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Abstract
The exponential rise of the biodiesel production has resulted in a considerable amount of glycerol as a by-product, which must be valorized to ensure the sector’s long-term viability. As a result, cost-effective glycerol conversions for significant value-added chemicals are essential for the biodiesel production in the long run. Solketal, a glycerol by-product, is obtained as a potential fuel additive in the biodiesel industry. Recently, several heterogeneous acid-catalysts stand out as a promising catalyst for solketal production where biomass-based catalyst gained attraction owing to their biodegradability, eco-friendly, and abundant availability. Furthermore, magnetic nanoparticles-derived catalysts along with sulfonated functionalized catalyzed, zeolites, resins, enzymatic, etc. have proved their efficiency in solketal production. In this review, a wider study on the recent advances of the catalysts has been discussed along with their preparation, various reaction parameters, its application, and efficiency for biodiesel industry. This study opens up incredible prospects for us to use renewable energy sources, which will benefit the industry, the environment, and the economy.
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Hidalgo-Carrillo J, Estévez-Toledano RC, López-Tenllado FJ, Bautista FM, Urbano FJ, Marinas A. Fourth generation synthesis of solketal by glycerol acetalization with acetone: A solar-light photocatalytic approach. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2021.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Sustainable Enzymatic Synthesis of a Solketal Ester—Process Optimization and Evaluation of Its Antimicrobial Activity. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10020218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aims the enzymatic synthesis of solketal palmitate by esterification between solketal and palmitic acid using heptane as solvent. Lipases from Thermomyces lanuginosus (TLL), Candida rugosa type VII (CRL), and Pseudomonas fluorescens (PFL) were immobilized via interfacial activation on rice husk silica functionalized with triethoxy(octyl)silane (Octyl–SiO2) and used as biocatalysts. A loading of 20–22 mg of lipase/g of support was immobilized independently of the studied enzyme. TLL–Octyl–SiO2 was the most active biocatalyst in oil hydrolysis (656.0 ± 23.9 U/g) and ester synthesis (productivity of 6.8 mmol/min.gbiocat), and it has been chosen for further ester synthesis optimization. The effect of some important parameters such as biocatalyst concentration, reaction temperature and acid:alcohol molar ratio on the reaction has been evaluated using a central composite rotatable design at fixed mechanical stirring (240 rpm) and reaction time (15 min). Subsequently, the effect of reactants concentration and molecular sieve concentration has also been examined. Under optimal conditions (56 °C, acid:alcohol molar ratio of 1:3 with a palmitic acid concentration of 1 M, and 20% wt. of TLL–Octyl–SiO2 per volume of reaction mixture), 83% acid conversion was obtained after 150 min of reaction. The biocatalyst retained 87% of its initial activity after seven successive reaction batches. The product was identified by nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. Antimicrobial activity studies showed that the synthesized ester demonstrated antifungal activity against Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) between 200 and 400 µg/mL, and bacteriostatic/fungistatic action—minimum microbicial concentration (MMC) > 400 µg/mL.
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Boakye PG, Jones KC, Latona NP, Liu C, Strahan G, Zhang J, Besong SA, Lumor SE, Wyatt VT. Synthesis of absorbent polymer films made from fatty acid methyl esters, glycerol, and glutaric acid: Thermal, mechanical, and porosity analyses. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Prince G. Boakye
- Department of Human EcologyDelaware State University 1200 N Dupont Highway, Dover Delaware 19901
| | - Kerby C. Jones
- United States Department of AgricultureAgricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center Wyndmoor Pennsylvania 19038
| | - Nicholas P. Latona
- United States Department of AgricultureAgricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center Wyndmoor Pennsylvania 19038
| | - Cheng‐Kung Liu
- United States Department of AgricultureAgricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center Wyndmoor Pennsylvania 19038
| | - Gary Strahan
- United States Department of AgricultureAgricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center Wyndmoor Pennsylvania 19038
| | - Jianwei Zhang
- United States Department of AgricultureAgricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center Wyndmoor Pennsylvania 19038
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Samuel A. Besong
- Department of Human EcologyDelaware State University 1200 N Dupont Highway, Dover Delaware 19901
| | - Stephen E. Lumor
- Department of Human EcologyDelaware State University 1200 N Dupont Highway, Dover Delaware 19901
| | - Victor T. Wyatt
- United States Department of AgricultureAgricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center Wyndmoor Pennsylvania 19038
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Barbosa SL, Lima PC, dos Santos WT, Klein SI, Clososki GC, Caires FJ. Oxygenated biofuels: Synthesis of fatty acid solketal esters with a mixture of sulfonated silica and (Bu4N)(BF4) catalyst. CATAL COMMUN 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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