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Van Nguyen H, Tung Pham S, Vu TN, Van Nguyen H, La DD. Effective treatment of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene from aqueous media using a sono-photo-Fenton-like process with a zero-valent iron nanoparticle (nZVI) catalyst. RSC Adv 2024; 14:23720-23729. [PMID: 39077310 PMCID: PMC11284922 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra03907f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, we examine the effectiveness of using a combination of a sono-photo-Fenton-like procedure and nano zero-valent iron catalyst (nZVI) to treat 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) in an aquatic environment. Zero-valent iron particles were generated by a chemical reduction technique. nZVI nanoparticles were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to characterize the nanocatalyst. The resulting nZVI nanoparticles were used as an addition in a sono-photo-Fenton method to remediate an aqueous solution contaminated with TNT. Furthermore, influences of operational factors such as temperature, catalyst dosage, wavelength, ultraviolet power, ultrasonic frequency and power, pH level, H2O2/nZVI ratio, initial TNT concentration, and reaction duration on the treatment of TNT were investigated. Under the conditions of an ideal pH of 3, temperature range of 40-45 °C, concentration of 50 mg per L TNT, dose of 2 mM of nZVI, and ratio of H2O2/Fe0 of 20, a treatment efficiency of 95.2% was achieved after a duration of 30 minutes. The sono-photo-Fenton process combined with nZVI showed a higher TNT removal efficiency compared to the Fenton, sono-Fenton, and photo-Fenton processes under the same conditions. Moreover, it promises a potential solution to treat TNT at the pilot scale while allowing reuse of the nZVI catalyst and the limitation of sludge.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Duong Duc La
- Institute of Chemistry and Materials Hanoi Vietnam
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Christiansen Reinold E, Cardoso Anastacio A, Gonçalves de Mendonça-Filho L, Luís Dos Santos Lima A, Nichele J. Characterization of industrial TNT in ammunition shells: An in-depth study of artificial aging effects using Fourier-Transform infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 314:124220. [PMID: 38560952 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we comprehensively investigated the degradation of industrial trinitrotoluene (TNT), focusing on the effects of aging and direct contact with steel surfaces, mirroring real-world usage conditions. While practical knowledge exists regarding this degradation, the existing literature lacks in-depth insights into the underlying processes. To address this gap, we conducted experiments using small steel samples, representative of military ammunition casings, which were coated with TNT and subjected to 30 days of heating at 75 °C under vacuum conditions. A subset of these samples was coated with a protective red alkyd paint. After the aging process, the TNT was carefully removed from the metal surfaces and subjected to a comprehensive analysis encompassing scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Our results reveal a remarkable preservation of the chemical integrity of industrial TNT, even in the presence of thermal stress and direct steel contact. Although superficial changes were observed in the TNT's appearance, all analytical data consistently demonstrated the maintenance of its chemical composition. Notably, the sole change in composition was attributed to the presence of degradation products associated with the alkyd paint coating, rather than intrinsic TNT degradation. These findings underscore the negligible impact of degradation processes on TNT in scenarios involving the solid-phase thermal stress of TNT in direct contact with metal, significantly enhancing our understanding of TNT safety when packaged within steel artifacts-a common context in military ammunition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erich Christiansen Reinold
- Chemical Engineering Department, Military Institute of Engineering, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Brazilian Navy Weapon System Directorate, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Aline Cardoso Anastacio
- Chemical Engineering Department, Military Institute of Engineering, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | - Jakler Nichele
- Chemical Engineering Department, Military Institute of Engineering, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Defense Engineering Department, Military Institute of Engineering, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Efficient and comparative adsorption of trinitrotoluene on MOF MIL-100(Fe)-derived porous carbon/Fe composite adsorbents with rod-like morphology: behavior, mechanism, and new perspectives. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2023.131064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Srivastava V, Boczkaj G, Lassi U. An Overview of Treatment Approaches for Octahydro-1, 3, 5, 7-tetranitro-1, 3, 5, 7-tetrazocine (HMX) Explosive in Soil, Groundwater, and Wastewater. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:15948. [PMID: 36498024 PMCID: PMC9737503 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192315948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Octahydro-1, 3, 5, 7-tetranitro-1, 3, 5, 7-tetrazocine (HMX) is extensively exploited in the manufacturing of explosives; therefore, a significant level of HMX contamination can be encountered near explosive production plants. For instance, up to 12 ppm HMX concentrations have been observed in the wastewater effluent of a munitions manufacturing facility, while up to 45,000 mg/kg of HMX has been found in a soil sample taken from a location close to a high-explosive production site. Owing to their immense demand for a variety of applications, the large-scale production of explosives has culminated in severe environmental issues. Soil and water contaminated with HMX can pose a detrimental impact on flora and fauna and hence, remediation of HMX is paramount. There is a rising demand to establish a sustainable technology for HMX abatement. Physiochemical and bioremediation approaches have been employed to treat HMX in the soil, groundwater, and wastewater. It has been revealed that treatment methods such as photo-peroxidation and photo-Fenton oxidation can eliminate approximately 98% of HMX from wastewater. Fenton's reagents were found to be very effective at mineralizing HMX. In the photocatalytic degradation of HMX, approximately 59% TOC removal was achieved by using a TiO2 photocatalyst, and a dextrose co-substrate was used in a bioremediation approach to accomplish 98.5% HMX degradation under anaerobic conditions. However, each technology has some pros and cons which need to be taken into consideration when choosing an HMX remediation approach. In this review, various physiochemical and bioremediation approaches are considered and the mechanism of HMX degradation is discussed. Further, the advantages and disadvantages of the technologies are also discussed along with the challenges of HMX treatment technologies, thus giving an overview of the HMX remediation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varsha Srivastava
- Research Unit of Sustainable Chemistry, Faculty of Technology, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Grzegorz Boczkaj
- Department of Sanitary Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza St. 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
- EkoTech Center, Gdansk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza St. 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Ulla Lassi
- Research Unit of Sustainable Chemistry, Faculty of Technology, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
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Guz R, Barreto-Rodrigues M. Integration of heterogeneous photocatalysis (TiO 2/UV) and activated sludge system operated in air lift reactor for the treatment of industrial effluent red water. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2022; 57:773-779. [PMID: 35946570 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2022.2110553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In the industrial production of the explosive 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), purification steps are required to ensure the quality of the product, procedures that generate wastewater of a complex nature and with eco-toxicological potential, called red water, which consists of soluble sulfonates, TNT isomers, and other typical nitro aromatic compounds. The present work aimed to study the effects of integrating heterogeneous photocatalysis based on commercial TiO2, with a biological process, based on activated sludge, for red water treatment. For the photocatalytic treatment, a 72% reduction in the typical absorption of nitro aromatic compounds (the region between 195 - 275 nm), a 36% reduction in chemical oxygen demand (COD), and a 68% reduction in total phenols were obtained. In the biological treatment, there was a 60% reduction in absorbance in the typical nitro aromatics region (NA), 10% reduction in COD, and 36% reduction in total phenols (FT). The integration of photocatalytic and biological treatments showed promising results compared to the individual processes. Having 94% reduction in NA absorbance, 72% reduction in FT, and 89% reduction in COD with an association of photocatalytic pretreatment followed by biological, and reductions of 88% in NA absorbance, 62% in FT, and 87% in COD for a biological pretreatment followed by the photocatalytic process. In general, when comparing the chemical and biological processes, isolated and integrated, both types of integration showed significantly superior results. They were able to remove the main nitro aromatic constituents of the Red Water effluent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Guz
- Instituto Federal de Santa Catarina (IFSC), Brazil
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Synthesis of Magnetic Fe 3O 4 Nano Hollow Spheres for Industrial TNT Wastewater Treatment. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12050881. [PMID: 35269369 PMCID: PMC8912354 DOI: 10.3390/nano12050881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present work was to synthesize magnetite (Fe3O4) nano hollow spheres (NHS) via simple, one-pot, template-free, hydrothermal method. The structural, morphological, and surface analysis of Fe3O4 NHS were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray diffraction technique (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy FTIR and burner-Emmett-teller (BET). The as obtained magnetic (Fe3O4) NHS were used as an adsorbent for treating industrial trinitrotoluene (TNT) wastewater to reduce its Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) values. Adsorption capacity (Qe) of the NHS obtained is 70 mg/g, confirming the attractive forces present between adsorbent (Fe3O4 NHS) and adsorbate (TNT wastewater). COD value of TNT wastewater was reduced to >92% in 2 h at room temperature. The adsorption capacity of Fe3O4 NHS was observed as a function of time, initial concentration, pH, and temperature. The applied Fe3O4 NHS was recovered for reuse by simply manipulating its magnetic properties with slight shift in pH of the solution. A modest decrease in Qe (5.0−15.1%) was observed after each cycle. The novel Fe3O4 NHS could be an excellent candidate for treating wastewater generated by the intermediate processes during cyclonite, cyclotetramethylene-tetranitramine (HMX), nitroglycerin (NG) production and other various environmental pollutants/species.
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Yu H, Sun S, Gao J, Jin X, Liu J, Li F. Application of Nano‐Sized RDX in CMDB Propellant with High Solid Content. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.202100076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haomiao Yu
- National Special Superfine Powder Engineering Research Center of China School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 P.R. China
| | - Sensen Sun
- National Special Superfine Powder Engineering Research Center of China School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 P.R. China
| | - Jianbing Gao
- Inner Mongolia Synthetic Chemical Engineering Institute Huhhot 010010 P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxun Jin
- Shanghai Aerospace Chemical Engineering Application Research Institute Shanghai 200000 P.R. China
| | - Jie Liu
- National Special Superfine Powder Engineering Research Center of China School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 P.R. China
| | - Fengsheng Li
- National Special Superfine Powder Engineering Research Center of China School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 P.R. China
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Chauhan R, Srivastava VC. A Suitable Combination of Electrodes for Simultaneous Reduction of Nitrates and Oxidation of Ammonium Ions in an Explosive Industry Wastewater. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Chauhan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Vimal Chandra Srivastava
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
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