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Iheagwam FN, Okeke CO, De Campos OC, Adegboye BE, Ogunlana OO, Chinedu SN. Toxicopathological, proinflammatory and stress response evaluation of Terminalia catappa extract in male Wistar rats. Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:1769-1776. [PMID: 34712595 PMCID: PMC8528644 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was carried out to assess the oral safety, proinflammatory and stress response effect of Terminalia catappa aqueous leaf extract (TCA) in male Wistar rats. The acute and sub-acute oral toxicity of TCA was assessed using guidelines 423 and 407 of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), respectively. Signs of clinical toxicity, morbidity and mortality were observed. The biochemical, haematological, proinflammatory, stress response and histopathological indices were assessed. In the acute toxicity study, no sign of clinical toxicity, morbidity, and mortality was observed for TCA treatment, up to 5000 mg/kg bwt. However, in the sub-acute toxicity study, repeated daily TCA treatment significantly (p<0.05) altered the body weight gain, plasma alkaline phosphatase activity and albumin concentration. There were no obvious morphological and macroscopic alterations in the organs investigated. TCA appear not to elicit any proinflammatory, stress, systemic and organ toxic effect when utilised at the reported dose and time frame.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franklyn Nonso Iheagwam
- Department of Biochemistry, Covenant University, P.M.B. 1023, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
- Covenant University Public Health and Wellbeing Research Cluster (CUPHWERC), Covenant University, P.M.B. 1023, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | | | - Opeyemi Christianah De Campos
- Department of Biochemistry, Covenant University, P.M.B. 1023, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
- Covenant University Public Health and Wellbeing Research Cluster (CUPHWERC), Covenant University, P.M.B. 1023, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Bose Esther Adegboye
- Department of Biochemistry, Covenant University, P.M.B. 1023, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Olubanke Olujoke Ogunlana
- Department of Biochemistry, Covenant University, P.M.B. 1023, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
- Covenant University Public Health and Wellbeing Research Cluster (CUPHWERC), Covenant University, P.M.B. 1023, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Shalom Nwodo Chinedu
- Department of Biochemistry, Covenant University, P.M.B. 1023, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
- Covenant University Public Health and Wellbeing Research Cluster (CUPHWERC), Covenant University, P.M.B. 1023, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
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Ahmad MH, Jatau AI, Alshargi OY, Julde SM, Mohammed M, Muhammad S, Mustapha S, Bala AA, Wada AS, Aminu M, Usman AM. Ethnopharmacological uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology of Olax subscorpioidea Oliv (Olacaceae): a review. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s43094-021-00264-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The plant Olax subscorpioidea Oliv (Olacaceae) is a shrub that is widely available in Africa. It has been used in traditional medicine to treat various diseases including asthma, pain, inflammation, gastrointestinal and central nervous system (CNS) disorders, cough, diabetes mellitus, cancer, infectious diseases, hepatic diseases, and many other diseases. Several phytochemical and pharmacological investigations were conducted on this plant. However, comprehensive information on this medicinally important plant is not available in the literature. Therefore, in this review, we aimed to provide comprehensive and critical information on all the reported ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, and potential toxicity of Olax subscorpioidea to highlight its therapeutic potentials based on traditional usage and identify research gaps as a basis for further investigations to develop novel therapeutic compounds.
Main body
The available information about the plant was retrieved from the online bibliographic databases (PubMed and Google Scholar) and published PhD dissertation using the search terms Olax subscorpioidea, traditional uses, ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, and safety. Phytochemical studies have shown that the plant contains several bioactive compounds such as rutin, morin, quercetin, caffeic acid, santalbic acid, n-hexadecanoic acid, squalene, nonacosane, hentriacontane, and many more compounds. Also, pharmacological investigations revealed that Olax subscorpioidea has antidepressant, antiepileptic, anti-Alzheimer’s, cytotoxic, antioxidant, antihyperlipidemic, analgesic, antiinflammatory, antiarthritic, antidiabetic, anticancer, antiulcer, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, apoptotic, antiprotease, and other CNS effects.
Conclusion
Several pharmacological studies on Olax subscorpioidea have established its ethnopharmacological uses. However, there are limited phytochemical and pharmacological studies to validate other folkloric claims of the plant. Therefore, extensive phytochemical and further pre-clinical efficacy and safety evaluations to fully establish its therapeutic potentials and elucidate its mechanisms of pharmacological actions could be necessary.
Graphical abstract
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