), Department of Immunology, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.,Immuno-Oncology and Immunotherapy Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J Blanco
- Structural and Chemical Biology Department, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CIB-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A Morcillo
- Biomedical Applications and Pharmacokinetics Unit, Centro de investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ines G Muñoz
- Crystallography and Protein Engineering Unit, Structural Biology Programme, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Melero
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Oncología (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Department of Immunology, University Clinic, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - José L Rodriguez-Peralto
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Oncología (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Pathology. Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.,Cutaneous Oncology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Paz-Ares
- H12O-CNIO Lung Cancer Clinical Research Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria 12 de Octubre (imas12), and Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Oncología (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Sanz
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Alvarez-Vallina
- Immunotherapy and Cell Engineering Laboratory, Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark. .,Cancer Immunotherapy Unit (UNICA), Department of Immunology, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.,Immuno-Oncology and Immunotherapy Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
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Haura EB, Hicks JK, Boyle TA. Erdafitinib Overcomes FGFR3-TACC3-Mediated Resistance to Osimertinib. J Thorac Oncol 2021; 15:e154-e156. [PMID: 32854916 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2019.12.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric B Haura
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida.
| | - J Kevin Hicks
- Department of Individualized Cancer Medicine, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Theresa A Boyle
- Department of Pathology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
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28
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Clinical and genomic insights into circulating tumor DNA-based alterations across the spectrum of metastatic hormone-sensitive and castrate-resistant prostate cancer. EBioMedicine 2021; 54:102728. [PMID: 32268276 PMCID: PMC7186589 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Metastatic prostate cancer is a clonally heterogeneous disease state characterized by progressive somatic perturbations. The aim of this study was to identify cell free DNA- (cfDNA-) based alterations and their associations with outcomes in progressive metastatic prostate cancer. Methods In this longitudinal prospective cohort study plasma cfDNA/circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) was analyzed before, during, and after androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) in 4 independent patient groups ranging from untreated metastatic hormone sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC) to metastatic castrate resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Next generation sequencing was performed on ctDNA and germline DNA to characterize alterations and associations with clinical outcomes were determined for each group. Findings cfDNA yields were different in progressive mHSPC and mCRPC states (P < .001). In mHSPC, a higher than median ctDNA fraction was predictive of shorter time to ADT failure (HR, 2.29 [95% CI, 1.13–4.65]; Log-Rank P = .02). cfDNA, ctDNA taken with volume of metastatic disease in mHSPC and with alkaline phosphatase levels prognosticated survival better than clinical factors alone in mHSPC and mCRPC states (Log Rank P = 0.03). ctDNA-based AR, APC mutations were increased in mCRPC compared to mHSPC (P < ·05).TP53 mutations, RB1 loss, and AR gene amplifications correlated with poorer survival in mCRPC. Mutations in multiple DNA repair genes (ATM, BRCA1, BRCA2, CHEK2) were associated with time to ADT treatment failure and survival in mHSPC. Interpretation ctDNA fraction can further refine clinical prognostic factors in metastatic prostate cancer. Somatic ctDNA alterations have potential prognostic, predictive, and therapeutic implications in metastatic prostate cancer management. Funding Several funding sources have supported this study. A full list is provided in the Acknowledgments. No funding was received from Predicine, Inc. during the conduct of the study.
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29
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Recent advances of dual FGFR inhibitors as a novel therapy for cancer. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 214:113205. [PMID: 33556787 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) includes four highly conserved transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinases (FGFR1-4). FGF and FGFR regulate many biological processes, such as angiogenesis, wound healing and tissue regeneration. The abnormal expression of FGFR is related to the tumorigenesis, tumor progression and drug resistance of anti-tumor treatments in many types of tumors. Nowadays there are many anti-cancer drugs targeting FGFR. However, traditional single-target anti-tumor drugs are easy to acquire drug resistance. The therapeutic effect can be enhanced by simultaneously inhibiting FGFR and another target (such as VEGFR, EGFR, PI3K, CSF-1R, etc.). We know drug combination can bring problems such as drug interactions. Therefore, the development of FGFR dual target inhibitors is an important direction. In this paper, we reviewed the research on dual FGFR inhibitors in recent years and made brief comments on them.
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30
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Zhao Z, Song J, Zhang D, Wu F, Tu J, Ji J. Oxysophocarpine suppresses FGFR1-overexpressed hepatocellular carcinoma growth and sensitizes the therapeutic effect of lenvatinib. Life Sci 2021; 264:118642. [PMID: 33148422 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an aggressive solid tumor with restricted therapeutics. Lenvatinib is the second approved frontline drug for advanced HCC, however lenvatinib-resistant cases have been reported in clinical. Overexpression of fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR1) has been found to be associated with advanced HCC. This study was aimed to investigate the relationship between FGFR1 overexpression and lenvatinib resistance, and explore the potential candidate that can sensitize lenvatinib against FGFR1-overexpressed HCC. MAIN METHODS Development of FGFR1 overexpression was accomplished in Hep3B and HepG2 cell lines by pCDH-FGFR1 lentiviral vector. In vitro, cell proliferation, colony formation, cell migration and cell apoptosis assays were used to explore the effect of lenvatinib and Oxysophocarpine. In vivo, BALB/c nude mice were burdened with subcutaneous FGFR1-overexpressed Hep3B tumor to assess the therapeutic effect of lenvatinib and Oxysophocarpine. qRT-PCR and western blotting were further used to identify the underlying mechanism. KEY FINDINGS Here, we revealed that overexpressed FGFR1 and its downstream AKT/mTOR and ERK signaling activation could induce lenvatinib resistance in HCC. In vivo and in vitro results showed Oxysophocarpine inhibited the proliferation and induced the apoptosis of FGFR1-overexpressed HCC cells. Oxysophocarpine could further sensitize FGFR1-overexpressed HCC cells to lenvatinib treatment. Mechanism studies revealed that Oxysophocarpine downregulated FGFR1 expression along with downstream AKT/mTOR and ERK signaling to sensitize lenvatinib against FGFR1-overexpressed HCC. SIGNIFICANCES These data collectively provided evidence that FGFR1 overexpression could be a potential cause of lenvatinib resistance and Oxysophocarpine could be an ideal combined therapy with lenvatinib in HCC treatment.
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MESH Headings
- Alkaloids/pharmacology
- Alkaloids/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Down-Regulation/drug effects
- Down-Regulation/genetics
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/drug effects
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Humans
- Liver Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Liver Neoplasms/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- MAP Kinase Signaling System/drug effects
- Male
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Phenylurea Compounds
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism
- Quinolines
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/metabolism
- TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University/Affiliated Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University/The Central Hospital of Zhejiang Lishui, Lishui 323000, China; Department of Radiology, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University/Affiliated Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University/The Central Hospital of Zhejiang Lishui, Lishui 323000, China
| | - Jingjing Song
- Key Laboratory of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University/Affiliated Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University/The Central Hospital of Zhejiang Lishui, Lishui 323000, China; Department of Radiology, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University/Affiliated Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University/The Central Hospital of Zhejiang Lishui, Lishui 323000, China
| | - Dengke Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University/Affiliated Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University/The Central Hospital of Zhejiang Lishui, Lishui 323000, China; Department of Radiology, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University/Affiliated Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University/The Central Hospital of Zhejiang Lishui, Lishui 323000, China
| | - Fazong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University/Affiliated Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University/The Central Hospital of Zhejiang Lishui, Lishui 323000, China; Department of Radiology, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University/Affiliated Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University/The Central Hospital of Zhejiang Lishui, Lishui 323000, China
| | - Jianfei Tu
- Key Laboratory of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University/Affiliated Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University/The Central Hospital of Zhejiang Lishui, Lishui 323000, China; Department of Radiology, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University/Affiliated Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University/The Central Hospital of Zhejiang Lishui, Lishui 323000, China
| | - Jiansong Ji
- Key Laboratory of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University/Affiliated Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University/The Central Hospital of Zhejiang Lishui, Lishui 323000, China; Department of Radiology, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University/Affiliated Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University/The Central Hospital of Zhejiang Lishui, Lishui 323000, China.
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L. Michmerhuizen N, Wang J, Brenner J. Integrated Molecular Profiling as an Approach to Identify PI3K Inhibitor Resistance Mechanisms. Mol Pharmacol 2020. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.92875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of drug resistance pathways and approaches to target these pathways remains a significant and important challenge in cancer biology. Here, we address this challenge in the context of ongoing efforts to advance phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitors for the treatment of PI3K-aberrant cancers. While PI3K inhibitors have had tremendous success in some diseases, such as breast cancer, early clinical trials in other malignancies, such as head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), have not had the same level of success. Since HNSCC and other cancers display relatively high PI3K pathway alteration rates (>45%), these underwhelming results suggest that additional or unexpected factors may contribute to the lower response rates. Here, we highlight some of the emerging functional genomic and sequencing approaches being used to identify predictive biomarkers of PI3K inhibitor response using both cancer cell lines and clinical trial specimens. Importantly, these approaches have uncovered both innate genetic and adaptive mechanisms driving PI3K inhibitor resistance. In this chapter, we describe recent technological advances that have revolutionized our understanding of PI3K inhibitor resistance pathways in HNSCC and highlight how these and other approaches lay the groundwork to make significant strides in our understanding of molecular pharmacology in the cancer field.
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32
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Bernat-Peguera A, Navarro-Ventura J, Lorenzo-Sanz L, da Silva-Diz V, Bosio M, Palomero L, Penin RM, Pérez Sidelnikova D, Bermejo JO, Taberna M, Vilariño N, Piulats JM, Mesia R, Viñals JM, González-Suárez E, Capella-Gutierrez S, Villanueva A, Viñals F, Muñoz P. FGFR Inhibition Overcomes Resistance to EGFR-targeted Therapy in Epithelial-like Cutaneous Carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 27:1491-1504. [PMID: 33262138 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-0232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Recurrent and/or metastatic unresectable cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (cSCCs) are treated with chemotherapy or radiotherapy, but have poor clinical responses. A limited response (up to 45% of cases) to EGFR-targeted therapies was observed in clinical trials with patients with advanced and metastatic cSCC. Here, we analyze the molecular traits underlying the response to EGFR inhibitors, and the mechanisms responsible for cSCC resistance to EGFR-targeted therapy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We generated primary cell cultures and patient cSCC-derived xenografts (cSCC-PDXs) that recapitulate the histopathologic and molecular features of patient tumors. Response to gefitinib treatment was tested and gefitinib-resistant (GefR) cSCC-PDXs were developed. RNA sequence analysis was performed in matched untreated and GefR cSCC-PDXs to determine the mechanisms driving gefitinib resistance. RESULTS cSCCs conserving epithelial traits exhibited strong activation of EGFR signaling, which promoted tumor cell proliferation, in contrast to mesenchymal-like cSCCs. Gefitinib treatment strongly blocked epithelial-like cSCC-PDX growth in the absence of EGFR and RAS mutations, whereas tumors carrying the E545K PIK3CA-activating mutation were resistant to treatment. A subset of initially responding tumors acquired resistance after long-term treatment, which was induced by the bypass from EGFR to FGFR signaling to allow tumor cell proliferation and survival upon gefitinib treatment. Pharmacologic inhibition of FGFR signaling overcame resistance to EGFR inhibitor, even in PIK3CA-mutated tumors. CONCLUSIONS EGFR-targeted therapy may be appropriate for treating many epithelial-like cSCCs without PIK3CA-activating mutations. Combined EGFR- and FGFR-targeted therapy may be used to treat cSCCs that show intrinsic or acquired resistance to EGFR inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrià Bernat-Peguera
- Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Navarro-Ventura
- Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Lorenzo-Sanz
- Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Victoria da Silva-Diz
- Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mattia Bosio
- Department of Life Sciences, Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis Palomero
- Program Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance (ProCURE), ICO, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa M Penin
- Pathology Service, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge/IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Josep Oriol Bermejo
- Plastic Surgery Unit, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge/IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miren Taberna
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncobell Program, IDIBELL, ICO, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Noelia Vilariño
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncobell Program, IDIBELL, ICO, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep M Piulats
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncobell Program, IDIBELL, ICO, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ricard Mesia
- Department of Medical Oncology, ICO, B-ARGO Group-Badalona, IGTP, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Maria Viñals
- Plastic Surgery Unit, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge/IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva González-Suárez
- Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain.,Molecular Oncology, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Alberto Villanueva
- Program Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance (ProCURE), ICO, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Viñals
- Program Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance (ProCURE), ICO, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain.,Unitat de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, Universitat de Barcelona-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Purificación Muñoz
- Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain.
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Choi J, Sung JY, Lee S, Yoo J, Rongo C, Kim YN, Shim J. Rab8 and Rabin8-Mediated Tumor Formation by Hyperactivated EGFR Signaling via FGFR Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207770. [PMID: 33092268 PMCID: PMC7589727 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling is important for normal development, such as vulval development in Caenorhabditis elegans, and hyperactivation of the EGFR is often associated with cancer development. Our previous report demonstrated the multivulva (Muv) phenotype, a tumor model in C. elegans (jgIs25 strain) by engineering LET-23/EGFR with a TKI-resistant human EGFR T790-L858 mutant. Because Rab proteins regulate vesicle transport, which is important for receptor signaling, we screened the RNAi in the jgIs25 strain to find the Rabs critical for Muv formation. Herein, we show that rab-8 RNAi and the rab-8 (-/-) mutation effectively reduce Muv formation. We demonstrate that RABN-8, an ortholog of Rabin8, known as a GEF for Rab8, is also required for Muv formation by promoting the secretion of EGL-17/FGF from vulval precursor cells. In addition, FGFR inhibitors decreased Muv formation mediated by mutant EGFR. Our data suggest that Rab8 and Rabin8 mediate Muv formation through FGF secretion in the EGFR-TKI-resistant nematode model. Furthermore, FGFR-TKIs more effectively inhibit the growth of lung cancer cell lines in H1975 (EGFR T790M-L858R; EGFR-TKI-resistant) than H522 (wild-type EGFR) and H1650 (EGFR exon 19 deletion; EGFR-TKI-sensitive) cells, suggesting that FGFR-TKIs could be used to control cancers with EGFR-TKI-resistant mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junghwa Choi
- Research Institute of National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do 10408, Korea; (J.C.); (J.Y.S.); (S.L.); (J.Y.)
| | - Jee Young Sung
- Research Institute of National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do 10408, Korea; (J.C.); (J.Y.S.); (S.L.); (J.Y.)
| | - Saerom Lee
- Research Institute of National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do 10408, Korea; (J.C.); (J.Y.S.); (S.L.); (J.Y.)
| | - Jungyoen Yoo
- Research Institute of National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do 10408, Korea; (J.C.); (J.Y.S.); (S.L.); (J.Y.)
| | - Christopher Rongo
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 190 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA;
| | - Yong-Nyun Kim
- Research Institute of National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do 10408, Korea; (J.C.); (J.Y.S.); (S.L.); (J.Y.)
- Correspondence: (Y.-N.K.); (J.S.); Tel.: +82-31-920-2415 (Y.-N.K.); +82-31-920-2262 (J.S.)
| | - Jaegal Shim
- Research Institute of National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do 10408, Korea; (J.C.); (J.Y.S.); (S.L.); (J.Y.)
- Correspondence: (Y.-N.K.); (J.S.); Tel.: +82-31-920-2415 (Y.-N.K.); +82-31-920-2262 (J.S.)
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Shen HB, Li J, Yao YS, Yang ZH, Zhou YJ, Chen W, Hu TJ. Impact of Somatic Mutations in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer: A Retrospective Study of a Chinese Cohort. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:7427-7437. [PMID: 32884354 PMCID: PMC7443461 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s254139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Somatic mutations are important biomarkers for selecting an optimal targeted therapy and predicting outcomes for non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients that are often detected from tissue samples. However, tissue samples are not always readily available from these patients. The exploration of using circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) to identify somatic mutations offers an alternative source that should be explored. Methods In this retrospective study, we included 280 patients diagnosed with adenocarcinoma between 2017 and 2018 in a hospital in eastern China. Tissue or ctDNA was collected, and a wide spectrum of somatic mutations was analyzed by targeted next-generation sequencing platforms. Associations among the mutation status, biomarkers, screening methods, disease stages, and interaction with treatment with overall survival (OS) were investigated. Results We found that the EGFR L858R mutation was the most frequently identified mutation in adenocarcinoma in this population by both methods, followed by KRAS (p=3.7e-09), PIK3CA (p=5e-04), and HER2 mutations (p=6.3e-03). We observed that EGFR mutations were significantly mutually exclusive with KRAS, HER2, and MET. FGFR1 mutations were significantly more abundantly detected in the ctDNA group. We found an interaction effect between EGFR mutation and target therapies. The ability of the targeted therapy to improve OS in patients with a single EGFR mutation (HR=0.069, p=0.07) approached significance, but this was not the case for the patients with more than one EGFR mutation or without an EGFR mutation (HR=0.813, p=0.725). Furthermore, the effect of chemotherapy was more predominant in the EGFR group in comparison to the control group. Conclusion These findings provide useful information on the distribution of somatic mutations via different screening methods and how this related to the optimal treatment selection in Chinese patients with NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Bo Shen
- Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Li
- Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Shan Yao
- Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Hua Yang
- Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, People's Republic of China
| | - Yin-Jie Zhou
- Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Chen
- Zhongyuan Union Clinical Laboratory Co., Ltd, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian-Jun Hu
- Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, People's Republic of China
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Reis PP, Drigo SA, Carvalho RF, Lopez Lapa RM, Felix TF, Patel D, Cheng D, Pintilie M, Liu G, Tsao MS. Circulating miR-16-5p, miR-92a-3p, and miR-451a in Plasma from Lung Cancer Patients: Potential Application in Early Detection and a Regulatory Role in Tumorigenesis Pathways. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2071. [PMID: 32726984 PMCID: PMC7465670 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Micro(mi)RNAs, potent gene expression regulators associated with tumorigenesis, are stable, abundant circulating molecules, and detectable in plasma. Thus, miRNAs could potentially be useful in early lung cancer detection. We aimed to identify circulating miRNA signatures in plasma from patients with lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC), and to verify whether miRNAs regulate lung oncogenesis pathways. METHODS RNA isolated from 139 plasma samples (40 LUAD, 38 LUSC; 61 healthy/non-diseased individuals) were divided into discovery (38 patients; 21 controls for expression quantification using an 800-miRNA panel; Nanostring nCounter®) and validation (40 patients; 40 controls; TaqMan® RT-qPCR) cohorts. Elastic net, Maximizing-R-Square Analysis (MARSA), and C-Statistics were applied for miRNA signature identification. RESULTS When compared to healthy individuals, 580 of 606 deregulated miRNAs in LUAD and 221 of 226 deregulated miRNAs in LUSC had significantly increased levels. Among the 10 most significantly overexpressed miRNAs, 6 were common to patients with LUAD and LUSC. Further analysis identified three signatures composed of 12 miRNAs. Signatures included miRNAs commonly overexpressed in patient plasma. Enriched pathways included target genes modulated by three miRNAs in the C-Statistics signature: miR-16-5p, miR-92a-3p, and miR-451a. CONCLUSIONS The 3-miRNA signature (miR-16-5p, miR-92a-3p, miR-451a) had high specificity (100%) and sensitivity (84%) to predict cancer (LUAD and LUSC). These miRNAs are predicted to modulate genes and pathways with known roles in lung tumorigenesis, including EGFR, K-RAS, and PI3K/AKT signaling, suggesting that the 3-miRNA signature is biologically relevant in adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia P. Reis
- Faculty of Medicine, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu, SP 18618-687, Brazil; (S.A.D.); (T.F.F.)
- Experimental Research Unity, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu, SP 18618-687, Brazil
| | - Sandra A. Drigo
- Faculty of Medicine, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu, SP 18618-687, Brazil; (S.A.D.); (T.F.F.)
- Experimental Research Unity, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu, SP 18618-687, Brazil
| | - Robson F. Carvalho
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu, SP 18618-689, Brazil;
| | - Rainer Marco Lopez Lapa
- Universidad Católica Los Ángeles de Chimbote, Instituto de Investigación, Chimbote 02800, Peru;
| | - Tainara F. Felix
- Faculty of Medicine, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu, SP 18618-687, Brazil; (S.A.D.); (T.F.F.)
- Experimental Research Unity, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu, SP 18618-687, Brazil
| | - Devalben Patel
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; (D.P.); (D.C.); (M.P.); (G.L.)
| | - Dangxiao Cheng
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; (D.P.); (D.C.); (M.P.); (G.L.)
| | - Melania Pintilie
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; (D.P.); (D.C.); (M.P.); (G.L.)
| | - Geoffrey Liu
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; (D.P.); (D.C.); (M.P.); (G.L.)
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Ming-Sound Tsao
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; (D.P.); (D.C.); (M.P.); (G.L.)
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
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Hong CS, Sun EG, Choi JN, Kim DH, Kim JH, Ryu KH, Shim HJ, Hwang JE, Bae WK, Kim HR, Kim KK, Jung C, Chung IJ, Cho SH. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 increases epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling by inducing amphiregulin expression and attenuates response to EGFR inhibitors in colon cancer. Cancer Sci 2020; 111:3268-3278. [PMID: 32533590 PMCID: PMC7469799 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4) is known to induce cancer cell proliferation, invasion, and antiapoptosis through activation of RAS/RAF/ERK and PI3K/AKT pathways, which are also known as major molecular bases of colon cancer carcinogenesis related with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling. However, the interaction between FGFR4 and EGFR signaling in regard to colon cancer progression is unclear. Here, we investigated a potential cross‐talk between FGFR4 and EGFR, and the effect of anti‐EGFR therapy in colon cancer treatment. To explore the biological roles of FGFR4 in cancer progression, RNA sequencing was carried out using FGFR4 transfected colon cell lines. Gene ontology data showed the upregulation of genes related to EGFR signaling, and we identified that FGFR4 overexpression secretes EGFR ligands such as amphiregulin (AREG) with consequent activation of EGFR and ErbB3. This result was also shown in in vivo study and the cooperative interaction between EGFR and FGFR4 promoted tumor growth. In addition, FGFR4 overexpression reduced cetuximab‐induced cytotoxicity and the combination of FGFR4 inhibitor (BLU9931) and cetuximab showed profound antitumor effect compared to cetuximab alone. Clinically, we found the positive correlation between FGFR4 and AREG expression in tumor tissue, but not in normal tissue, from colon cancer patients and these expressions were significantly correlated with poor overall survival in patients treated with cetuximab. Therefore, our results provide the novel mechanism of FGFR4 in connection with EGFR activation and the combination of FGFR4 inhibitor and cetuximab could be a promising therapeutic option to achieve the optimal response to anti‐EGFR therapy in colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Soo Hong
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Korea
| | - Eun-Gene Sun
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Korea
| | - Ji-Na Choi
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Korea
| | - Dae-Hwan Kim
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Korea
| | - Jo-Heon Kim
- Department of Pathology, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Korea
| | - Kyung-Hyun Ryu
- Department of Biological Science, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun-Jeong Shim
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Korea
| | - Jun-Eul Hwang
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Korea
| | - Woo-Kyun Bae
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Korea.,Combinatorial Tumor Immunotherapy MRC, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Korea
| | - Hyeong-Rok Kim
- Department of Surgery, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Korea
| | - Kyung Keun Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Korea
| | - Chaeyong Jung
- Department of Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Korea
| | - Ik-Joo Chung
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Korea.,Combinatorial Tumor Immunotherapy MRC, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Korea
| | - Sang-Hee Cho
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Korea.,Combinatorial Tumor Immunotherapy MRC, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Korea
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Cheng S, Jiang Z, Xiao J, Guo H, Wang Z, Wang Y. The prognostic value of six survival-related genes in bladder cancer. Cell Death Discov 2020; 6:58. [PMID: 32695477 PMCID: PMC7359373 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-020-00295-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to identify genes that are differentially expressed in paracancerous tissue and to determine the potential predictive value of selected gene panel. Gene transcriptome data of bladder tissue was downloaded from UCSC Xena browser and NCBI GEO repository, including GTEx (the Genotype-Tissue Expression project) data, TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas) data, and GEO (Gene Expression Omnibus) data. Differentially Expressed Genes (DEGs) analysis was performed to identify tumor-DEGs candidate genes, using the intersection of tumor-paracancerous DEGs genes and paracancerous-normal DEGs genes. The survival-related genes were screened by Kaplan-Meier (KM) survival analysis and univariable Cox regression with the cutoff criteria of KM < 0.05 and cox p-value < 0.05. The risk model was developed using Lasso regression. The clinical data were analyzed by univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis. Gene Ontology (GO) and KEGG enrichment analysis were performed in the DEGs genes between the high-risk and low-risk subgroups. We identified six survival-related genes, EMP1, TPM1, NRP2, FGFR1, CAVIN1, and LATS2, found in the DEG analyses of both, tumor-paracancerous and paracancerous-normal differentially expressed data sets. Then, the patients were classified into two clusters, which can be distinguished by specific clinical characteristics. A three-gene risk prediction model (EMP1, FGFR1, and CAVIN1) was constructed in patients within cluster 1. The model was applied to categorize cluster 1 patients into high-risk and low-risk subgroups. The prognostic risk score was considered as an independent prognostic factor. The six identified survival-related genes can be used in molecular characterization of a specific subtype of bladder cancer. This subtype had distinct clinical features of T (topography), N (lymph node), stage, grade, and survival status, compared to the other subtype of bladder cancer. Among the six identified survival-related genes, three-genes, EMP1, FGFR1, and CAVIN1, were identified as potential independent prognostic markers for the specific bladder cancer subtype with clinical features described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuting Cheng
- Health Ministry Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Zhou Jiang
- Health Ministry Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Jing Xiao
- Health Ministry Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Huiling Guo
- Health Ministry Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Zhengrong Wang
- Health Ministry Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Yuhui Wang
- Health Ministry Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
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Qin J, Xie F, Wang F, Lu H. mRNA Expression of FGFR1 as Potential Marker for Predicting Prognosis of Surgical Resection of Small Cell Lung Cancer may be better than Protein Expression and Gene Amplification. J Cancer 2020; 11:4691-4699. [PMID: 32626515 PMCID: PMC7330682 DOI: 10.7150/jca.44476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) alterations have been described in many cancers, including lung cancer, but the role has not been elucidated specifically in small cell lung cancer (SCLC). The present study aimed to identify the frequency of FGFR1 alterations among Chinese patients with surgically resected SCLC and the association with the clinicopathological characteristics and the survival were also investigated. Methods: FGFR1 protein expression, FGFR1 amplification, FGFR1 mutations, and messenger RNA (mRNA) levels, were determined by immunohistochemistry (IHC), fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), respectively in primary tumors from 33 patients with resected SCLC. Results: 7/33(21.2%) of the specimens were positive for FGFR1 protein expression. FGFR1 amplification was identified in 4/28 cases (14.3%). If the cut-off value was determined to be 3.5, FGFR1 mRNA positivity was considered in 7/33 cases (21.2%). However, no mutation was detected in the 33 SCLC postoperative tissue specimens. No significant association was observed between FGFR1 protein expression or amplification and clinicalcharacteristics or prognosis. There was a distinct trend for mRNA level and poor prognosis, including recurrence-free survival (RFS) (p = 0.07) and overall survival (OS) (p= 0.08), but they did not reach statistical significance. Conclusions: As novel FGFR1-targeted therapies are developed, FISH, IHC, especially mRNA were detected, which should be considered as biomarkers of FGFR1 pathway dysregulation in SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Qin
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment Technology on Thoracic Oncology (lung and esophagus), Institute of Cancer Research and Basic Medical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Cancer Hospital of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, 310022, P.R. China.,Department of Thoracic Medical Oncology, Institute of Cancer Research and Basic Medical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Cancer Hospital of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, 310022, P.R. China
| | - Fajun Xie
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment Technology on Thoracic Oncology (lung and esophagus), Institute of Cancer Research and Basic Medical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Cancer Hospital of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, 310022, P.R. China.,Department of Thoracic Medical Oncology, Institute of Cancer Research and Basic Medical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Cancer Hospital of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, 310022, P.R. China
| | - Fenfang Wang
- Graduate School, WenZhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, P.R. China
| | - Hongyang Lu
- Graduate School, WenZhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, P.R. China.,Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment Technology on Thoracic Oncology (lung and esophagus), Institute of Cancer Research and Basic Medical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Cancer Hospital of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, 310022, P.R. China.,Department of Thoracic Medical Oncology, Institute of Cancer Research and Basic Medical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Cancer Hospital of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, 310022, P.R. China
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Parker HG, Dhawan D, Harris AC, Ramos-Vara JA, Davis BW, Knapp DW, Ostrander EA. RNAseq expression patterns of canine invasive urothelial carcinoma reveal two distinct tumor clusters and shared regions of dysregulation with human bladder tumors. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:251. [PMID: 32209086 PMCID: PMC7092566 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-06737-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Invasive urothelial carcinoma (iUC) is highly similar between dogs and humans in terms of pathologic presentation, molecular subtypes, response to treatment and age at onset. Thus, the dog is an established and relevant model for testing and development of targeted drugs benefiting both canine and human patients. We sought to identify gene expression patterns associated with two primary types of canine iUC tumors: those that express a common somatic mutation in the BRAF gene, and those that do not. METHODS We performed RNAseq on tumor and normal tissues from pet dogs. Analysis of differential expression and clustering, and positional and individual expression was used to develop gene set enrichment profiles distinguishing iUC tumors with and without BRAFV595E mutations, as well as genomic regions harboring excessive numbers of dysregulated genes. RESULTS We identified two expression clusters that are defined by the presence/absence of a BRAFV595E (BRAFV600E in humans) somatic mutation. BRAFV595E tumors shared significantly more dysregulated genes than BRAF wild-type tumors, and vice versa, with 398 genes differentiating the two clusters. Key genes fall into clades of limited function: tissue development, cell cycle regulation, immune response, and membrane transport. The genomic site with highest number of dysregulated genes overall lies in a locus corresponding to human chromosome 8q24, a region frequently amplified in human urothelial cancers. CONCLUSIONS These data identify critical sets of genes that are differently regulated in association with an activating mutation in the MAPK/ERK pathway in canine iUC tumors. The experiments also highlight the value of the canine system in identifying expression patterns associated with a common, shared cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi G Parker
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Bldg 50, Room 5351, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Deepika Dhawan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Alex C Harris
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Bldg 50, Room 5351, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jose A Ramos-Vara
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Brian W Davis
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Bldg 50, Room 5351, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Department of Integrative Biological Sciences, Texas A and M University, College Station, TX, 77840, USA
| | - Deborah W Knapp
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Elaine A Ostrander
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Bldg 50, Room 5351, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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FGFR1 and FGFR4 oncogenicity depends on n-cadherin and their co-expression may predict FGFR-targeted therapy efficacy. EBioMedicine 2020; 53:102683. [PMID: 32114392 PMCID: PMC7047190 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR)1 and FGFR4 have been associated with tumorigenesis in a variety of tumour types. As a therapeutic approach, their inhibition has been attempted in different types of malignancies, including lung cancer, and was initially focused on FGFR1-amplified tumours, though with limited success. METHODS In vitro and in vivo functional assessments of the oncogenic potential of downregulated/overexpressed genes in isogenic cell lines were performed, as well as inhibitor efficacy tests in vitro and in vivo in patient-derived xenografts (PDXs). mRNA was extracted from FFPE non-small cell lung cancer samples to determine the prognostic potential of the genes under study. FINDINGS We provide in vitro and in vivo evidence showing that expression of the adhesion molecule N-cadherin is key for the oncogenic role of FGFR1/4 in non-small cell lung cancer. According to this, assessment of the expression of genes in different lung cancer patient cohorts showed that FGFR1 or FGFR4 expression alone showed no prognostic potential, and that only co-expression of FGFR1 and/or FGFR4 with N-cadherin inferred a poorer outcome. Treatment of high-FGFR1 and/or FGFR4-expressing lung cancer cell lines and patient-derived xenografts with selective FGFR inhibitors showed high efficacy, but only in models with high FGFR1/4 and N-cadherin expression. INTERPRETATION Our data show that the determination of the expression of FGFR1 or FGFR4 alone is not sufficient to predict anti-FGFR therapy efficacy; complementary determination of N-cadherin expression may further optimise patient selection for this therapeutic strategy.
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Chen G, Bao Y, Weng Q, Zhao Y, Lu X, Fu L, Chen L, Liu Z, Zhang X, Liang G. Compound 15c, a Novel Dual Inhibitor of EGFR L858R/T790M and FGFR1, Efficiently Overcomes Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Resistance of Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancers. Front Pharmacol 2020; 10:1533. [PMID: 31998131 PMCID: PMC6965315 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past decades, epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) had been proved as an effective treatment strategy for the patients with EGFR-mutated non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the tolerance for the EGFR-TKI always occurred after continuous administration for a period of time and limiting the application of these drugs. Activation of FGFR1 signaling pathway was one of the important escape mechanisms for EGFR-TKI resistant in NSCLC. Here, a novel dual inhibitor of EGFRL858R/T790M and FGFR1, compound15c, was found and can efficiently overcame the EGFR-TKI resistance via its simultaneous inhibition of their kinase activities. Comparison with EGFRL858R/T790M and FGFR1 inhibitor treatment alone or combined revealed that the inhibition of EGFRL858R/T790M and FGFR1 activity by 15c was responsible for surmounting the intrinsic EGFR-TKI resistance in EGFRL858R/T790M-mutated H1975 cells and the acquired resistance in Afatinib-tolerant PC9 cells (AFA-PC9). Flow Cytometry and Caspase3 activity analysis assay showed that 15c induced significant the early apoptosis of H1975 cells. Xenograft tumor formation in BALB/c mice induced by a H1975 cells was suppressed by 15c treatment, with no changes in animal body weight. Generally, 15c may act as a new-generation EGFR-TKI for the therapy of NSCLC patients suffering a resistance to current TKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaozhi Chen
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Engineering Laboratory of Zhejiang Province for Pharmaceutical Development of Growth Factors, Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Wenzhou, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yuyan Bao
- Department of Pharmacy, Sanmen People's Hospital of Zhejiang, Sanmen, China
| | - Qiaoyou Weng
- Key Laboratory of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, China
| | - Yingxin Zhao
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyao Lu
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lili Fu
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lingfeng Chen
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhiguo Liu
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaomin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Sanmen People's Hospital of Zhejiang, Sanmen, China
| | - Guang Liang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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A review of predictive, prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers for non-small-cell lung cancer: towards personalised and targeted cancer therapy. JOURNAL OF RADIOTHERAPY IN PRACTICE 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/s1460396919000876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIntroduction:Lung cancer has a high mortality rate mainly due to the lack of early detection or outward signs and symptoms, thereby often progressing to advanced stages (e.g., stage IV) before it is diagnosed. However, if lung cancers can be diagnosed at an early stage and also if clinicians can prospectively identify patients likely to respond to specific treatments, then there is a very high potential to increase patients’ survival. In recent years, several investigations have been conducted to identify cancer biomarkers for lung cancer risk assessment, early detection and diagnosis, the likelihood of identifying the group of patients who will benefit from a particular treatment and monitoring patient response to treatment.Materials and Methods:This paper reports on the review of 19 current clinical and emerging biomarkers used in risk assessment, screening for early detection and diagnosis and monitoring the response of treatment of non-small-cell lung cancers.Conclusion:The future holds promise for personalised and targeted medicine from prevention, diagnosis to treatment, which take into account individual patient’s variability, though it depends on the development of effective biomarkers interrogating the key aberrant pathways and potentially targetable with molecular targeted or immunologic therapies. Lung cancer biomarkers have the potential to guide clinical decision-making since they can potentially detect the disease early, measure the risk of developing the disease and the risk of progression, provide accurate information of patient response to a specific treatment and are capable of informing clinicians about the likely outcome of a cancer diagnosis independent of the treatment received. Moreover, lung cancer biomarkers are increasingly linked to specific molecular pathway deregulations and/or cancer pathogenesis and can be used to justify the application of certain therapeutic or interventional strategies.
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Raoof S, Mulford IJ, Frisco-Cabanos H, Nangia V, Timonina D, Labrot E, Hafeez N, Bilton SJ, Drier Y, Ji F, Greenberg M, Williams A, Kattermann K, Damon L, Sovath S, Rakiec DP, Korn JM, Ruddy DA, Benes CH, Hammerman PS, Piotrowska Z, Sequist LV, Niederst MJ, Barretina J, Engelman JA, Hata AN. Targeting FGFR overcomes EMT-mediated resistance in EGFR mutant non-small cell lung cancer. Oncogene 2019; 38:6399-6413. [PMID: 31324888 PMCID: PMC6742540 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-0887-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Evolved resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) targeted therapies
remains a major clinical challenge. In EGFR mutant non-small
cell lung cancer (NSCLC), failure of EGFR TKIs can result from both genetic and
epigenetic mechanisms of acquired drug resistance. Widespread reports of
histologic and gene expression changes consistent with an
epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) have been associated with initially
surviving drug tolerant persister cells, which can seed bona
fide genetic mechanisms of resistance to EGFR TKIs. While
therapeutic approaches targeting fully resistant cells, such as those harboring
an EGFRT790M mutation, have been developed, a clinical strategy for
preventing the emergence of persister cells remains elusive. Using mesenchymal
cell lines derived from biopsies of patients who progressed on EGFR TKI as
surrogates for persister populations, we performed whole-genome CRISPR screening
and identified FGFR1 as the top target promoting survival of mesenchymal EGFR
mutant cancers. Although numerous previous reports of FGFR signaling
contributing to EGFR TKI resistance in vitro exist, the data has not yet been
sufficiently compelling to instigate a clinical trial testing this hypothesis,
nor has the role of FGFR in promoting the survival of persister cells been
elucidated. In this study, we find that combining EGFR and FGFR inhibitors
inhibited the survival and expansion of EGFR mutant drug
tolerant cells over long time periods, preventing the development of fully
resistant cancers in multiple vitro models and in vivo. These results suggest
that dual EGFR and FGFR blockade may be a promising clinical strategy for both
preventing and overcoming EMT-associated acquired drug resistance and provide
motivation for clinical study of combined EGFR and FGFR inhibition in
EGFR-mutated NSCLCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Raoof
- Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Iain J Mulford
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Varuna Nangia
- Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Daria Timonina
- Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Emma Labrot
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nafeeza Hafeez
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Samantha J Bilton
- Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Yotam Drier
- Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Fei Ji
- Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Max Greenberg
- Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - August Williams
- Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | | | - Leah Damon
- Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Sosathya Sovath
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Daniel P Rakiec
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Joshua M Korn
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David A Ruddy
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Cyril H Benes
- Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter S Hammerman
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Zofia Piotrowska
- Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lecia V Sequist
- Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthew J Niederst
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jordi Barretina
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Engelman
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Aaron N Hata
- Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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