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Enzymatic Degradation of the Most Common Aliphatic Bio-Polyesters and Evaluation of the Mechanisms Involved: An Extended Study. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14091850. [PMID: 35567020 PMCID: PMC9101158 DOI: 10.3390/polym14091850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Commercial hydrolytic enzymes belonging to different subclasses (several lipases, proteinase k, cutinase) were investigated for their ability to degrade different aliphatic polyesters, i.e., poly(butylene succinate) (PBS), poly(butylene succinate-co-adipate) (PBSA), two poly(caprolactone), having two different molecular weights, poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC). The enzyme screening was first carried out by investigating the capacity of fully degrading the target polymers in 24 h, then weight loss measurements of selected polyesters and target enzymes were performed. Solid residues after enzyme degradation were characterized by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetry (TGA). Liquid fractions were studied via GPC, 1H NMR and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). PCL and PBSA were found to be the most biodegradable polyesters, under the conditions used in this study. PBS was fully degraded only by cutinase, whereas none of the tested enzymes were able to completely degrade PLA and PPC, in the conditions assessed here. Cutinase exhibited the highest hydrolytic activity on PBSA, while lipase from Candida sp. (CALB) on low molecular weight PCL. Chemical analyses on residual solids showed that the enzymatic degradation occurred homogeneously from the surface through an erosion mechanism and did not significantly affect the macromolecular structure and thermal stability. Cleaving action mode for each enzyme (endo- and/or exo-type) on the different polyesters were also proposed based on the evaluation of the degradation products in the liquid fraction.
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Delorme AE, Radusin T, Myllytie P, Verney V, Askanian H. Enhancement of Gas Barrier Properties and Durability of Poly(butylene succinate-co-butylene adipate)-Based Nanocomposites for Food Packaging Applications. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12060978. [PMID: 35335791 PMCID: PMC8953858 DOI: 10.3390/nano12060978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Poly(butylene succinate-co-butylene adipate) (PBSA)-based materials are receiving growing attention in the packaging industry for their promising biodegradability. However, poor gas barrier properties and low durability of biodegradable polymers, such as PBSA, have limited their wide-spread use in food packaging applications. Here we report a scalable solution to improve gas barrier properties and stabilize PBSA against photo-aging, with minimal modifications to the biodegradable polymer backbone by using a commercially available and biocompatible layered double hydroxide (LDH) filler. We investigate and compare the mechanical, gas barrier, and photoaging properties of PBSA and PBSA-LDH nanocomposite films produced on a pilot scale. An increase in rigidity in the nanocomposite was observed upon addition of LDH fillers to neat PBSA, which direct the application of neat PBSA and PBSA-LDH nanocomposite to different food packaging applications. The addition of LDH fillers into neat PBSA improves the oxygen and water vapour barriers for the PBSA based nanocomposites, which increases the attractiveness of PBSA material in food packaging applications. Through changes in the viscoelastic behaviour, we observe an improved photo-durability of photoaged PBSA-LDH nanocomposites compared to neat PBSA. It is clear from our studies that the presence of LDH enhances the lifetime durability and modulates the photodegradation rate of the elaborated biocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid E. Delorme
- CNRS, Clermont Auvergne INP, ICCF, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France;
- Correspondence: (A.E.D.); (H.A.); Tel.: +33-(0)473405389 (H.A.)
| | - Tanja Radusin
- Norner Research, Dokkvegen 20 NO-3920, 3920 Porsgrunn, Norway; (T.R.); (P.M.)
| | - Petri Myllytie
- Norner Research, Dokkvegen 20 NO-3920, 3920 Porsgrunn, Norway; (T.R.); (P.M.)
| | - Vincent Verney
- CNRS, Clermont Auvergne INP, ICCF, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France;
| | - Haroutioun Askanian
- CNRS, Clermont Auvergne INP, ICCF, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France;
- Correspondence: (A.E.D.); (H.A.); Tel.: +33-(0)473405389 (H.A.)
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Physical Properties and Polymorphism of Acrylic Acid-Grafted Poly(1,4-butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)/Organically Modified Layered Double Hydroxide Nanocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14030492. [PMID: 35160479 PMCID: PMC8839520 DOI: 10.3390/polym14030492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel and biodegradable acrylic acid-grafted poly(1,4-butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)/organically modified layered double hydroxide (g-PBAT/m-LDH) nanocomposites were synthesized through the polycondensation and transesterification process, with the covalent linkages between the polymer and the inorganic materials. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy were used to characterize the structure and morphology of the g-PBAT/m-LDH nanocomposites. The experimental results show that the m-LDH was exfoliated and widely distributed in the g-PBAT matrix. The addition of m-LDH into the g-PBAT extensively improved the storage modulus at −90 °C, when compared to that of the pure g-PBAT matrix. The effects of the minor comonomer of the butylene terephthalate (BT) unit and the addition of m-LDH on the crystallization behavior, and the polymorphic crystals of the g-PBAT at numerous crystallization temperatures, were examined, using a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The data indicate that the minor comonomer of the BT unit into g-PBAT can significantly change the starting formation temperatures of the α-form and ꞵ-form crystals, while a change in the starting formation temperatures of the α-form and ꞵ-form crystals using the addition of m-LDH into g-PBAT is not evident.
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Wang JM, Wang H, Chen EC, Chen YJ, Wu TM. Role of Organically-Modified Zn-Ti Layered Double Hydroxides in Poly(Butylene Succinate-Co-Adipate) Composites: Enhanced Material Properties and Photodegradation Protection. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2181. [PMID: 34209173 PMCID: PMC8272187 DOI: 10.3390/polym13132181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this research, the effects of Zn-Ti layered double hydroxide (Zn-Ti LDH) as a UV-protection additive, which was added to the poly(butylene succinate-co-adipate) (PBSA) matrix, were investigated. Stearic acid was used to increase the hydrophobicity of Zn-Ti LDH via ion-exchange method. Transmission electron microscopy images of PBSA composites showed that modified Zn-Ti LDH (m-LDH) well-dispersed in the polymer matrix. Due to the effect of heterogeneous nucleation, the crystallization temperature of the composite increased to 52.9 °C, and the accompanying crystallinity increased to 31.0% with the addition of 1 wt% m-LDH. The additional m-LDH into PBSA copolymer matrix significantly enhanced the storage modulus, as compared to pure PBSA. Gel permeation chromatography and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis confirmed that the addition of m-LDH can reduce the photodegradation of PBSA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Tzong-Ming Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuo Kuang Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan; (J.-M.W.); (H.W.); (E.-C.C.); (Y.-J.C.)
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Sisti L, Totaro G, Celli A, Marek AA, Verney V, Leroux F. Chain extender effect of 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid/layered double hydroxide in biopolyesters containing the succinate moiety. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj06322f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
3-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid intercalated in Mg2Al/layered double hydroxide has been used as a filler in biopolyesters containing the succinate moiety, with the aim of inducing a chain extender effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sisti
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Chimica
- Ambientale e dei Materiali
- Università di Bologna
- 40131 Bologna
- Italy
| | - Grazia Totaro
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Chimica
- Ambientale e dei Materiali
- Università di Bologna
- 40131 Bologna
- Italy
| | - Annamaria Celli
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Chimica
- Ambientale e dei Materiali
- Università di Bologna
- 40131 Bologna
- Italy
| | - Adam A. Marek
- Department of Organic Chemical Technology and Petrochemistry
- Silesian University of Technology
- 44-100 Gliwice
- Poland
| | - Vincent Verney
- Institut de Chimie de Clermont Ferrand (ICCF) – UMR
- CNRS
- SIGMA Clermont
- 63177 AUBIERE (Cedex)
- France
| | - Fabrice Leroux
- Institut de Chimie de Clermont Ferrand (ICCF) – UMR
- CNRS
- SIGMA Clermont
- 63177 AUBIERE (Cedex)
- France
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Toughened Poly(Lactic Acid)-PLA Formulations by Binary Blends with Poly(Butylene Succinate -co-Adipate)-PBSA and Their Shape Memory Behaviour. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12040622. [PMID: 30791485 PMCID: PMC6416577 DOI: 10.3390/ma12040622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study reports the effect of poly(butylene succinate-co-adipate) (PBSA) on the mechanical performance and shape memory behavior of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) specimens that were manufactured by injection molding and hot-press molding. The poor miscibility between PLA and PBSA was minimized by the addition of an epoxy styrene-acrylic oligomer (ESAO), which was commercially named Joncryl®. It was incorporated during the extrusion process. Tensile, impact strength, and hardness tests were carried out following international standards. PLA/PBSA blends with improved mechanical properties were obtained, which highlighted the sample that was compatibilized with ESAO, leading to a remarkable enhancement in elongation at break, but showing poor shape memory behaviour. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) images showed how the ductile properties were improved, while PBSA loading increased, thus leading to minimizing the brittleness of neat PLA. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis revealed the low miscibility between these two polymers and the improving effect of PBSA in PLA crystallization. The bending test carried out on the sheets of PLA/PBSA blends showed the direct influence that the PBSA has on the reduction of the shape memory that is intrinsically offered by neat PLA.
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Xie J, Wang Z, Zhao Q, Yang Y, Xu J, Waterhouse GIN, Zhang K, Li S, Jin P, Jin G. Scale-Up Fabrication of Biodegradable Poly(butylene adipate- co-terephthalate)/Organophilic-Clay Nanocomposite Films for Potential Packaging Applications. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:1187-1196. [PMID: 31457960 PMCID: PMC6641378 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b02062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The development of biodegradable packing materials is a global priority due to the huge volumes of plastic refuse entering landfills and the environment. In this study, a series of biodegradable nanocomposite films based on poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) and reinforced with an organophilic layered double hydroxide (OLDH) were scale-up fabricated. The OLDH nanosheets with a basal spacing of 4.07 nm were presynthesized on a large-scale by solvent-free high-energy ball milling. All of the PBAT/OLDH nanocomposite films (0.5-4 wt % OLDH) showed a uniform dispersion of OLDH nanosheets in the PBAT matrix. A PBAT/OLDH film containing 1 wt % OLDH (denoted herein as OLDH-1) demonstrated outstanding thermal, optical, mechanical, and water vapor barrier properties compared with a pure PBAT film (OLDH-0), including a 37% reduction in haze and a 41.9% increase in nominal tensile strain at break dramatically. Furthermore, the food packaging measurement revealed that the OLDH-1 film showed a better packaging effect than the pure PBAT film and commercial polyethylene packing materials. The feasibility of scale-up manufacture and the excellent processability, manufacturing scalability, mechanical performance, optical transparency, water vapor barrier properties, and food packaging performance of the PBAT/OLDH nanocomposite films encourage their future application as biodegradable packaging films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiazhuo Xie
- College
of Chemistry and Material Science, Shandong
Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai’an 271000, Shandong, China
- National
Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer
Resources, National Engineering & Technology Research Center for
Slow and Controlled Release Fertilizers, College of Resources and
Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai’an 271000, Shandong, China
| | - Zhou Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Nutrition Resources Integrated Utilization, Kingenta Ecological Engineering Co., Ltd, 19 Xingdaxi Street, Linshu 276700, Shandong, China
| | - Qinghua Zhao
- College
of Chemistry and Material Science, Shandong
Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai’an 271000, Shandong, China
- Department
of Basic Courses, Shandong Medicine Technician
College, 999 Fengtian
Road, Tai’an 271000, Shandong, China
| | - Yuechao Yang
- National
Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer
Resources, National Engineering & Technology Research Center for
Slow and Controlled Release Fertilizers, College of Resources and
Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai’an 271000, Shandong, China
| | - Jing Xu
- College
of Chemistry and Material Science, Shandong
Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai’an 271000, Shandong, China
| | - Geoffrey I. N. Waterhouse
- College
of Chemistry and Material Science, Shandong
Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai’an 271000, Shandong, China
- School
of Chemical Sciences, The University of
Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Kun Zhang
- College
of Chemistry and Material Science, Shandong
Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai’an 271000, Shandong, China
| | - Shan Li
- National
Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer
Resources, National Engineering & Technology Research Center for
Slow and Controlled Release Fertilizers, College of Resources and
Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai’an 271000, Shandong, China
| | - Peng Jin
- National
Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer
Resources, National Engineering & Technology Research Center for
Slow and Controlled Release Fertilizers, College of Resources and
Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai’an 271000, Shandong, China
| | - Geyang Jin
- National
Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer
Resources, National Engineering & Technology Research Center for
Slow and Controlled Release Fertilizers, College of Resources and
Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai’an 271000, Shandong, China
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