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Mofarrah R, Mofarrah R, Gooranorimi P, Emadi S, Aski SG. KTWS (Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome): A systematic presentation of a rare disease. J Cosmet Dermatol 2024; 23:2215-2219. [PMID: 38389293 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.16247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome (KTWS) is a rare disease with a wide range of manifestations. KTWS is characterized by a clinical triad of varicosities of the extremities, cutaneous vascular malformations, and hypertrophy of soft tissues and long bones. The diagnosis is made clinically supplemented with magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography. AIM Hereby we aim to highlight the significance of the possible life-threatening first-time presentations associated with the GI system in previously undiagnosed KTWS patients. PATIENT We report the case of a 47-year-old male with KTWS, who presented with various symptoms such as rectorrhagia since childhood, digestive problems and abnormal lateral vascular malformations of the left buttock which extended all the way to the leg, vascular malformations of the left fourth and fifth toes as well as soft tissue swelling of the left foot. There was no evidence of other clinical presentations. The patient was hospitalized with severe rectorrhagia and a hemoglobin level of 3/9. Physical examination revealed a blood pressure of 85/55 and pulse rate of 115. Ruptured aneurysm of the superior mesenteric artery was found on angiography and subsequently treated with embolization. Dermatologic evaluation showed pitting edema of the left leg and foot and multiple vascular lesions. Thus a diagnosis of KTWS was established. Pulsed dye laser therapy and compression bandage was performed for the patient. The patient's follow-up was done 3 months after discharge for which the patient was again consulted by a dermatologist and gastroenterologist. Lymphedema of the left leg had improved to a great extend so treatment with compression bandage was continued. Colonoscopy was repeated for the patient to evaluate and control possible active sources of bleeding, due to potential life-threating complications. RESULTS According to previous findings, there have been few case reports of KTWS presenting with gastrointestinal manifestations, fewer of which have covered acute life-threatening bleedings associated with this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramina Mofarrah
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ramin Mofarrah
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Islamic Azad University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Peyman Gooranorimi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Islamic Azad University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Sadaf Emadi
- Student Research Committee, Islamic Azad University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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Falahati V, Fallahi M, Shahriarpour M, Ghasemi A, Ghaffari K. A Rare Case of Klippel Trenaunay Syndrome with Von Willebrand Factor Deficiency and Multiple Accessory Spleens: A Case Report and Brief Literature Review. Adv Biomed Res 2024; 13:20. [PMID: 38525403 PMCID: PMC10958732 DOI: 10.4103/abr.abr_232_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Klippel Trenaunay Syndrome (KTS) is an uncommon inherited syndrome identified by venous varicosities and capillary abnormalities. von Willebrand Disease is the most common inherited hemorrhage disturbance in humans, leading to insufficiency in von Willebrand Factor, which is a complex multimeric protein with two functions: it forms a bridge between the platelets and injured vascular areas and it attaches factor VIII and stabilizes it. We present a 13-year-old son with a typical clinical manifestation of KTS, including "port-wine stains" as capillary malformation, venous malformation, and hypertrophy of the left lower extremity, who also suffers from von Willebrand Disease type 3. He has been suffering from these two rare conditions since birth. The occurrence of KTS with von Willebrand Factor deficiency in a patient has so far not been reported, which may propose a mutation in the putative common regulatory gene that caused this uncommon phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Falahati
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Mahsa Fallahi
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Mona Shahriarpour
- Islamic Republic of Iran, Department of Pediatrics, Arak University of Medical Science, Arak, Iran
| | - Ali Ghasemi
- Department of Biochemistry and Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Kazem Ghaffari
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Department of Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran
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Lin F, Yang K, Xu J, Wang G, Yang L, Huang J, Li D. Recurrent hematuria involving urinary system with Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e36923. [PMID: 38363945 PMCID: PMC10869090 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000036923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome (KTS) is a rare congenital venous malformation, it had been found to be caused by mutations of the phosphatidylinositol 4, 5-diphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha (PIK3CA) gene. Currently KTS is defined as a triad of skin wine pigmented spots, varicose veins and malformations of the lower extremities, and hypertrophy of bone and soft tissue, involving urinary system up to 6% to 30%. When the urinary system is involved, KTS is often presented as painless massive gross hematuria. PATIENT CONCERNS This article describes a woman who was hospitalized with painless massive gross hematuria. Physical examination revealed significant hypertrophy of the right lower limb with varicose veins, port-wine stains in the skin, and right perineal hemangiomatous changes with swelling. The patient was admitted to hospital 4 times for repeated hematuria and infection. DIAGNOSES By physical examination, CT urography, ureteroscopy and cystoscopy, the patient was diagnosed to have Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome, involving the urinary system. INTERVENTIONS The patient hematuria improved after multiple indwelling D-J tubes and anti-inflammatory treatment. OUTCOMES The final symptoms of hematuria improved significantly, follow-up so far has not recurred. LESSONS This case presents the possibility of painless gross hematuria with KTS. Most of patients can be improved by conservative treatment. Cystoscopic laser therapy is the preferred treatment for poor bleeding control. Cystectomy and nephrectomy should be considered when life-threatening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Lin
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kewei Yang
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiadong Xu
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lixia Yang
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinrong Huang
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
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Mohamed A, Chin YF, Farah M, Mahmalji W. Vesical Haemangioma in Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber Syndrome: A Clinical Case Report. Cureus 2023; 15:e49952. [PMID: 38179354 PMCID: PMC10765560 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.49952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber (KTW) syndrome, a rare vascular disorder, often presents with cutaneous capillary malformations and soft tissue hypertrophy. However, urinary tract involvement in the form of vesical haemangiomas is a seldom-encountered clinical condition. We present a case of a 37-year-old male with KTW syndrome who exhibited recurrent gross haematuria, prompting clinical evaluation. Initial diagnostic assessments revealed erythematous changes in the bladder, consistent with haemangiomas. Despite an initial biopsy and diathermy, the patient's symptoms recurred, leading to a subsequent management strategy involving laser fulguration. This case underscores the significance of recognizing cutaneous haemangiomas as potential indicators of urinary tract involvement in KTW syndrome and highlights the challenges in managing vesical haemangiomas, where a multidisciplinary approach is essential for optimal care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yew Fung Chin
- Urology, Wye Valley NHS Trust, Hereford, GBR
- General Surgery, Royal Shrewsbury Hospital, Shrewsbury, GBR
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Wang H, Lin W, Xie C, Yang W, Zhou J, Guo Z. Gastrointestinal involvement in Klippel-Trénaunay syndrome: pathophysiology, evaluation, and management. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2023; 18:288. [PMID: 37700367 PMCID: PMC10496303 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-023-02857-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Klippel-Trénaunay syndrome is typically a complex combined capillary-lymphatic-venous malformation in lower limb. Gastrointestinal involvement is not infrequent in Klippel-Trénaunay syndrome. Rectal bleeding is the most common complication. In recent years, this condition has been increasingly reported. However, most authors simply described extreme manifestations or various combinations of clinical observations. The underlying pathophysiology of gastrointestinal involvement in Klippel-Trénaunay syndrome has been underrecognized. Pathophysiologically, some seemingly adequate managements are pitfalls in treatment. Anorectosigmoid vascular malformations in KTS have distinct and more complicated pathophysiologies than anorectal vascular malformation. Once understanding the pathophysiology, some patients can be successfully managed with a staged plan in our practice. Therefore, recognizing the pathophysiologies of gastrointestinal involvement is needed to evaluate, prevent pitfalls, and determine adequate managements for practitioners. Because of the complexity and rarity of this condition, prospective controlled study or a large cohort of patients is impossible. Based on literature review and our practice, we discuss pathophysiologies, evaluation, pitfalls, and treatment strategies for gastrointestinal involvement in Klippel-Trénaunay syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaijie Wang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery & Vascular Anomalies, Xi'an International Medical Center Hospital, 710100, Xi'an, China
| | - Weilong Lin
- Department of Pediatric Surgery & Vascular Anomalies, Xi'an International Medical Center Hospital, 710100, Xi'an, China
| | - Chong Xie
- Department of Pediatric Surgery & Vascular Anomalies, Xi'an International Medical Center Hospital, 710100, Xi'an, China
| | - Weijia Yang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery & Vascular Anomalies, Xi'an International Medical Center Hospital, 710100, Xi'an, China
| | - Jinbang Zhou
- Department of Pediatric Surgery & Vascular Anomalies, Xi'an International Medical Center Hospital, 710100, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhengtuan Guo
- Department of Pediatric Surgery & Vascular Anomalies, Xi'an International Medical Center Hospital, 710100, Xi'an, China.
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Ramdani M, El Moudane A, Tahri Y, Jdaini A, Benamou A, Mokhtari M, Barki A. Klippel-Trenaunay Syndrome Associated With Urinary Tract Hemangiomas: A Case Report. Cureus 2023; 15:e42797. [PMID: 37664271 PMCID: PMC10470663 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.42797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The association between Klippel-Trenauney syndrome (KTS) and bladder hemangiomas is rare. The most common clinical manifestation is hematuria. The diagnosis is made from the characteristic cystoscopic appearance of the tumor. We report the case of a patient presenting recurrent macroscopic hematuria in the context of KTS. A cystoscopic evaluation revealed bladder hemangiomas. A conservative approach consisting of bladder irrigation and close follow-up was chosen as therapy. Conservative treatment of bladder irrigation and close follow-up is the recommended initial treatment of moderate and infrequent episodes of hematuria in this context. The more invasive therapeutic options have to be considered especially for frequent or life-threatening episodes of hematuria. This case suggests that conservative treatment may be effective in treating moderate and infrequent episodes of hematuria due to bladder hemangioma in the context of KTS. Further studies are required to adequately establish the effectiveness, limitations, and complications of each approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Ramdani
- Urology, Mohammed VI University Hospital Oujda, Oujda, MAR
- Urology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Oujda, Oujda, MAR
| | | | - Youness Tahri
- Urology, Mohammed VI University Hospital Oujda, Oujda, MAR
| | - Ahmed Jdaini
- Urology, Mohammed VI University Hospital Oujda, Oujda, MAR
| | - Achraf Benamou
- Urology, Mohammed VI University Hospital Oujda, Oujda, MAR
| | | | - Ali Barki
- Urology, Mohammed VI University Hospital Oujda, Oujda, MAR
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Gami M, Rahman S, Rix G, Howard A, Datta S. A case report of multiple renal aneurysms due to Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome requiring laparoscopic nephrectomy. Int J Surg Case Rep 2023; 106:108070. [PMID: 37119750 PMCID: PMC10163654 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijscr.2023.108070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Klippel-Trenaunay Syndrome (KTS) is a rare genetic disorder which is characterised by vascular nevi, venous varicosity, and hyperplasia of soft tissue or bone. Renovascular involvement is considered uncommon in KTS. PRESENTATION OF CASE A 79-year-old man presented with a left sided varicocele, lymphedema, hydrocele, and microscopic haematuria. After a series of investigations his imaging and clinical features were suggestive KTS. His images, which showed a 2.7 cm renal artery aneurysm, were discussed in the multi-disciplinary team (MDT) meeting and the decision was made to proceed with a laparoscopic nephrectomy. DISCUSSION Given the size of the aneurysm, treatment was offered and accepted by the patient. This is first recorded case in the literature in which a successful laparoscopic nephrectomy has been carried out for preventing severe haemorrhage in KTS. The patient presented in his 7th decade with a varicocele which would be considered unusual for KTS. Like in many cases, the renal artery aneurysm was asymptomatic. Pathological outcomes of the sample confirmed features suggestive of KTS, thus, validating the radiological findings. CONCLUSION Here, we report a favourable outcome of a patient referred for consideration of varicocele management, diagnosed with renal artery aneurysms on a background of KTS. KTS, with significant renovascular abnormalities, can be treated with laparoscopic nephrectomy. Careful discussion in MDT with regards to management options should be performed and a shared decision reached with the patient with regards to management. Though rare, patients presenting with varicoceles and lymphedema may have underlying capillary-lymphatic-venous malformations.
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Pramchand A. Abnormal uterine bleeding in a female with Klippel Trenaunay syndrome. Arch Clin Cases 2022; 9:89-93. [PMID: 36176495 PMCID: PMC9512131 DOI: 10.22551/2022.36.0903.10209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome is a rare syndrome that is defined by capillary, venous, and lymphatic malformations associated with limb overgrowth. The author describes a 33-year-old SARS-CoV-2 positive South African Black Zulu female known with Klippel Trenaunay syndrome in this case report. Her presentation with abnormal uterine bleeding and multiple cystic lymphangiomas has been rarely described in existing literature, which provides further understanding of the gynecological manifestations of this syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashiq Pramchand
- Corresponding address: Nelson R.Mandela School of Clinical Medicine, 719 Umbilo Road Congella 4013, South Africa.
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Cucinella G, Di Buono G, Geraci G, Ricupati F, Gullo G, Maienza E, Romano G, Bonventre G, Amato G, Romano G, Buscemi S, Agrusa A. Uterine Involvement in Klippel–Trenaunay Syndrome: A Rare But Relevant Event. Review of the Literature. Front Surg 2022; 9:893320. [PMID: 35647021 PMCID: PMC9133495 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2022.893320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Klippel–Trenaunay syndrome (KTS) is a rare vascular congenital disorder characterized by the classical triad of port-wine stains, abnormal growth of soft tissues and bones, and vascular malformations. The involvement of the genitourinary tract and of the uterus in particular is extremely infrequent but relevant for possible consequences. Methods We performed an extensive review of the literature using the Pubmed, Scopus and ISI web of knowledge database to identify all cases of KTS with uterine involvement. The search was done using the MeSH term “Klippel–Trenaunay syndrome” AND “uterine” OR “uterus.” We considered publications only in the English language with no limits of time. We selected a total of 11 records of KTS with uterine involvement, including those affecting pregnant women. Results Klippel–Trenaunay syndrome was described for the first time in the year 1900 in two patients with hemangiomatous lesions of the skin associated with varicose veins and asymmetric soft tissue and bone hypertrophy. Uterine involvement is a rare condition and can cause severe menorrhagia. Diagnosis is based on physical signs and symptoms. CT scans and MRI are first-choice test procedures to evaluate both the extension of the lesion and the infiltration of deeper tissues before treatment. The management of Klippel–Trenaunay syndrome should be personalized using careful diagnosis, prevention and treatment of complications. Conclusion Klippel–Trenaunay syndrome is a rare vascular malformation with a wide variability of manifestations. There are no univocal and clear guidelines that suggest the most adequate monitoring of the possible complications of the disease. Treatment is generally conservative, but in case of recurrent bleeding, surgery may be needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaspare Cucinella
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, “Villa Sofia Cervello” Hospital, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Di Buono
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Correspondence: Giuseppe Di Buono
| | - Girolamo Geraci
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Federica Ricupati
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Gullo
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, “Villa Sofia Cervello” Hospital, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Elisa Maienza
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giorgio Romano
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giulia Bonventre
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Amato
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giorgio Romano
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Salvatore Buscemi
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonino Agrusa
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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Wang H, Xie C, Lin W, Zhou J, Yang W, Guo Z. Internal Iliac Vein Reflux: An Underrecognized Pathophysiology in Klippel-Trénaunay Syndrome With Pelvis Involvement. Cureus 2022; 14:e21472. [PMID: 35103226 PMCID: PMC8780953 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.21472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and objective Internal iliac vein reflux (IIVR) has been underrecognized in Klippel-Trénaunay syndrome (KTS) with pelvis involvement. In this study, our aim was to report clinical and radiological characteristics, modified phlebography technique, and diagnostic and treatment algorithm and outcomes of IIVR in KTS patients with pelvis involvement. Materials and methods KTS patients diagnosed between May 2014 and January 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. The medical records and imaging studies of all patients with KTS of the lower extremities were included and reviewed. KTS was defined as the triad of capillary malformation, venous malformation, and limb overgrowth. Pelvis involvement was evaluated with MRI. Phlebography was performed if IIVR was suspected. IIVR ablation and sclerotherapy were performed if IIVR was confirmed in KTS patients with external genitalia/perineum manifestation and bleeding. Patients were followed up via outpatient consultations. Episodes of gross bleeding were specifically investigated. Results A total of 211 patients with lower limb KTS diagnosed by our team were included in the study. Unilateral IIVR was diagnosed in 97 patients, and bilateral IIVR in two patients; 117 KTS patients were managed with radiological intervention and/or hybrid surgery by our team. Eleven patients underwent an IIVR ablation procedure due to recurrent bleeding from pelvic organs. Postprocedural complications included transient fever (n=2) and mild anaphylactic reaction (n=1). A small hyperpigmented scar at the incision and/or accessing site was noticed in patients receiving bleomycin during the procedure (n=6). Bleeding episodes and anemia resolved in all patients during the follow-up period. Correspondingly, the involved IIV and its tributaries were found to have disappeared on imaging during the follow-up. Conclusion IIVR is common in KTS patients, and it can cause bleeding from pelvic organs. Bleeding can be managed with IIVR ablation and sclerotherapy in KTS with pelvis involvement.
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Mahjoub A, Gilbert G, Turkula S, Mendez G, Graf K, Kim TWB. Treatment of Femoral Shaft Fractures in Patients with Klippel-Trénaunay Syndrome: A Report of 2 Cases. JBJS Case Connect 2021; 11:01709767-202109000-00084. [PMID: 34398848 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.cc.21.00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
CASES Long-bone fractures in patients with Klippel-Trénaunay syndrome (KTS), a rare disorder of the venous, lymphatic, and capillary system, are difficult to treat with many complications. Two patients diagnosed with KTS presented with closed femoral shaft fractures after low-energy falls. Conservative treatment, open reduction internal fixation, and intramedullary nailing resulted in painful nonunions. Ultimately, both patients achieved pain relief and the ability to ambulate after en bloc resection and reconstruction. CONCLUSIONS These cases demonstrate the challenges in achieving bony union when treating long-bone fractures in KTS. The feasibility of undergoing extensive resection and reconstruction to regain function is best approached with a multidisciplinary team.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Mahjoub
- Cooper Bone and Joint Institute, Camden, New Jersey
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Clitoromegaly, Vulvovaginal Hemangioma Mimicking Pelvic Organ Prolapse, and Heavy Menstrual Bleeding: Gynecologic Manifestations of Klippel-Trénaunay Syndrome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 57:medicina57040366. [PMID: 33918633 PMCID: PMC8070069 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57040366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Klippel-Trénaunay Syndrome (KTS) is a genetic vascular malformation involving the capillary, lymphatic, and venous channels. Prenatal sonographic diagnosis of KTS with an enlarged fetal limb is well-known; however, postnatal gynecologic manifestations are rarely reported. KTS can cause clitoromegaly, vulvovaginal hemangioma, and heavy menstrual bleeding. Somatic mosaicism of the PIK3CA gene is considered as responsible for KTS but reports based on whole-genome sequencing are limited. A 31-year-old woman with KTS presented with bulging of the clitoris and vagina. Analysis of whole-genome sequencing variant data revealed that gene ontology terms related to development and differentiation such as ‘skeletal system morphogenesis’, ‘embryonic morphogenesis’, and ‘sensory organ development’ were nominally significant in non-coding regions. Variants in non-coding genes may be responsible for this phenotype.
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Snee IA, Mazzola CA, Sikorskyj T. Chiari I malformation with Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome: case report and review of the literature. Childs Nerv Syst 2021; 37:2369-2373. [PMID: 33492467 PMCID: PMC8263457 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-020-04992-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We present a rare case of an 8-year-old male with Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome (KTS) and a Chiari I malformation (CIM). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to investigate facial asymmetry and speech delay at age two revealed CIM with cerebellar tonsils 1.3 cm below the foramen magnum without syringomyelia. The patient underwent a craniectomy and posterior fossa decompression with C1 laminectomy. While gene sequencing determined the patient was negative for the PIK3CA gene mutation, the patient's clinical history strongly suggests KTS. He has hemihypertrophy, leg length discrepancy, hemangiomas and pigmentary mosaicism along the upper and lower extremities, heart murmur, chronic low heart rate, recurrent hip pain, and mild scoliosis. Neurodevelopmental concerns include difficulty reading, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), anxiety, and difficulty running and going downstairs. His most recent MRI shows good decompression at the cervicomedullary junction, global cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow, and less peg-like cerebellar tonsils. Also noted were two intravertebral hemangiomas at T5 and T6. While the patient's speech has improved, there is still difficulty with the expressive language. He still has mild delays, runs slowly, and does not alternate feet when climbing stairs. The patient is being followed by multiple specialists including neurology, hematology-oncology, genetics, orthopedic surgery, and developmental pediatrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel A. Snee
- The University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN USA ,The New Jersey Pediatric Neuroscience Institute, Morristown, NJ USA
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Patel N, Swana H, Johnson C. Genitourinary involvement in pediatric patients with Klippel-Trenaunay Syndrome. Clin Imaging 2020; 67:117-120. [PMID: 32559682 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinimag.2020.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Klippel-Trenaunay Syndrome (KTS) is a genetic vascular malformation disorder which induces a variety of phenotypic expression in patients which differ in terms of severity/location. While previous studies have documented genitourinary (GU) complications in adult KTS patients, documentation of the scope and incidence of GU involvement in the pediatric population with imaging findings is currently limited. This study represents the largest KTS genitourinary review to date. OBJECTIVE To assess the incidence, scope, clinical findings and imaging characteristics of GU pathology in pediatric KTS patients. MATERIALS/METHODS Using a retrospective data analysis design, the charts and imaging studies of pediatric KTS patients were reviewed. All patients received care at a specialized vascular clinic within a multicenter tertiary care system. Variables studied included age, age at KTS diagnosis, gender, urologic involvement, and age of urologic complication. RESULTS 58 patients were identified. 33 were male and 25 were female. 10 patients had GU findings. Three of these patients had multifocal GU involvement (greater than 1 finding). Urologic manifestations were diverse with 9 distinct diagnoses involving 6 unique organs. Renal, vesical and scrotal pathologies were most common. Hematuria was the most common presenting symptom in 30% (3/10). Previously unreported findings (labial swelling, renal lymphatic cysts) were identified. The average age of KTS diagnosis was 4.9 years. The average age of documented GU complication and involvement was 7.6 years. CONCLUSION Significant GU complications due to KTS can occur in the pediatric population. Early clinical and imaging characterization of these conditions is important for management, family education and early intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimai Patel
- University of Central Florida College of Medicine, 6850 Lake Nona Blvd, Orlando, FL, USA 32827.
| | - Hubert Swana
- Arnold Palmer Hospital for Children, 1725 Cook Ave, Orlando 32806, FL, USA
| | - Craig Johnson
- Nemours Children's Hospital, 3535 Nemours Pkwy, Orlando 32827, FL, USA
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Ogawa T, Cheng ESW, Muramoto K, Moriyama K. Long-Term Management and Maxillofacial Growth in a Klippel-Trenaunay Syndrome Patient. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2020; 57:782-790. [DOI: 10.1177/1055665619895863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome (KTS) is a congenital disorder associated with capillary, venous, lymphatic vascular malformations, and unilateral hypertrophy of the soft tissue and bone. We report a case of a 5-year-old girl with KTS who was followed up until age 17. The asymmetry of her maxillary dentition became remarkable with growth, although no significant left-right difference in either the maxilla or mandible was recognized. Acceptable occlusion was achieved without fixed orthodontic appliances; however, it was necessary to develop treatment plans in accordance with the general symptoms of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Ogawa
- Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eric Shih-Wei Cheng
- Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiko Muramoto
- Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiji Moriyama
- Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome or KTS is a complex vascular syndrome associated with overgrowth occurring as a result of somatic mutations in the PIK3CA gene. Patients are diagnosed on the basis of physical findings, sometimes with supportive imaging, of commonly a segmental anomaly with a cutaneous port-wine stain, lymphatic and venous malformations and overgrowth. The severity of the component vascular malformations and the degree of overgrowth varies from patient to patient which demands care given by a multi-professional team with regular follow-up in a specialist clinic. Some patients may present with acute life-threatening problems, often as a result of veno-thromboembolic events (VTEs) especially following surgical and invasive radiological procedures. Awareness of such problems is vital and prophylactic measures to reduce such risks are paramount. The interventional radiologist is vital to the care team as he/she can undertake procedures including endovascular closure of significant venous anomalies which predispose to such VTEs. Although these procedures can be lengthy and complex, they can now provide a minimally invasive means to reduce the risk from life-threatening and sometimes fatal VTEs. The results however from such interventions will require long-term studies which to date are unavailable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip R John
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.
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Bettocchi C, Spilotros M, Lucarelli G, Utano E, Sebastiani F, Bittner L, Ditonno P, Battaglia M. Penile prosthesis implant for primary erectile dysfunction in patient with Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome complicated by consumptive coagulopathy: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e16741. [PMID: 31393387 PMCID: PMC6708871 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000016741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome (KTS) is a congenital disorder characterized by cutaneous port wine capillary malformations, varicose veins with hemihypertrophy of soft tissue and bone.Pelvic and retroperitoneal vascular malformations have been described up to the 30% of patients with KTS while hemangiomas of the urinary tract have been reported in 6% PATIENT CONCERNS:: A 30-year-old man with KTS was referred to our center for primary erectile dysfunction (ED) associated with varicosities of unusual distribution and asymmetry of the lower limbs. Furthermore, he suffered from hypertension and autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease.During penile prosthesis implantation, a significant intraoperative bleeding (1 liter) due to large scrotal venous malformations and profuse bleeding from both corpora was recorded. One month later, the day after the first prosthesis training session, the patient returned with swelling in the penoscrotal region. A large inguino-scrotal hematoma was drained. There was a complete bilateral dehiscence of corpora cavernosa with a spread venous bleeding in the scrotum. DIAGNOSES CT scan showed hypertrophy of the right hypogastric artery with severe vascular malformations: the right pudendal artery was massively dilated with early visualization of venous drainage without evidence of arteriovenous fistulae; regular bulbocavernous capillary blush; right upper gluteus artery hypertrophic and dilated. Multiple twisting and aneurysms of the right internal pudenda artery were bleeding from multiple points. Cystoscopy showed a fistula between the proximal urethra and the penoscrotal dartos. Coagulation tests revealed the presence of factor XIII deficiency INTERVENTIONS:: The patient underwent several procedures including percutaneous scleroembolization of the internal pudendal arteries, removal of the penile implant, recombinant factor XIII (FXIII) administration, and cord blood platelet gel application. OUTCOMES The patient was discharged after almost 3 months in hospital, hemodynamically stable. LESSONS Experience regarding management of ED in KTS patient is limited and in case of concomitant factor XIII deficiency, the clinical scenario can be life-threatening. A multidisciplinary approach including a urologist, an interventional radiologist and a hematologist in our experience represented the key approach in case of severe bleeding following surgery for ED.
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Opdenakker O, Renson T, Walle JV. Vesical Hemangioma in a Patient with Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber Syndrome. J Pediatr 2019; 208:293-293.e2. [PMID: 30737037 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Opdenakker
- Department of Intensive Care, University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thomas Renson
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology and Rheumatology, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium
| | - Johan Vande Walle
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium
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Zhai J, Zhong ME, Shen J, Tan H, Li Z. Kyphoscoliosis with Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome: a case report and literature review. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2019; 20:10. [PMID: 30611239 PMCID: PMC6320630 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-018-2393-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome (KTS) is a rare congenital syndrome characterized by the triad of venous varicosities, capillary malformations and limb hypertrophy. However, KTS may rarely occur in combination with kyphoscoliosis. Case presentation We presented an 18-year-old female with KTS and kyphoscoliosis. Hypertrophy of bone and soft tissue affected her left face, trunk and lower limb. Moreover, the patient is associated with subacute thyroiditis, vitamin D deficiency and iron deficiency anemia, high level of D-dimer, swollen tonsil, kyphoscoliosis and Chiari-I-malformation without syringomyelia. A posterior correction and spinal fusion from T10 to L5 levels were performed for this patient. The lumbar curve was corrected from 105° to 60° and the kyphosis improved from 58° to 26°. The distance of trunk shift decreased from 10 cm to 1.4 cm. There were no thrombotic events occurred. At the 8th month follow-up, there was no significantly change of the curve in the coronal and sagittal radiographs. During the 31-month follow-up, the patient did not experience any discomfort. And her general appearance did not have any change until the last follow-up. However, she refused to take radiograph for worrying about radiation. Conclusions KTS is a rare disease with classic clinical triad. However, it can also have other different features, including kyphoscoliosis, elevated D-Dimer, vitamin D deficiency and iron-deficiency anemia. These issues should be taken into consideration when planning treatment for kyphoscoliosis in KTS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiliang Zhai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Min-Er Zhong
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Jianxiong Shen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Haining Tan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Zheng Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
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Jabaji R, Li V, Banapour P, Huang GO, Finley DS. Robotic partial cystectomy for venous malformation of the bladder. Urol Case Rep 2018; 20:65-66. [PMID: 29998065 PMCID: PMC6039356 DOI: 10.1016/j.eucr.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Lei H, Guan X, Han H, Qian X, Zhou X, Zhang X, Tian L. Painless Urethral Bleeding During Penile Erection in an Adult Man With Klippel-Trenaunay Syndrome: A Case Report. Sex Med 2018; 6:180-183. [PMID: 29452831 PMCID: PMC5960021 DOI: 10.1016/j.esxm.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome (KTS) is a rare congenital vascular disorder characterized by a triad of cutaneous port wine capillary malformations, varicose veins, and hemihypertrophy of bone and soft tissues. Aims To report on a rare case of KTS in an adult man manifested by painless urethral bleeding during penile erection briefly review the clinical presentation and management of the genitourinary forms of this syndrome. Methods On presentation, the clinical features of this patient, including medical history, signs and symptoms, and imaging examinations, were recorded. After diagnosis and initial treatment, a literature review of the urethral features of KTS was performed and is discussed in this report. Results A 35-year-old man with KTS presented with painless urethral bleeding during penile erection that was associated with posterior urethral vascular malformations. The coagulation method was used to treat the malformation, and no urethral bleeding or gross hematuria occurred during a postoperative follow-up period of 6 months. Conclusion This case demonstrates that coagulation therapy and careful follow-up can be adequate treatment approaches for urethral features of KTS. However, the long-term efficacy of coagulation for this disorder should be investigated further. Lei H, Guan X, Han H, et al. Painless Urethral Bleeding During Penile Erection in an Adult Man With Klippel-Trenaunay Syndrome: A Case Report. Sex Med 2018;6:180–183.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongen Lei
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Guan
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hu Han
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaosong Qian
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoguang Zhou
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Long Tian
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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Eidenberger MM. Manual lymphatic drainage with infantile klippel-trenaunay syndrome: Case report and literature review. COGENT MEDICINE 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/2331205x.2018.1524342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mag. Margit Eidenberger
- Bachelor Programme Physiotherapy, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Steyr, Austria
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Chagas CAA, Pires LAS, Babinski MA, Leite TFDO. Klippel-Trenaunay and Parkes-Weber syndromes: two case reports. J Vasc Bras 2017; 16:320-324. [PMID: 29930667 PMCID: PMC5944310 DOI: 10.1590/1677-5449.005417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkes-Weber syndrome is a congenital vascular disease that comprises capillary, venous, lymphatic, and arteriovenous malformations. Although Parkes-Weber syndrome is a clinically distinct entity with serious complications, it is still frequently misdiagnosed as Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome, which consists of a triad of malformations involving the capillary, venous, and lymphatic vessels, without arteriovenous fistulas. Both syndromes are generally diagnosed with Doppler ultrasound and confirmed by magnetic resonance angiography. The aim of this study is to describe one case of Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome, in a 36-year-old patient, and one case of Parkes-Weber syndrome, in a 21-year-old patient. We review the literature in order to discuss the possible causes and consequences of these diseases related to venous hypertension and angiodysplasia, taking a clearer approach to their differences, and discussing their treatment.
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Kundzina L, Lejniece S. Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome with atypical presentation of hypersplenism and nephrotic syndrome: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2017; 11:243. [PMID: 28823249 PMCID: PMC5563946 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-017-1413-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Klippel–Trenaunay–Weber syndrome is a rare syndrome; unfortunately, very few studies of the connection between hypersplenism, nephrotic syndrome, and Klippel–Trenaunay–Weber syndrome have been published. Case presentation We report the case of a 40-year-old white man with a typical clinical presentation of Klippel–Trenaunay–Weber syndrome, including “port-wine stains,” varicose veins, hypertrophy of lower extremities, and arteriovenous fistula, as well as an unfortunate development of hypersplenism and nephrotic syndrome. Conclusions This case report described considerable atypical relevance of Klippel–Trenaunay–Weber syndrome and hypersplenism together with nephrotic syndrome. A multidisciplinary approach was made. Unfortunately, hypersplenism is characterized by pancytopenia that suggests splenectomy, whereas nephrotic syndrome is an indication for renal biopsy; the splenectomy and renal biopsy were delayed due to our patient’s severe condition. Deeper analysis including study of other patients with Klippel–Trenaunay–Weber syndrome would help us to understand the connection between elevated spleen and liver sizes, nephrotic syndrome, and Klippel–Trenaunay–Weber syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Kundzina
- Faculty of Medicine, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia.
| | - Sandra Lejniece
- Department of Internal Diseases, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia.,Riga East Clinical University Hospital, Chemotherapy and Hematology Clinic, Riga, Latvia
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Clinical Experience of the Klippel-Trenaunay Syndrome. Arch Plast Surg 2015; 42:552-8. [PMID: 26430625 PMCID: PMC4579165 DOI: 10.5999/aps.2015.42.5.552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome (KTS) is characterized by three clinical features, namely cutaneous capillary malformations, venous malformations, and soft tissue and/or bony hypertrophy of the extremities. The varied manifestations are attributed to the unpredictable clinical nature and prognosis of the syndrome. To elucidate the clinical characteristics of this disease, we reviewed a relatively large number of KTS patients who presented to our vascular anomalies center. Methods We conducted a retrospective study with 19 patients who were diagnosed with KTS and treated in our vascular anomalies clinic between 2003 and 2014, and examined their demographic characteristics, their clinical features, and the treatments administered. Results The sex distribution was balanced, with 9 (47%) males and 10 (53%) females. The mean follow-up period was 4.1 years (range, 7 months-9 years). Most of the patients received conservative treatments such as medication or physiotherapy. Compression therapies such as wearing of elastic garments/bandages were also administered, and surgical interventions were considered only when the patients became excessively symptomatic. Other treatments included laser therapy and sclerotherapy, and all the treatments were adjusted according to each case, tailored to the conditions of the individual patients. Conclusions KTS is an extremely rare, multifactorial disorder that induces widely varied symptoms. Because of this unique feature, plastic surgeons, when not careful, tend to attach a one-sided importance to typical symptoms such as limb hypertrophy or capillary malformation and thus overlook other symptoms and clinical features. KTS can be suspected in all infants who show capillary malformations or limb hypertrophy and require a multi-disciplinary approach for comprehensive management.
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Scribner DR, Lara-Torre E, Heineck RJ, Weiss PM. Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome complicated by ascites and vaginal lymphatic drainage in adolescence: a case report. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2012; 25:e139-41. [PMID: 23062447 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpag.2012.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Revised: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome is a rare disease characterized by capillary malformationsand soft tissue and bony hypertrophy and atypical varicosities. Management of this syndrome is focused primarily on treatment of the complications that arise from these malformations. Ascites and lymphedema are two of the more common complications in these patients. CASE A 15-year-old female with Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome presented with chylous ascites, vaginal drainage, and unilateral lower extremity lymphedema. Treatment included dilation, hysteroscopy and curettage, and laparoscopic evacuation of abdomino-pelvic ascites with resolution of symptoms for 32 months. Repeat laparoscopic drainage was successful and remains symptom free after 12 months. CONCLUSION Vaginal drainage of chylous ascites is a rare complication from Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome and can be successfully managed by techniques to remove abdomino-pelvic ascites.
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Barbara DW, Wilson JL. Anesthesia for surgery related to Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome: a review of 136 anesthetics. Anesth Analg 2011; 113:98-102. [PMID: 21467557 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0b013e31821a03c2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome (KTS) is a rare congenital malformation characterized by the triad of varicose veins or venous malformations, capillary malformations that may involve neurovascular structures, and bony or soft tissue hypertrophy in affected limbs. Areas such as the trunk, bowel, bladder, and spinal cord may be involved as well. KTS should not be confused with Klippel-Feil syndrome, which involves abnormalities of the cervical vertebrae. Anesthetic management for patients with KTS has only been described in limited case reports that caution about potential airway difficulty but do not report surgical hemorrhage requiring transfusion. METHODS We performed an electronic search of the Mayo Clinic medical record database to identify patients who had undergone an anesthetic for surgery related to KTS. Review of medical records was performed for type of surgery, anesthetic technique, airway management and difficulty, medications used, intraoperative fluid administration, transfusion requirements, vascular access used, and postoperative complications. RESULTS Eighty-two unique patients were identified who underwent 134 general anesthetics and 2 lumbar neuraxial anesthetics for surgeries related to KTS. Preoperatively, 27% of patients had a history of recurrent bleeding, 24% recurrent cellulitis, 9% deep vein thrombosis, and 2% pulmonary embolism. The mean age at time of surgery was 21 ± 15 years. The majority of surgical procedures involved laser coagulation or varicose vein sclerotherapy or stripping. All of the 74 direct laryngoscopies and tracheal intubations were performed on the first attempt without difficulty. Mask ventilation was possible in all 131 patients for whom this was attempted, with only 1 requiring an oral airway. Documented estimated blood loss ranged from 20 to 18,000 mL, with a mean of 740 ± 2739 mL. Use of a tourniquet did not obviate the possibility of substantial blood loss. The only significant postoperative complication involved a calf hematoma after vein stripping and avulsion that required return to the operating room for evacuation. CONCLUSIONS Patients with KTS have multiple associated comorbidities relevant to perioperative management. In contrast to previous reports, difficulty with airway management was not encountered. Surgery related to severe KTS may be associated with massive hemorrhage despite tourniquet use, and the anesthesiologist should anticipate the need for appropriate fluid resuscitation. Neuraxial techniques may be considered only if the possibility of trauma to neurovascular malformations has been excluded with recent spine imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Barbara
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street S.W. Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Tepeler A, Yeşilova Y, Kılınç A, Aktoz T, Önen A. A Mild and Rare Form of Klippel-Trenaunay Syndrome Presenting With Urethral Bleeding Due To Penile Hemangioma. Urology 2011; 77:463-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2010.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2010] [Revised: 05/12/2010] [Accepted: 05/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Ashley RA, Figueroa TE. Gross hematuria in a 3-year-old girl caused by a large isolated bladder hemangioma. Urology 2010; 76:952-4. [PMID: 20627282 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2010.03.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2010] [Revised: 03/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Hemangiomas of the urinary tract can arise anywhere along the system. Although rare, these lesions can result in significant hematuria, with potential for patient morbidity. We report a case of an isolated bladder hemangioma identified in a 3-year-old girl presenting with recurrent high-volume gross hematuria. The lesion was not amenable to endoscopic resection because of its size. We present our operative management strategy as a potential method for other urologists who may be presented with similar scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Ashley
- Department of Urology, Nemours A. I. DuPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware, USA.
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Star A, Fuller CE, Landas SK. Intracranial aneurysms in klippel-trenaunay/weber syndromes: case report. Neurosurgery 2010; 66:E1027-8; discussion E1028. [PMID: 20404675 DOI: 10.1227/01.neu.0000368392.69904.be] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We present a comprehensive review of intracranial aneurysms in Klippel-Trenaunay and Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndromes (KTS/KTWS), and examine factors influencing the risks of surgery vs conservative management. CLINICAL PRESENTATION A 58-year-old physician with KTS affecting the right extremities presented with left hemispheric cerebellar stroke and was discovered to harbor four intracranial aneurysms of the posterior circulation: fusiform mid and distal BA (2.6 x 2 x 2 cm), fusiform right proximal P1 (2 x 1.3 x 1.3 cm), fusiform right distal P1 (2.8 x 2.7 x 2 cm), and saccular left distal posterior inferior cerebellar artery (2.5 x 2.5 x 2.5 cm). Ten years later he had an infarct in the paramedian distribution of the basilar artery and a right internal capsule stroke. Two months later, he developed hydrocephalus, ultimately presenting in status epilepticus 4 months later secondary to ongoing aneurysm expansion and mass effect. INTERVENTION Systemic anticoagulation for acute thrombosis with possible distal arterioarterial embolization from giant P1 aneurysms. Ventriculoperitoneal shunting for hydrocephalus. The patient died within 9 days after admission and 10 years after the initial discovery of aneurysms. CONCLUSION Strict control of modifiable risk factors compromising vascular integrity and periodic neuroimaging are warranted in KTS/KTWS patients. KTS/KTWS patients are hypercoagulable, and may be predisposed to aneurysm thrombosis with increased risk for distal arterial microembolization. Stroke-related morbidity secondary to distal arterioarterial aneurysm thrombus embolization and acute aneurysm thrombosis may be decreased with systemic anticoagulation in this patient population. KTS/KTWS patients have significantly higher rates of DVT and PE than the general population, and should be classified in the high-risk category for venous thromboembolism prophylaxis. Both endovascular and open cerebrovascular techniques have been used successfully in KTS/KTWS patients with intracranial aneurysms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ava Star
- College of Medicine, SUNY Upstate, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA.
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Janson M, Janson G, Sant'Ana E, Alessio Junior LE, Rodrigues de Almeida R. Open-bite orthodontic-surgical treatment in the Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome: a case report. ORAL SURGERY, ORAL MEDICINE, ORAL PATHOLOGY, ORAL RADIOLOGY, AND ENDODONTICS 2010; 109:e17-25. [PMID: 20451830 DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2010.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2009] [Revised: 01/28/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We describe the orthodontic treatment of a patient with Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome (KTWS) who received orthodontic treatment that included rapid palatal expansion and orthognathic surgery. There is no report in the literature with this orthodontic treatment protocol, that was considered successful. The pros and cons of this approach as well as the risks involved are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Janson
- Bauru Dental School, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil
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Holak EJ, Pagel PS. Successful use of spinal anesthesia in a patient with severe Klippel–Trénaunay syndrome associated with upper airway abnormalities and chronic Kasabach–Merritt coagulopathy. J Anesth 2010; 24:134-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00540-009-0835-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2009] [Accepted: 08/20/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Zea MI, Hanif M, Habib M, Ansari A. Klippel-Trenaunay Syndrome: a case report with brief review of literature. J Dermatol Case Rep 2009; 3:56-9. [PMID: 21886734 DOI: 10.3315/jdcr.2009.1038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 12/20/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Klippel-Tranuanay Syndrome is a rare sporadic disease characterized by clinical triad of capillary malformation; soft tissue and bony hypertrophy; and atypical varicosity. Although this syndrome was first described more than hundred years ago, exact incidence has not been estimated yet. Several theories have been postulated to describe its pathogenesis. Clinical presentation of this syndrome is protean ranging from minimal asymptomatic disease to life threatening bleeding and embolism. Management of this syndrome includes careful diagnosis, prevention and treatment of complications. MAIN OBSERVATION We are presenting a case of Klippel-Tranuanay Syndrome in a 19-year-old male patient presenting with varicosity in lateral aspect of right leg. On careful examination other components of the syndrome were found. Patient was kept on yearly follow up. CONCLUSION Usually patients with Klippel-Tranuanay Syndrome present with complication. This case shows that there is also a need for medical solutions in patients who seek advise for cosmetic reasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Iqbal Zea
- Department of Surgery, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh, U P, 202002, India
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A girl of Klippel-Trenaunay Weber syndrome coexistence of recurrent bloody vaginal discharge. Int Urol Nephrol 2009; 42:575-8. [PMID: 19768566 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-009-9640-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2009] [Accepted: 08/20/2009] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Gkougkousis EG, Khan M, Terry TR, Mellon JK. Urethral venous malformation: an unusual cause of recurrent post-coital gross haematuria in association with haematospermia. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2009; 91:532-4. [PMID: 19558768 DOI: 10.1308/003588409x432130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Three cases of recurrent post-coital haematuria are described. Extensive protracted investigations pinpointed urethral varicosities as the likely cause. All patients were successfully treated with diathermy fulguration.
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Affiliation(s)
- E G Gkougkousis
- Department of Urology, Clinical Sciences Unit, Leicester General Hospital, Gwendolen Road, Leicester LE5 4PW, UK.
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Latessa V, Frasier K. Case study: A minimally invasive approach to the treatment of Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome. JOURNAL OF VASCULAR NURSING 2007; 25:76-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvn.2007.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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