Voltammetric analysis of mycophenolate mofetil in pharmaceutical samples via electrochemical nanostructure based sensor modified with ionic liquid and MgO/SWCNTs

Sea urchin nanostructured nickel cobaltite modified carbon cloth integrated wearable patches for the on-site detection of the immunosuppressant drug mycophenolate mofetil

Mycophenolate mofetil (MpM) is a medication used to prevent the rejection of transplanted organs, particularly in kidney, heart, and liver transplant surgeries. It is extremely important to be conscious that MpM can raise the risk of severe infections and some cancers if it exceeds the recommended dose while lower doses will result in organ rejections. So, it is essential to monitor the dosage of MpM in real time in the micromolar range. In this work, we have synthesized 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) functionalized nickel cobaltite (NiCo2O4) and this amino functionalization was chosen to enhance the stability and electrochemical activity of NiCo2O4. The enhanced activity of NiCo2O4 was used for developing an electrochemical sensor for the detection of MpM. APTES functionalized NiCo2O4 was coated on carbon cloth and used as the working electrode. Surface functionalization with APTES on NiCo2O4 was aimed at augmenting the adsorption/interaction of MpM due to its binding properties. The developed sensor showed a very low detection limit of 1.23 nM with linear ranges of 10-100 nM and 1-100 μM and its practical applicability was examined using artificial samples of blood serum and cerebrospinal fluid, validating its potential application in real-life scenarios.

An electrochemical sensor based on CS-MWCNT and AuNPs for the detection of mycophenolic acid in plasma

For patients receiving organ transplants, monitoring the blood concentration of MPA can provide timely information on whether MPA has reached the effective therapeutic window to better function while reducing the incidence of rejection or adverse reactions. In this study, an electrochemical sensor for the detection of MPA was built using a nanocomposite made of CS-MWCNT and AuNPs. At the same time, the high performance liquid phase (HPLC) method for MPA was established and compared with this sensor. The surface morphology, structure, and roughness of the material on the electrode were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). In addition, the electrochemical behavior of the modified electrode was characterized by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The standard curve was obtained in blank plasma, not pure buffer solution. The peak current was linearly related to the MPA concentration in the linear range of 0.001-0.1 mM with a detection limit of 0.05 μM and good anti-interference ability. Moreover, the sensor was employed with success for the determination of MPA in rat plasma with good recovery. The electrochemical sensor presented here is eco-friendly, and sensitive, and offers a great possibility for practical applicability.

(Bio)Sensing Strategies Based on Ionic Liquid-Functionalized Carbon Nanocomposites for Pharmaceuticals: Towards Greener Electrochemical Tools

The interaction of carbon-based nanomaterials and ionic liquids (ILs) has been thoroughly exploited for diverse electroanalytical solutions since the first report in 2003. This combination, either through covalent or non-covalent functionalization, takes advantage of the unique characteristics inherent to each material, resulting in synergistic effects that are conferred to the electrochemical (bio)sensing system. From one side, carbon nanomaterials offer miniaturization capacity with enhanced electron transfer rates at a reduced cost, whereas from the other side, ILs contribute as ecological dispersing media for the nanostructures, improving conductivity and biocompatibility. The present review focuses on the use of this interesting type of nanocomposites for the development of (bio)sensors specifically for pharmaceutical detection, with emphasis on the analytical (bio)sensing features. The literature search displayed the conjugation of more than 20 different ILs and several carbon nanomaterials (MWCNT, SWCNT, graphene, carbon nanofibers, fullerene, and carbon quantum dots, among others) that were applied for a large set (about 60) of pharmaceutical compounds. This great variability causes a straightforward comparison between sensors to be a challenging task. Undoubtedly, electrochemical sensors based on the conjugation of carbon nanomaterials with ILs can potentially be established as sustainable analytical tools and viable alternatives to more traditional methods, especially concerning in situ environmental analysis.

Electrochemical sensing system for the analysis of emerging contaminants in aquatic environment: A review

This survey distinguishes understudied spaces of arising impurity research in wastewaters and the habitat, and suggests bearing for future checking. Thinking about the impeding effect of toxins on human wellbeing and biological system, their discovery in various media including water is fundamental. This review sums up and assesses the latest advances in the electrochemical detecting of emerging contaminants (ECs). This survey is expected to add to the advancement in electrochemical applications towards the ECs. Different electrochemical insightful procedures like Amperometry, Voltammetry has been examined in this overview. The improvement of cutting edge nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensors and biosensors for the discovery of drug compounds has accumulated monstrous consideration because of their benefits, like high affectability and selectivity, continuous observing, and convenience has been reviewed in this survey. This survey likewise features the diverse electrochemical treatment procedures accessible for the removal of ECs.

Ultra-Thin SnS2-Pt Nanocatalyst for Efficient Hydrogen Evolution Reaction

Transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) materials have attracted much attention for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) as a new catalyst, but they still have challenges in poor stability and high reaction over-potential. In this study, ultra-thin SnS₂ nanocatalysts were synthesized by simple hydrothermal method, and low load of Pt was added to form stable SnS₂-Pt-3 (the content of platinum is 0.5 wt %). The synergistic effect between ultra-thin SnS₂ rich in active sites and individual dispersed Pt nanoclusters can significantly reduce the reaction barrier and further accelerate HER reaction kinetics. Hence, SnS₂-Pt-3 exhibits a low overpotential of 210 mV at the current density of 10 mA cm⁻². It is worth noting that SnS₂-Pt-3 has a small Tafel slope (126 mV dec⁻¹) in 0.5 M H₂SO₄, as well as stability. This work provides a new option for the application of TMDs materials in efficient hydrogen evolution reaction. Moreover, this method can be easily extended to other catalysts with desired two-dimensional materials.

Carbon Paste Modified Electrode as Powerful Sensor Approach Determination of Food Contaminants, Drug Ingredients, and Environmental Pollutants: A Review

Background:

Application of electrochemical sensors for analysis of food, biological and water polluting compounds helps to speed up their analysis in the real samples. Electrochemical sensors with low cost, fast response and portable ability are a better choice compared to traditional methods for analysis of electro-active compounds such as HPLC. Therefore, in recent years, many analytical scientists have suggested this type of analytical method for analysis of food, biological compounds and water pollutants.

Objective:

Due to low cost, easy modification and low non-faradic current, the carbon paste electrode is a suitable choice as a working electrode in the electrochemical and especially voltammetric analysis. On the other hand, modification of carbon paste electrode can improve the quality of the sensor for the analysis of electroactive compounds at nanomolar level.

A Review: New Trends in Electrode Systems for Sensitive Drug and Biomolecule Analysis

Drug and biomolecule analysis with high precision, fast response, not expensive, and user-friendly methods have been very important for developing technology and clinical applications. Electrochemical methods are highly capable for assaying the concentration of electroactive drug or biomolecule and supply excellent knowledge concerning its physical and chemical properties such as electron transfer rates, diffusion coefficients, electron transfer number, and oxidation potential. Electrochemical methods have been widely applied because of their accuracy, sensitivity, cheapness, and can applied on-site determinations of various substances. The progress on electronics has allowed developing reliable, more sensitive and less expensive instrumentations, which have significant contribution in the area of drug development, drug and biomolecule analysis. The developing new sensors for electrochemical analysis of these compounds have growing interest in recent years. Screen-printed based electrodes have a great interest in electrochemical analysis of various drugs and biomolecules due to their easy manufacturing procedure of the electrode allow the transfer of electrochemical laboratory experiments for disposable on-site analysis of some compounds. Paper based electrodes are also fabricated by new technology. They can be preferred due to their easy, cheap, portable, disposable, and offering high sensitivity properties for many application field such as environmental monitoring, food quality control, clinical diagnosis, drug, and biomolecules analysis. In this review, the recent electrochemical drug and biomolecule (DNA, RNA, µRNA, Biomarkers, etc.) studies will be presented that involve new trend disposable electrodes.

Graphene Quantum Dots in Electrochemical Sensors/Biosensors

Background:

Graphene and its derivatives, as most promising carbonic nanomaterials have been widely used in design and making electrochemical sensors and biosensors. Graphene quantum dots are one of the members of this family which have been mostly known as fluorescent nanomaterials and found extensive applications due to their remarkable optical properties. Quantum confinement and edge effects in their structures also cause extraordinary electrochemical properties.

Objective:

Recently, graphene quantum dots besides graphene oxides and reduced graphene oxides have been applied for modification of the electrodes too and exposed notable effects in electrochemical responses. Here, we are going to consider these significant effects through reviewing some of the recent published works.

Voltammetric Sensors Based on Various Nanomaterials for the Determination of Sulfonamides

Background:

The widespread applications of sulphonamides, as antibacterial or antimicrobial agents, and their mechanism of actions in the body, have changed their determination to an important issue in the area of human health.

Objective:

Here, history of developing voltammetric sensors based on nanomaterials for the detection of sulfonamides including sulfadiazine, sulfamethoxazole, sulfacetamide, sulfadimethoxine, sulfathiazole, sulfamethiazole and sulfamerazine is reviewed. Modified electrodes based on various nanomaterials (carbonaceous nanomaterials, Metallic Nanoparticles (MNPs), conducting nanopolymers) have been reported, and studies showed that nanomaterials have been mostly used to overcome problems like the poor sensitivity and selectivity of bare electrodes. The study covers the properties of each sensor in detail, and reports and compares the linear ranges, Limits of Detection (LODs), reproducibility, and reusability of the electrodes reported so far.

Application of Advanced Electrochemical Methods with Nanomaterial-based Electrodes as Powerful Tools for Trace Analysis of Drugs and Toxic Compounds

Background:

The new progress in electronic devices has provided a great opportunity for advancing electrochemical instruments by which we can more easily solve many problems of interest for trace analysis of compounds, with a high degree of accuracy, precision, sensitivity, and selectivity. On the other hand, in recent years, there is a significant growth in the application of nanomaterials for the construction of nanosensors due to enhanced chemical and physical properties arising from discrete modified nanomaterial-based electrodes or microelectrodes.

Objective:

Combination of the advanced electrochemical system and nanosensors make these devices very suitable for the high-speed analysis, as motioning and portable devices. This review will discuss the recent developments and achievements that have been reported for trace measurement of drugs and toxic compounds for environment, food and health application.

Recent Advances in Biosensors Based Nanostructure for Pharmaceutical Analysis

Background:

The development of novel nanostructures for pharmaceutical analysis has received great attention. Biosensors are a class of analytical techniques competent in the rapid quantification of drugs. Recently, the nanostructures have been applied for modification of biosensors.

Objective:

The goal of the present study is to review novel nanostructures for pharmaceutical analysis by biosensors.

Method:

In this review, the application of different biosensors was extensively discussed.

Results:

Biosensors based nanostructures are a powerful alternative to conventional analytical techniques, enabling highly sensitive, real-time, and high-frequency monitoring of drugs without extensive sample preparation. Several examples of their application have been reported.

Conclusion:

The present paper reviews the recent advances on the pharmaceutical analysis of biosensor based nanostructures.

Metal-based Nanoparticles as Conductive Mediators in Electrochemical Sensors: A Mini Review

Background:

Modified electrodes are a new approach to improving the characteristics of the electrochemical sensors. The high conductivity and low charge transfer resistance are the major properties of new mediators for improving electrochemical sensors. Metal-based nanoparticles showed good electrical conductivity and can be selected as the suitbale mediator for modified electrodes.

Objective:

Recently, metal-based nanoparticles, such as Au nanoparticle, TiO2 nanoparticle, Fe3O4 nanoparticle and etc. were suggested as the suitable mediator for modification of solid electrodes. The high surface area and low charge transfer resistance of metal-based nanoparticles, suggested the exceptional intermediate in the electrochemical sensors. Here, we tried to consider these exceptional effects through reviewing some of the recently published works.

Fabrication of a Food Nano-Platform Sensor for Determination of Vanillin in Food Samples

Herein, we describe the fabrication of NiO decorated single wall carbon nanotubes (NiO-SWCNTs) nanocomposites using the precipitation method. The synthesized NiO-SWCNTs nanocomposites were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Remarkably, NiO-SWCNTs and 1-butylpyridinium hexafluorophosphate modified carbon paste electrode (CPE/NiO-SWCNTs/BPrPF6) were employed for the electrochemical detection of vanillin. The vanillin sensor showed an ultra-high sensitivity of 0.3594 μA/μM and a low detection limit of 0.007 μM. In the final step, the NiO-SWCNTs/BPrPF6 was used as the suitable tool for food analysis.

Mycophenolate mofetil sensor based on molecularly imprinted polymer/multi-walled carbon nanotubes modified carbon paste electrode

Using square wave voltammetry, a carbon paste electrode modified by molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) as a recognition element of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes was used for MMF monitoring To investigate the electrode during modification, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) were utilized. After optimization of the effective parameters, the anodic peak current of MMF was utilized for dynamic range study which was linear in 9.9 nM-87 μM range. The detection limit of the sensor was 7.0 nM. The capture ability of MIP to target was compared with that of non-imprinted polymer (NIP). The practical application of the sensor in biological fluid samples analysis demonstrates its selectivity, sensitivity, and stability.

Simultaneous electrochemical determination of levodopa and piroxicam using a glassy carbon electrode modified with a ZnO–Pd/CNT nanocomposite

A highly conductive electrochemical sensor was constructed for the simultaneous electrochemical determination of levodopa and piroxicam by modification of a glassy carbon electrode with a ZnO–Pd/CNT nanocomposite (GCE/ZnO–Pd/CNTs). The ZnO–Pd/CNT nanocomposite was synthesized by the sol–gel procedure and was characterized by EDAX, MAP and SEM. The sensor was shown to improve the oxidation signal of levodopa and piroxicam by ∼70.2-fold and ∼41.5-fold, respectively. This marks the first time that the electrochemical behavior of levodopa and piroxicam have been investigated at the surface of GCE/ZnO–Pd/CNTs. The voltammogram showed a quasi-reversible signal and an irreversible redox signal for electro-oxidation of levodopa and piroxicam, respectively. The GCE/ZnO–Pd/CNTs showed a linear dynamic range of 0.6 to 100.0 μM (at a potential of ∼180 mV) and 0.1 to 90 μM (at a potential of ∼480 mV) with detection limits of 0.08 and 0.04 μM for the determination of levodopa and piroxicam, respectively. GCE/ZnO–Pd/CNTs were then applied for the determination of levodopa and piroxicam in real samples.

A highly conductive electrochemical sensor was constructed for the simultaneous electrochemical determination of levodopa and piroxicam by modification of a glassy carbon electrode with a ZnO–Pd/CNT nanocomposite (GCE/ZnO–Pd/CNTs).

An amplified platform nanostructure sensor for the analysis of epirubicin in the presence of topotecan as two important chemotherapy drugs for breast cancer therapy

Epirubicin (EB) and topotecan (TP) are two major anticancer drugs that are used in breast cancer therapy with many side effects.