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Choi YY, Lee M, Kim EH, Lee JE, Jung I, Cheong JH. Risk of Subsequent Primary Cancers Among Adult-Onset 5-Year Cancer Survivors in South Korea: Retrospective Cohort Study. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2024; 10:e48380. [PMID: 38717807 PMCID: PMC11112468 DOI: 10.2196/48380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The number of cancer survivors who develop subsequent primary cancers (SPCs) is expected to increase. OBJECTIVE We evaluated the overall and cancer type-specific risks of SPCs among adult-onset cancer survivors by first primary cancer (FPC) types considering sex and age. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study using the Health Insurance Review and Assessment database of South Korea including 5-year cancer survivors diagnosed with an FPC in 2009 to 2010 and followed them until December 31, 2019. We measured the SPC incidence per 10,000 person-years and the standardized incidence ratio (SIR) compared with the incidence expected in the general population. RESULTS Among 266,241 survivors (mean age at FPC: 55.7 years; 149,352/266,241, 56.1% women), 7348 SPCs occurred during 1,003,008 person-years of follow-up (median 4.3 years), representing a 26% lower risk of developing SPCs (SIR 0.74, 95% CI 0.72-0.76). Overall, men with 14 of the 20 FPC types had a significantly lower risk of developing any SPCs; women with 7 of the 21 FPC types had a significantly lower risk of developing any SPCs. The risk of developing any SPC type differed by age; the risk was 28% higher in young (<40 years) cancer survivors (SIR 1.28, 95% CI 1.16-1.42; incidence: 30 per 10,000 person-years) and 27% lower in middle-aged and older (≥40 years) cancer survivors (SIR 0.73, 95% CI 0.71-0.74; incidence: 80 per 10,000 person-years) compared with the age-corresponding general population. The most common types of FPCs were mainly observed as SPCs in cancer survivors, with lung (21.6%) and prostate (15.2%) cancers in men and breast (18.9%) and lung (12.2%) cancers in women. The risks of brain cancer in colorectal cancer survivors, lung cancer in laryngeal cancer survivors, and both kidney cancer and leukemia in thyroid cancer survivors were significantly higher for both sexes. Other high-risk SPCs varied by FPC type and sex. Strong positive associations among smoking-related cancers, such as laryngeal, head and neck, lung, and esophageal cancers, were observed. Substantial variation existed in the associations between specific types of FPC and specific types of SPC risk, which may be linked to hereditary cancer syndrome: for women, the risks of ovarian cancer for breast cancer survivors and uterus cancers for colorectal cancer survivors, and for men, the risk of pancreas cancer for kidney cancer survivors. CONCLUSIONS The varying risk for SPCs by age, sex, and FPC types in cancer survivors implies the necessity for tailored prevention and screening programs targeting cancer survivors. Lifestyle modifications, such as smoking cessation, are essential to reduce the risk of SPCs in cancer survivors. In addition, genetic testing, along with proactive cancer screening and prevention strategies, should be implemented for young cancer survivors because of their elevated risk of developing SPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Young Choi
- Department of Surgery, Soonchunhyang Bucheon Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Bucheon si, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeongjee Lee
- Department of Biomedical Systems Informatics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Hwa Kim
- Department of Biomedical Systems Informatics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Eun Lee
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University Health System, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Inkyung Jung
- Department of Biomedical Systems Informatics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Cheong
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University Health System, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Towfighi P, Deldar R, Haffner ZK, Aminpour N, Sogunro O, Abu El Hawa AA, Boisvert M, Fan KL. A comparative analysis of males and females with breast cancer undergoing mastectomy using the American College of Surgeon's National Surgical Quality Improvement Project (NSQIP). Breast Cancer Res Treat 2022; 194:201-206. [PMID: 35622242 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-022-06628-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is a paucity of literature comparing the postoperative outcomes of males and females with breast cancer who undergo mastectomy. The aim of this study is to evaluate the comorbidities and 30-day post-mastectomy complication rates among males and females. METHODS We performed a retrospective analysis of breast cancer patients who underwent mastectomy from 2014 to 2016 using the American College of Surgeon's National Surgical Quality Improvement Project database. Data including patient demographics, comorbidities, and 30-day surgical and medical complications were collected. Statistical analysis included Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests for categorical variables and Student T-tests for continuous variables. Statistical significance was defined as p < 0.05. RESULTS A total of 15,167 patients were identified. There were 497 males (3.3%) and 14,670 females (96.7%). Age was significantly higher in females compared to males (63.5 vs. 57.6 years, p < 0.001). Body mass index (BMI) at time of surgery was also higher in males (30.0 vs. 29.3 kg/m2, p = 0.011). There was a higher prevalence of diabetes in males (20.1 vs. 16.5%, p = 0.032). Operative duration was significantly longer in females (114.9 vs. 95.0 min, p < 0.001). Median postoperative length of stay was also longer in females (1.2 vs. 0.8 days, p < 0.001). There were no significant differences in 30-day medical or surgical complication rates between the two sexes. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that differences in age, BMI, and comorbidities between males and females do not significantly impact 30-day medical or surgical complications following total mastectomy for breast cancer. Further research is warranted to identify perioperative risk factors that influence post-mastectomy complication rates. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3 (Retrospective cohort study).
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Affiliation(s)
- Parhom Towfighi
- Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Romina Deldar
- Department of Plastics and Reconstructive Surgery, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, 3800 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, DC, 20007, USA
| | - Zoe K Haffner
- Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Plastics and Reconstructive Surgery, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, 3800 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, DC, 20007, USA
| | - Nathan Aminpour
- Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Olutayo Sogunro
- Department of Surgery, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Marc Boisvert
- Department of Surgery, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Kenneth L Fan
- Department of Plastics and Reconstructive Surgery, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, 3800 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, DC, 20007, USA.
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Postmastectomy Reconstruction in Male Breast Cancer. Breast J 2022; 2022:5482261. [PMID: 35711890 PMCID: PMC9187266 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5482261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Less than 1% of all breast cancers are diagnosed in males. In females, postmastectomy breast reconstruction is associated with increased patient satisfaction. However, there is a paucity of literature describing reconstructive options for postmastectomy deformity in the male chest. The purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate postmastectomy reconstruction outcomes in males with breast cancer. Methods A systematic review was performed in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane, and Web of Science were queried for records pertaining to the study question using medical subject heading (MeSH) terms such as “male breast cancer,” “mastectomy,” and “reconstruction.” No limitations were placed on the year of publication, country of origin, or study size. Study characteristics and patient demographics were collected. Primary outcomes of interest included postoperative complications, recurrence rate, and mortality rate. Results A total of 11 articles examining 29 male patients with breast cancer who underwent postmastectomy reconstruction were included for analysis. Literature was most commonly available in the form of case reports. The average age was 59.6 +/−11.4 years. Reconstruction methods included fat grafting (n = 1, 3.4%), silicone implants (n = 1, 3.4%), and autologous chest wall reconstruction with local flaps (n = 26, 89.7%). Postoperative complications occurred in two patients (6.8%), including partial nipple necrosis (n = 1) and hypertrophic scarring (n = 1). Of the studies reporting patient satisfaction, all patients were pleased with the aesthetic appearance of their chest. Conclusion This systematic review revealed the limited availability of research regarding postmastectomy chest reconstruction in males with breast cancer. Nevertheless, the evidence available suggests that reconstruction can restore a patient's body image and, thus, should be regularly considered and discussed with male patients. Larger studies are warranted to further shed light on this population.
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Mukendi AM, Van Den Berg E, Pather S, Padayachee RS. Metachronous or synchronous male breast and prostate cancers a duality to lookout for. F1000Res 2019; 7:1825. [PMID: 31431822 PMCID: PMC6619383 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.16997.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Breast cancer is well known as the stereotypical women's cancer, and prostate cancer represents the well-known stereotypical male counterpart. While prostate cancer carries the potential to metastasize to the breast, the synchronous or metachronous co-occurrence of primary breast and primary prostate cancers is quite unusual. Prostate cancer in men of African descent may have its own behaviour with regards to its relationship with male breast cancer.
Case presentation:
Case 1: A 64 year old male presented to Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital (CHBAH) with a 2 years history of a painless left breast lump. A core biopsy was done and confirmed breast carcinoma. Tamoxifen was started but, due to disease progression, he underwent left modified radical mastectomy followed by chemotherapy. Prostate biopsy was done for raised Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) and suspicious prostate on digital rectal examination. A prostatic adenocarcinoma was subsequently diagnosed with bone metastases on bone scan. He was started on Androgen deprivation therapy and followed up every 3 months. Case 2: A 68 year old male presented to CHBAH with a 1 year history of a painless right breast lump. A core biopsy confirmed breast cancer. Tamoxifen was started, followed by right modified radical mastectomy and chemotherapy for disease progression. A raised PSA and suspicious prostate on digital rectal examination prompted a prostate biopsy revealing a prostatic adenocarcinoma. Bone scan was negative for metastasis. He is currently on 3 monthly Androgen deprivation therapy and awaiting radiation. Conclusion: This clinical practice article not only presents this exceptionally rare duality but highlights that both cancers can coexist either as sporadic conditions, or as a result of genetic mutations. Thus, we suggest that men with prostate cancer be screened clinically, biochemically and genetically for breast cancer and vice versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Mwamba Mukendi
- Department of Urology, Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital / University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Eunice Van Den Berg
- Division of Anatomical Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service/Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand., Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Sugeshnee Pather
- Division of Anatomical Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service/Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand., Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Rushen Siva Padayachee
- Division of Anatomical Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service/Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand., Johannesburg, South Africa
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Mukendi AM, Van Den Berg E, Pather S, Padayachee RS. Metachronous or synchronous male breast and prostate cancers a duality to lookout for. F1000Res 2018; 7:1825. [PMID: 31431822 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.16997.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Breast cancer is well known as the stereotypical women's cancer, and prostate cancer represents the well-known stereotypical male counterpart. While prostate cancer carries the potential to metastasize to the breast, the synchronous or metachronous co-occurrence of primary breast and primary prostate cancers is quite unusual. Prostate cancer in men of African descent may have its own behaviour with regards to its relationship with male breast cancer. Case presentation: Case 1: A 64 year old male presented to Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital (CHBAH) with a 2 years history of a painless left breast lump. A core biopsy was done and confirmed breast carcinoma. Tamoxifen was started but, due to disease progression, he underwent left modified radical mastectomy followed by chemotherapy. Prostate biopsy was done for raised Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) and suspicious prostate on digital rectal examination. A prostatic adenocarcinoma was subsequently diagnosed with bone metastases on bone scan. He was started on Androgen deprivation therapy and followed up every 3 months. Case 2: A 68 year old male presented to CHBAH with a 1 year history of a painless right breast lump. A core biopsy confirmed breast cancer. Tamoxifen was started, followed by right modified radical mastectomy and chemotherapy for disease progression. A raised PSA and suspicious prostate on digital rectal examination prompted a prostate biopsy revealing a prostatic adenocarcinoma. Bone scan was negative for metastasis. He is currently on 3 monthly Androgen deprivation therapy and awaiting radiation. Conclusion: This clinical practice article not only presents this exceptionally rare duality but highlights that both cancers can coexist either as sporadic conditions, or as a result of genetic mutations. Thus, we suggest that men with prostate cancer be screened clinically, biochemically and genetically for breast cancer and vice versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Mwamba Mukendi
- Department of Urology, Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital / University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Eunice Van Den Berg
- Division of Anatomical Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service/Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand., Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Sugeshnee Pather
- Division of Anatomical Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service/Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand., Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Rushen Siva Padayachee
- Division of Anatomical Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service/Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand., Johannesburg, South Africa
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Synchronous Detection of Male Breast Cancer and Prostatic Cancer in a Patient With Suspected Prostatic Carcinoma on 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT Imaging. Clin Nucl Med 2018. [DOI: 10.1097/rlu.0000000000002063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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7
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Aksnessæther BY, Solberg A, Klepp OH, Myklebust TÅ, Skovlund E, Hoff SR, Vatten LJ, Lund JÅ. Does Prophylactic Radiation Therapy to Avoid Gynecomastia in Patients With Prostate Cancer Increase the Risk of Breast Cancer? Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2018.01.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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8
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Alaoui Slimani K, Debbagh A, Sbitti Y, Errihani H, Ichou M. [Male breast cancer in Morocco: Epidemiology and prognostic factors. A report of 140 cases]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 44:636-640. [PMID: 27671207 DOI: 10.1016/j.gyobfe.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Male breast cancer is rare; it constitutes 0.2-1.5 % of all malignant tumors in men and 1 % of all breast cancers. METHODS The goal of this retrospective study is to analyze the epidemiologic, clinic, therapeutic and evolutive profiles of this disease in 140 cases collected at the National Institute of Oncology and military hospital in Rabat, Morocco, between the years 1998 and 2007. RESULTS The mean age was 61 years. A high incidence of overweight was found. The most frequent clinical presentation was a firm subareolar lump in 83 % of cases. The most common pathological type was an infiltrating ductal carcinoma (93 %). Hormone receptors were positive in 86 % of cases. Eighty-five percent of patients underwent simple mastectomy and axillary dissection, 68 % chest wall irradiation after surgery, 54 % received chemotherapy and 82 % hormonal therapy. Median follow-up was 91.1 months. The estimated 5-year and 10-year overall survival was respectively 68 % and 74 %. CONCLUSION The management of male and female breast carcinoma is the same, as well as their prognosis at equal stages. Future research for better understanding of this disease are needed to improve the management and prognosis of male patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Alaoui Slimani
- Service d'oncologie médicale, hôpital militaire d'instruction Mohamed V, 10100 Rabat, Maroc.
| | - A Debbagh
- Service d'oncologie médicale, hôpital militaire d'instruction Mohamed V, 10100 Rabat, Maroc
| | - Y Sbitti
- Service d'oncologie médicale, hôpital militaire d'instruction Mohamed V, 10100 Rabat, Maroc
| | - H Errihani
- Service d'oncologie médicale, Institut national d'oncologie, Rabat, Maroc
| | - M Ichou
- Service d'oncologie médicale, hôpital militaire d'instruction Mohamed V, 10100 Rabat, Maroc
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9
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Kwong A, Chau WW, Mang OWK, Wong CHN, Suen DTK, Leung R, Wong K, Lee A, Shea C, Morse E, Law SCK. Male Breast Cancer: A Population-Based Comparison with Female Breast Cancer in Hong Kong, Southern China: 1997–2006. Ann Surg Oncol 2013; 21:1246-53. [DOI: 10.1245/s10434-013-3377-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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10
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Wibowo E, Wassersug RJ. The effect of estrogen on the sexual interest of castrated males: Implications to prostate cancer patients on androgen-deprivation therapy. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2013; 87:224-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2013.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Revised: 12/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Liukkonen S, Saarto T, Mäenpää H, Sjöström-Mattson J. Male breast cancer: a survey at the Helsinki University Central Hospital during 1981-2006. Acta Oncol 2010; 49:322-7. [PMID: 20397767 DOI: 10.3109/02841861003591723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose was to analyze the behavior of male breast cancer. METHODS Fifty-eight male breast cancer patients were treated at the HUCH during 1981-2006. Data on risk factors, tumor characteristics, clinical presentation, treatment and survival were obtained by chart review. RESULTS Presentation occurred at a median age of 63 years, most often due to a self-detected lump. The median size of the primary tumor was 1.8 cm and 14% were T4 tumors. Forty-seven percent had lymph node metastases and 4% distant metastases at diagnosis. Ductal carcinoma was the most common tumor type. All tumors with known receptor status were positive for estrogen receptor (ER) and 79% for progesterone receptor (PgR). Her-2 overexpression was found in 2/19 patients (11%). A family history of breast cancer, obesity, high alcohol intake and liver cirrhosis were the most often seen risk factors. Nineteen percent had one or two other malignancies, the most common second malignancy being prostate cancer in 7%. Ninety-seven percent were operated by mastectomy and 90% by axillary evacuation while sentinel node biopsy alone was done only in 7%. Sixty percent of the patients received radiotherapy, 64% adjuvant hormonal treatment, 20% adjuvant chemotherapy, and 2% adjuvant trastuzumab. Fourteen patients (25%) experienced a relapse of which 60% were distant, bone being the most common site. During follow-up 21 patients (37%) died, of whom nine of breast cancer and 12 due to other causes. The 5-year overall survival (OS) was 75%. CONCLUSIONS Male breast cancer behaves and is today treated in many respects like postmenopausal breast cancer. However, due to rudimentary breast tissue the symptoms, diagnosis and especially a higher amount of T4 tumors differ from that of females. Also the risk factor profile and histologic subgroups seem different. The 5-year OS of 75% is clearly higher than 44% reported at our institution in 1982.
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12
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Synchronous bilateral breast cancer in a male patient following hormone therapy for prostate cancer. Int J Clin Oncol 2009; 14:249-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s10147-008-0824-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2008] [Accepted: 07/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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13
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Synchronous Bilateral Invasive Lobular Breast Cancer Presenting as Carcinomatosis in a Male. Am J Surg Pathol 2009; 33:470-4. [DOI: 10.1097/pas.0b013e318190d10d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Lee UJ, Jones JS. Incidence of prostate cancer in male breast cancer patients: a risk factor for prostate cancer screening. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2008; 12:52-6. [PMID: 18504455 DOI: 10.1038/pcan.2008.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Synchronous or metachronous occurrences of both prostate cancer and male breast cancer are rarely reported, but provide insight into their hormonal and genetic biology. We sought to determine the incidence of prostate cancer in male breast cancer patients at our institution, and to examine estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and HER-2/neu receptor (HR) status in these patients. A retrospective review was conducted of male breast cancer patients from 1990 to 2006. Histopathologic characteristics and hormone receptor expression was obtained. In 69 patients with male breast cancer, 12 (17%) also had a diagnosis of prostate cancer. Nine had ER-positive status and three were unreported. PR status was positive in 5, whereas 3 had PR-negative status. HR status was positive in 1, whereas 5 had HR-negative status. Male breast cancer patients in this cohort have an incidence of prostate cancer higher than would be predicted in the general population; this risk factor has implications for careful prostate cancer screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- U J Lee
- Cleveland Clinic, Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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15
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Grenader T, Goldberg A, Shavit L. Second cancers in patients with male breast cancer: a literature review. J Cancer Surviv 2008; 2:73-8. [PMID: 18648975 DOI: 10.1007/s11764-008-0042-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2007] [Accepted: 01/11/2008] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The risk of second malignancies among female breast cancer patients has been studied for decades. In contrast, very little is known about second primary tumors in men. Risk factors for breast cancer in men, including genetic, hormonal and environmental factors, provide parallels to the etiology of breast cancer in women. This review considers the literature related to the risk of developing a second cancer in patients with male breast cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS A systematic review of the literature between 1966 and 2007 was conducted and acceptable articles used for analysis. All retrieved articles were screened to identify any papers that had been missed. Studies were included if they discussed the risk of subsequent malignancy in patients with male breast cancer. RESULTS Patients with history of male breast cancer have an increased risk of a second ipsilateral, or contralateral breast cancer (standardized incidence ratio 30-110). The risk of subsequent contralateral breast cancer was highest in men under 50 years of age at the time of the diagnosis of the initial cancer. The data on non-breast second primary cancers is diverse. One study has suggested an increased incidence of cancers of the small intestine, prostate, rectum and pancreas, and of non-melanoma skin cancer and myeloid leukaemia. Other investigators did not find an increase in the overall risk of subsequent cancer development in men diagnosed initially with primary breast cancer. Although sarcoma, lung and esophageal cancers are well recognized complications of radiation therapy for female breast cancer, there is no evidence for the association of these cancers following radiation therapy in male breast cancer. CONCLUSIONS Although the incidence of second primary cancer in patients with primary male breast cancer requires further study, male breast cancer survivors should probably undergo periodic screening for the early detection of second breast cancers and other adverse health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Grenader
- Department of Oncology, Sha'are Zedek Medical Center, P.O. Box 12000, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel.
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine B Niewoehner
- Metabolism Section, VA Medical Center 111G, One Veterans Drive, Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA.
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17
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FIELD KM, CAMPBELL B, DE BOER R. Male breast cancer: Progress, prognosis and future pathways. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-7563.2008.00141.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Beyrouti MI, Beyrouti R, Beyrouti R, Ben Amar M, Affes N, Frikha F, Abid M, Mnif H, Ayadi L, Ghorbel A. [Breast cancer in men]. Presse Med 2007; 36:1919-24. [PMID: 17448628 DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2007.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer in men is rare and most often occurs at or after the age of 60 years. Prognosis is poor when it is discovered at a late stage, as it often is in men, although it should be easier to detect because men have so little breast tissue. The causal mechanism appears to depend on hormone metabolism abnormalities related to elevated estrogen or prolactin levels. A family history of breast cancer is found in 5-10% of cases. Infiltrating ductal carcinoma accounts for most cases (70-90%) of male breast cancers. In situ but not invasive carcinoma is exclusively ductal and accounts for 7% of cases. Spread to lymph nodes is observed in 50-75% of cases. Immunohistochemical analysis shows that tumors are positive for progesterone and estrogen receptors more frequently in men than women. Diagnosis is based on clinical examination, ultrasonography, and mammography. Aspiration cytology often makes it possible to confirm the malignancy. Excisional biopsy with an immediate intraoperative pathology examination confirms malignancy and makes wider excision possible during the same procedure. A modified radical mastectomy with removal of some lymph nodes (Patey's mastectomy) is the standard basic treatment. Locoregional radiotherapy is very often indicated. Hormone therapy is also a first-line treatment. Chemotherapy is reserved for young men with substantial lymph node invasion and negative for hormonal receptors. The prognosis of breast cancer in men remains uncertain because of the frequently late diagnosis, unpredictable course, and high potential for metastasis.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Age Factors
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Biopsy
- Breast/pathology
- Breast Neoplasms, Male/diagnosis
- Breast Neoplasms, Male/diagnostic imaging
- Breast Neoplasms, Male/drug therapy
- Breast Neoplasms, Male/epidemiology
- Breast Neoplasms, Male/pathology
- Breast Neoplasms, Male/surgery
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/epidemiology
- Child
- Female
- Humans
- Incidence
- Male
- Mammography
- Mastectomy, Modified Radical
- Middle Aged
- Prognosis
- Ultrasonography, Mammary
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Lee CY, Park CS, Lee W, Kwak HS, Sol MY, Chung MK. Male Patients with the Diagnoses of Synchronous Prostate and Breast Cancer. Korean J Urol 2007. [DOI: 10.4111/kju.2007.48.3.348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Yell Lee
- Department of Urology, Pusan National University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Chang Soo Park
- Department of Urology, Pusan National University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Wan Lee
- Department of Urology, Pusan National University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Hee Suk Kwak
- Department of General Surgery, Pusan National University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Mee Young Sol
- Department of Pathology, Pusan National University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Moon Kee Chung
- Department of Urology, Pusan National University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
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