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Tushar SI, Anik HR, Uddin MM, Mandal S, Mohakar V, Rai S, Sharma S. Nanocellulose-based porous lightweight materials with flame retardant properties: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 339:122237. [PMID: 38823907 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
This review discusses the development and application of nanocellulose (NC)-aerogels, a sustainable and biodegradable biomaterial, with enhanced flame retardant (FR) properties. NC-aerogels combine the excellent physical and mechanical properties of NC with the low density and thermal conductivity of aerogels, making them promising for thermal insulation and other fields. However, the flammability of NC-aerogels limits their use in some applications, such as electromagnetic interference shielding, oil/water separation, and flame-resistant textiles. The review covers the design, fabrication, modification, and working mechanism of NC porous materials, focusing on how advanced technologies can impart FR properties into them. The review also evaluates the FR performance of NC-aerogels by employing widely recognized tests, such as the limited oxygen index, cone calorimeter, and UL-94. The review also explores the integration of innovative and eco-friendly materials, such as MXene, metal-organic frameworks, dopamine, lignin, and alginate, into NC-aerogels, to improve their FR performance and functionality. The review concludes by outlining the potential, challenges, and limitations of future research on FR NC-aerogels, identifying the obstacles and potential solutions, and understanding the current progress and gaps in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shariful Islam Tushar
- Department of Design and Merchandising, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA; Department of Apparel Engineering, Bangladesh University of Textiles, Tejgaon, Dhaka 1208, Bangladesh
| | - Habibur Rahman Anik
- Department of Apparel Engineering, Bangladesh University of Textiles, Tejgaon, Dhaka 1208, Bangladesh; Department of Chemistry and Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, University of New Haven, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Md Mazbah Uddin
- Department of Textiles, Merchandising, and Interiors, University of Georgia, 305 Sanford Dr., Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Sumit Mandal
- Department of Design and Merchandising, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Vijay Mohakar
- Department of Textiles, Merchandising, and Interiors, University of Georgia, 305 Sanford Dr., Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Smriti Rai
- Department of Textiles, Merchandising, and Interiors, University of Georgia, 305 Sanford Dr., Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Suraj Sharma
- Department of Textiles, Merchandising, and Interiors, University of Georgia, 305 Sanford Dr., Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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Yilmaz O, Kucuk M, Darie-Nita RN, Cheaburu-Yilmaz CN. Halogen-Free Waterborne Polymeric Hybrid Coatings for Improved Fire Retardancy of Textiles. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4496. [PMID: 38231923 PMCID: PMC10707787 DOI: 10.3390/polym15234496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Wildfires are becoming more intense and more frequent, ravaging the habitations and ecosystems in their path. One solution to reducing the risk of damage to buildings and other structures during a fire event is the use of fire-retardant coatings that can stop or slow down the spread of flames, especially for textile materials. The present study focuses on the preparation and application of halogen-free boron/bentonite-based polymeric fire-retardant (FR) hybrid coating formulations for fabrics such as cotton (CO) and polyester (PE) fibers. For the preparation of FR composites, two types of boron derivatives, disodium octaborate and zinc borate, were used in combination with sodium bentonite. A styrene-acrylic copolymer was specifically synthesized and used as a coating binder for FR components to apply on fabrics. The properties of the synthesized copolymer and FR composites were characterized with a particle size analysis, FTIR spectroscopy, a dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), and rheological measurements. The obtained hybrid composites based on styrene-acrylic copolymers and two different inorganic fillers were applied on cotton (CO) and polyester (PE) fabrics with a screen-printing technique, and the flame retardancy performance of the finished textile samples was investigated by means of flame spread and limit oxygen index (LOI) tests. The findings showed that the FR-composite-coated fabrics had higher LOI values and much decreased flame spread rates in comparison with uncoated ones. Among the boron derivatives, the composites prepared with disodium octaborate (FR-A) had much more pronounced LOI values and decreased flame spread behavior in comparison with the composite with zinc borate (FR-B). When compared to a commercial product, the FR-A composite, in conjunction with the specially synthesized polymer, demonstrated commendable fire retardancy performance and emerged as a promising candidate for a halogen-free waterborne fire-retardant coating for fabrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onur Yilmaz
- Leather Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Ege University, Bornova 35100, Izmir, Türkiye;
- ACADEMICHEM Kimya ARGE San. Tic. Ltd. Şti, Ege University Technology Development Zone, Bornova 35100, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Mehmet Kucuk
- Textile Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Ege University, Bornova 35100, Izmir, Türkiye;
| | - Raluca Nicoleta Darie-Nita
- Physical Chemistry of Polymers Department, “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Romanian Academy, 41A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Catalina Natalia Cheaburu-Yilmaz
- ACADEMICHEM Kimya ARGE San. Tic. Ltd. Şti, Ege University Technology Development Zone, Bornova 35100, Izmir, Türkiye
- Biochemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Dokuz Eylul University, Buca 35390, Izmir, Türkiye
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Wu Y, Yang T, Cheng Y, Huang T, Yu B, Wu Q, Zhu M, Yu H. Flame Retardancy and Mechanical Properties of Melt-Spun PA66 Fibers Prepared by End-Group Blocking Technology. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15051183. [PMID: 36904424 PMCID: PMC10007604 DOI: 10.3390/polym15051183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Preparing flame-retardant polyamide 66 (PA66) fibers through melt spinning remains one of the biggest challenges nowadays. In this work, dipentaerythritol (Di-PE), an eco-friendly flame retardant, was blended into PA66 to prepare PA66/Di-PE composites and fibers. It was confirmed that Di-PE could significantly improve the flame-retardant properties of PA66 by blocking the terminal carboxyl groups, which was conducive to the formation of a continuous and compact char layer and the reduced production of combustible gas. The combustion results of the composites showed that the limiting oxygen index (LOI) increased from 23.5% to 29.4%, and underwriter laboratories 94 (UL-94) passed the V-0 grade. The peak of heat release rate (PHRR), total heat release (THR), and total smoke production (TSP) decreased by 47.3%, 47.8%, and 44.8%, respectively, for the PA66/6 wt% Di-PE composite compared to those recorded for pure PA66. More importantly, the PA66/Di-PE composites possessed excellent spinnability. The prepared fibers still had good mechanical properties (tensile strength: 5.7 ± 0.2 cN/dtex), while maintaining good flame-retardant properties (LOI: 28.6%). This study provides an outstanding industrial production strategy for fabricating flame-retardant PA66 plastics and fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tao Huang
- Correspondence: (T.H.); (B.Y.); (Q.W.)
| | - Bin Yu
- Correspondence: (T.H.); (B.Y.); (Q.W.)
| | - Qilin Wu
- Correspondence: (T.H.); (B.Y.); (Q.W.)
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