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Ullrich T, Jäger AK, Große R, Brunnberg L, Lahrmann KH. Präpubische Urethrostomie bei einem Wiesenauer Minischwein mit Urolithiasis. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2022; 50:200-206. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1855-9951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
ZusammenfassungEin 10-jähriges kastriertes, männliches Minischwein wurde aufgrund eines Tenesmus vesicae mit Anurie vorgestellt. Begleitsymptom war eine Tachypnoe. Röntgenologisch waren zahlreiche Harnsteine in Blase und Urethra nachweisbar. Über die Harnröhre konnte nicht katheterisiert werden, sodass eine Notfallzystostomie mit Einlegen eines Ballonkatheters durchgeführt wurde. Trotz Blasenspülung gelang es nicht die Harnröhrensteine so auszuspülen. Deswegen wurde ein präpubisches Urethrostoma angelegt. Das Tier erholte sich vollständig und setzt seither problemlos Urin über die urethrale Fistel ab. Prophylaktische Maßnahmen der Urolithiasis beinhalten unter anderem eine ausreichende Wasseraufnahme, eine ausgewogene Fütterung und balancierte Futterzusammensetzung sowie die Gewährleistung eines physiologischen Urin-pH-Werts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Ullrich
- Klinik für Klauentiere, Fachbereich Veterinärmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin
| | - Alexandra K. Jäger
- Klinik für Klauentiere, Fachbereich Veterinärmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin
| | - Reinhard Große
- Klinik für Klauentiere, Fachbereich Veterinärmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin
| | - Leo Brunnberg
- Klinik für Kleine Haustiere, Fachbereich Veterinärmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin
| | - Karl Heinz Lahrmann
- Klinik für Klauentiere, Fachbereich Veterinärmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin
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2
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Rooney TA, Eshar D, Wong AD, Gardhouse S, Beaufrère H. The association between bloodwork, signalment, and urolithiasis in guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus). J Exot Pet Med 2021. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2021.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Abstract
The prevalence of urolithiasis in humans is increasing worldwide; however, non-surgical treatment and prevention options remain limited despite decades of investigation. Most existing laboratory animal models for urolithiasis rely on highly artificial methods of stone induction and, as a result, might not be fully applicable to the study of natural stone initiation and growth. Animal models that naturally and spontaneously form uroliths are an underused resource in the study of human stone disease and offer many potential opportunities for improving insight into stone pathogenesis. These models include domestic dogs and cats, as well as a variety of other captive and wild species, such as otters, dolphins and ferrets, that form calcium oxalate, struvite, uric acid, cystine and other stone types. Improved collaboration between urologists, basic scientists and veterinarians is warranted to further our understanding of how stones form and to consider possible new preventive and therapeutic treatment options.
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Chen SJ, Chiu KY, Chen HY, Lin WY, Chen YH, Chen WC. Animal Models for Studying Stone Disease. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:diagnostics10070490. [PMID: 32708380 PMCID: PMC7400259 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10070490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals have stone disease too. There are several animal models for the research of human stone disease. Rodents are the most frequently used for stone research, although they are not prone to forming crystals in the kidneys. Ethylene glycol (EG), sodium oxalate and l-hydroxyproline are common lithogenic agents. Dogs and pigs were also reported as a study animal for stone disease. However, the breeding costs and body size are too high. The most-used genetic study animal for stone disease was the mouse, but it was high-cost. Calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals can also be light microscopically observed in the Malphigian tubules of Drosophila melanogaster, induced by adding EG to the food. Genetic studies of flies can be done by cross-breeding, and this has a lower cost than using mice. The fly model also has several advantages, including minimal breeding equipment, the fact that it is easier to reach larger numbers in a short time with flies, that crystals can be observed under microscopy, and that they allow genetic study. We suggest the fly will be an ideal animal model for stone research in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szu-Ju Chen
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407204, Taiwan; (S.-J.C.); (K.-Y.C.)
| | - Kun-Yuan Chiu
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407204, Taiwan; (S.-J.C.); (K.-Y.C.)
| | - Huey-Yi Chen
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Research, and Urology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404332, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404333, Taiwan;
| | - Wei-Yong Lin
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404333, Taiwan;
| | - Yung-Hsiang Chen
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Research, and Urology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404332, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404333, Taiwan;
- Department of Psychology, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung 413305, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (Y.-H.C.); (W.-C.C.)
| | - Wen-Chi Chen
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Research, and Urology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404332, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404333, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: (Y.-H.C.); (W.-C.C.)
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Béland K, Wong E, St-Cyr JF, Lair S. High occurrence rate of xanthomatosis and nephrocalcinosis in aquarium-housed Atlantic wolffish Anarhichas lupus and spotted wolffish A. minor. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2020; 139:223-232. [PMID: 32495748 DOI: 10.3354/dao03477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The Atlantic wolffish (AW) and the spotted wolffish (SW) are long-lived fish found in the North Atlantic and Arctic oceans and are respectively classified as special concern and threatened species, mainly due to fisheries bycatch. To better understand health issues associated with the care of these species in public aquaria, reports from all necropsies performed in 2 zoological institutions between 2009 and 2019 were reviewed (31 AW and 8 SW). These wolffish were fed with a similar fish-based diet and kept in multi-species exhibits with comparable environmental parameters. The most frequent necropsy findings were the presence of xanthomas (AW: 41.9%; SW: 75.0%), nephrocalcinosis (AW: 42.9%; SW: 75.0%) and urocystoliths (AW: 6.5%; SW: 62.5%). Xanthomas were mostly located at the base of pectoral fins and were characterized by extensive granulomatous inflammation centered on accumulations of partly mineralized degenerate fatty material, mainly composed of cholesterol crystals. Nephrocalcinosis was characterized by the deposition of calcium salts within the renal tubules and was commonly associated with tubular necrosis. The aquarium-housed wolffish were fed a coldwater fish-based diet. However, the natural diet of wolffish is composed mostly of invertebrates such as urchins and crustaceans. Differences in nutrient composition between these diets, such as lipid and mineral content, may have contributed to the development of xanthomatosis, nephrocalcinosis and urocystolithiasis in wolffish housed in these institutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Béland
- Centre québécois sur la santé des animaux sauvages/Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St. Hyacinthe, Quebec J2S 8H5, Canada
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Abstract
Crystalluria can involve the kidney and lower urinary tract, can produce acute and chronic effects, and occurs in all mammalian species. Most commonly urinary crystals contain calcium. Numerous other endogenous and exogenous substances can produce crystalluria. Crystals are identified in kidneys of many species, up to 100% in certain rat strains. More severe renal disease (acute tubular necrosis and chronic renal disease) can be secondary to crystal accumulation, such as observed with melamine-cyanuric acid in cats and dogs. Aggregation of crystals leads to calculi that act as urothelial abrasives with consequent regenerative proliferation. Accumulation in the kidney pelvis or bladder can lead to partial or complete obstruction and hydronephrosis. Long-term presence of urinary tract calculi in rodents leads to increased risk of urothelial tumors, but not in humans. Crystals in the lower urinary tract can act as irritants in rodents, but not in humans. It is critical that specific procedures are followed to optimize the presence of crystals in urine for diagnosis, including not fasting the animals. Numerous factors have been identified which can enhance or inhibit crystal formation. Extrapolation from animals for the threshold toxicity of crystals/calculi is appropriate but is not relevant for cancer risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel M Cohen
- 1 Havlik-Wall Professor of Oncology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
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7
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Risk factors associated with feline urolithiasis. Vet Res Commun 2018; 42:87-94. [PMID: 29340849 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-018-9710-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Urinary tract diseases are among the main reasons for consultation in veterinary clinics and hospitals. It affects animals of any age, breed and gender. Among the diseases that affect this system, urolithiasis is the second largest cause of clinical signs compatible with feline urinary tract disease. The term urolithiasis refers to the presence of uroliths in any region of the urinary tract, but it is more commonly seen in the bladder and urethra. Uroliths are classified based on the type of mineral present in their composition, therefore, quantitative and qualitative analyzes are important for a better therapeutic approach. The animals may suffer from the disease and be asymptomatic, or show nonspecific clinical signs, making the diagnosis difficult. The disease should not be seen as a single problem, but as a consequence of various disorders. As dietary, metabolic, genetic and infectious causes, as well as factors that potentiate the chance of development of uroliths such as breed, age, sex, age range, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, geographic region and climate. Thus, the knowledge of the factors that influence the formation of uroliths, as well as the understanding of the pathophysiology, are key elements for better alternatives of therapy and prevention. The recognition of these factors helps to identify susceptible populations, minimizing exposure and increasing the protection factors, which facilitates the diagnosis and treatment of patients with urolithiasis. The objective of this paper is to present the main risk factors involved in the formation of urinary lithiasis in felines.
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8
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AlLugami A, von Pückler K, Wehrend A, Sickinger M. Sonography of the distal urethra in lambs. Acta Vet Scand 2017; 59:16. [PMID: 28292311 PMCID: PMC5351066 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-017-0283-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Sonography is a convenient, non-invasive diagnostic modality in small ruminants, often used in reproductive management, internal medicine, and surgery. Pregnancy diagnostics and imaging anatomy and pathology of organs, such as neoplasia, are major applications. Urolithiasis is one of the most common causes of death in male sheep and goats, for which sonography is the diagnostic modality of choice. Although ultrasound-imaging techniques for kidneys, ureters, and urinary bladder in small ruminants have been described previously, this study focuses on reporting the imaging technique of the extra-pelvic portion of the urethra, as nearly all the cases of obstructive urolithiasis result from urinary stones in this part. Thirty-three Lacaune-crossbred lambs were examined using a 12 MHz linear probe in laterally recumbent animals. Using this technique, the urethral lumen could be visualised through its entire course in all lambs.
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Bost PC, Strynar MJ, Reiner JL, Zweigenbaum JA, Secoura PL, Lindstrom AB, Dye JA. U.S. domestic cats as sentinels for perfluoroalkyl substances: Possible linkages with housing, obesity, and disease. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 151:145-153. [PMID: 27479711 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), such as perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), are persistent, globally distributed, anthropogenic compounds. The primary source(s) for human exposure are not well understood although within home exposure is likely important since many consumer products have been treated with different PFAS, and people spend much of their lives indoors. Herein, domestic cats were used as sentinels to investigate potential exposure and health linkages. PFAS in serum samples of 72 pet and feral cats, including 11 healthy and 61 with one or more primary disease diagnoses, were quantitated using high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectroscopy. All but one sample had detectable PFAS, with PFOS and perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) ranging from <LOQ to 121 and <LOQ to 235ng/mL, respectively. PFAS prevalence and geometric means in cats were very similar to contemporary NHANES reports of human sera in the U. S. POPULATION The highest PFAS serum concentrations detected were in indoor cats due to disproportionately elevated PFHxS levels. Ranked by quartile, contingency testing indicated that total PFAS levels were positively associated with living indoors and with higher body weight and body condition scores. Individual PFAS quartile rankings suggested positive associations with respiratory effusion, thyroid, liver, and possibly chronic kidney disease. Domestic cats appear to be useful sentinels for assessing primary PFAS exposure routes, especially indoor sources of relevance to children. Additional case-control studies in pet cats are warranted to better define the potential health associations observed herein. A "One Health" approach assessing humans, pets, and their common environment may improve our understanding of chronic low-level, largely indoor, PFAS exposure and effects in humans and animals alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip C Bost
- Student Contractor to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, United States
| | - Mark J Strynar
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Exposure Methods and Measurement Division, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, United States
| | - Jessica L Reiner
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Hollings Marine Laboratory, Charleston, SC 29412, United States
| | | | - Patricia L Secoura
- North Carolina State University, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Raleigh, NC 27606, United States
| | - Andrew B Lindstrom
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Exposure Methods and Measurement Division, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, United States
| | - Janice A Dye
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Environmental Public Health Division, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, United States.
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Chigerwe M, Heller MC, Balcomb CC, Angelos JA. Use of a percutaneous transabdominal catheter for management of obstructive urolithiasis in goats, sheep, and potbellied pigs: 69 cases (2000-2014). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2016; 248:1287-90. [PMID: 27172346 DOI: 10.2460/javma.248.11.1287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the use of a percutaneous transabdominal catheter (PTC) for urinary bladder drainage in goats, sheep, and potbellied pigs with obstructive urolithiasis. DESIGN Retrospective case series. ANIMALS 43 goats, 10 sheep, and 16 potbellied pigs (all males) with obstructive urolithiasis evaluated at the University of California-Davis Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital. PROCEDURES Medical records of goats, sheep, and potbellied pigs examined because of obstructive urolithiasis from January 2000 through December 2014 were reviewed. Records of animals for which a standard PTC had been placed into the urinary bladder as part of disease management were selected. Data were collected regarding signalment, complications associated with PTC placement, and duration of PTC placement prior to removal. RESULTS 42 of 43 goats, 5 of 10 sheep, and all potbellied pigs were castrated. Median (range) duration of PTC placement was 2 (1 to 4) days for goats, 1 (1 to 4) day for sheep, and 1 (1 to 3) day for potbellied pigs. Complications associated with PTC placement included blockage of the catheter by urine sediment, perforation of the cecum, and migration of the catheter out of the urinary bladder. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Placement of a PTC into the urinary bladder allowed for effective stabilization of goats, sheep, and potbellied pigs with obstructive urolithiasis while acid-base and electrolyte imbalances were corrected. Use of a PTC should be considered for urinary bladder drainage during medical management or prior to surgical management of obstructive urolithiasis for these species.
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11
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Oakley MP, Jung TS, Kukka PM, Robitaille JF. Prevalence of renal calculi in wolverine (Gulo gulo) from northwestern Canada. Mamm Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mambio.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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12
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Minarikova A, Hauptman K, Jeklova E, Knotek Z, Jekl V. Diseases in pet guinea pigs: a retrospective study in 1000 animals. Vet Rec 2015. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.103053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Minarikova
- Avian and Exotic Animal Clinic; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno; Palackého 1-3 Brno 61242 Czech Republic
| | - K. Hauptman
- Avian and Exotic Animal Clinic; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno; Palackého 1-3 Brno 61242 Czech Republic
| | - E. Jeklova
- The Department of Immunology; Veterinary Research Institute, v.v.i.; Hudcova 296/70 Brno 62100 Czech Republic
| | - Z. Knotek
- Avian and Exotic Animal Clinic; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno; Palackého 1-3 Brno 61242 Czech Republic
| | - V. Jekl
- Avian and Exotic Animal Clinic; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno; Palackého 1-3 Brno 61242 Czech Republic
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CYSTIC UROLITHIASIS IN CAPTIVE WAXY MONKEY FROGS (PHYLLOMEDUSA SAUVAGII). J Zoo Wildl Med 2015; 46:105-12. [DOI: 10.1638/2014-0086r1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Arrighi S. The urothelium: anatomy, review of the literature, perspectives for veterinary medicine. Ann Anat 2014; 198:73-82. [PMID: 25533627 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Over time, much knowledge has been accumulated about the active role of the urothelium, principally in rodents and human. Far from being a mere passive barrier, this specialized epithelium can alter the ion and protein composition of the urine, is able to sense and respond to mechanical stimuli such as pressure, and react to mechanical stimuli by epithelial cell communication with the nervous system. Most of the specialized functions of the urothelium are linked to a number of morpho-physiologic properties exhibited by the superficial umbrella cells, including specialized membrane lipids, asymmetric unit membrane particles and a plasmalemma with stiff plaques which function as a barrier to most substances found in urine, thus protecting the underlying tissues. Moreover, the entire mucosa lining the low urinary tract, composed of urothelium and sub-urothelium, forms a functional transduction unit, able to respond to eso- and endogenous physical and chemical stimuli in a manner assuring an adequate functional response. This review will summarize the available information on each area of inquiry from a morpho-functional point of view. Possible considerations pertaining to species of veterinary interest are reviewed as well. The review was prepared consulting the electronic databases PubMed and Cab Abstracts and retrieving all pertinent reports and the relative reference lists, in order to identify any potential additional studies that could be included. Full-length research articles and thematic reviews were considered. Information on the urothelium of some domestic animal species was also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Arrighi
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Laboratory of Anatomy and Confocal Microscopy, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.
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Nephrectomy in an Asian small-clawed otter (Amblonyx cinereus) with pyelonephritis and hydronephrosis secondary to ureteral obstruction. J Zoo Wildl Med 2014; 45:690-5. [PMID: 25314845 DOI: 10.1638/2013-0237r2.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A 10-yr-old, captive, intact male Asian small-clawed otter (Amblonyx cinereus) with a history of bilateral nephrolithiasis was presented for acute-onset lethargy and inappetance of 5 days duration. On physical examination, the otter was about 8% dehydrated and a palpable fluid wave was present in the abdomen. An abdominal ultrasound revealed hydronephrosis of the left kidney and a hyperechoic structure present within the lumen of the left ureter, causing an obstruction. A urinalysis revealed struvite crystalluria, bacteriuria, and an elevated pH. Following 4 days of antibiotic therapy, a left ureteronephrectomy was performed. Upon opening the kidney to retrieve calculi, a large amount of purulent material was noted within the renal pelvis. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first documented case of a nephrectomy in an Asian small-clawed otter. Nephrectomy should be considered as a viable option for treatment of ureteral obstruction, hydronephrosis, or severe pyelonephritis.
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Pimenta MM, Reche-Júnior A, Freitas MF, Kogika MM, Hagiwara MK. Estudo da ocorrência de litíase renal e ureteral em gatos com doença renal crônica. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2014. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2014000600009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Investigou-se a ocorrência de nefrolitíase e/ou ureterolitíase em 72 gatos portadores de doença renal crônica (DRC), classificados predominantemente no estágio II, segundo os critérios designados pela IRIS - International Renal Interest Society. Destes pacientes, 47 (65,27%) apresentaram litíase renal e ou ureteral. Não houve diferença estatística entre o grupo de estudo (DRC com cálculo) e o grupo controle (DRC sem cálculo) em relação à idade (p=0,274). Apesar disso, os pacientes portadores de nefrolitíase e/ou ureterolitíase apresentaram maiores indícios de lesão renal, caracterizados por diferenças estatisticamente relevantes da densidade urinária (p=0,013) e pelo menor tamanho dos rins direito (p=0,009) e esquerdo (p=0,048). Encontrou-se similaridade entre os grupos em relação a outros parâmetros, tais como as concentrações plasmáticas de cálcio total, cálcio ionizado, fósforo, sódio, potássio e paratormônio intacto (PTHi). Os valores das concentrações séricas de ureia e bicarbonato diferiram entre os grupos, com valores de p=0,039 e p=0,037, respectivamente. Além disso, foi mensurada a pressão arterial, que se manteve inalterada na comparação entre o grupo de estudo e o grupo controle. Os resultados obtidos reforçam a necessidade de acompanhamento ultrassonográfico de todos os pacientes portadores de DRC, mesmo daqueles assintomáticos ou em estágios iniciais da doença.
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17
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Moran ME. Evolution of Stone Disease. Urolithiasis 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-8196-6_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Rogers KD, Jones B, Roberts L, Rich M, Montalto N, Beckett S. Composition of uroliths in small domestic animals in the United Kingdom. Vet J 2011; 188:228-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2009] [Revised: 04/16/2010] [Accepted: 04/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Ethylene glycol induces calcium oxalate crystal deposition in Malpighian tubules: a Drosophila model for nephrolithiasis/urolithiasis. Kidney Int 2011; 80:369-77. [PMID: 21451462 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2011.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Several animal species are used to study calcium oxalate urolithiasis; however, an ideal model has yet to be identified. We used Drosophila as a model organism and fed the flies lithogenic agents such as ethylene glycol, hydroxyl-L-proline, and sodium oxalate. At different times, the Malpighian tubules, the kidney equivalent of insects, were dissected and a polarized light microscope used to highlight the birefringent crystals. Scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy confirmed that the crystal composition was predominately calcium oxalate. Furthermore, administration of potassium citrate successfully reduced the quantity of and modulated the integrity of the ethylene glycol-induced crystals. Thus, the Drosophila model of bio-mineralization produces crystals in the urinary system through many lithogenic agents, permits observation of crystal formation, and is amenable to genetic manipulation. This model may mimic the etiology and clinical manifestations of calcium oxalate stone formation and aid in identification of the genetic basis of this disease.
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Smets P, Meyer E, Maddens B, Daminet S. Cushing's syndrome, glucocorticoids and the kidney. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2010; 169:1-10. [PMID: 20655918 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2010.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2010] [Accepted: 07/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) affect renal development and function in fetal and mature kidneys both indirectly, by influencing the cardiovascular system, and directly, by their effects on glomerular and tubular function. Excess GCs due to endogenous GC overproduction in Cushing's syndrome or exogenous GC administration plays a pivotal role in hypertension and causes increased cardiac output, total peripheral resistance and renal blood flow. Glucocorticoids increase renal vascular resistance (RVR) in some species and experimental settings and decrease RVR in others. Short term administration of adrenocorticotrophic hormone or GCs causes an increased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in humans, rats, sheep and dogs. Interestingly, chronic exposure may cause a decreased GFR in combination with a higher cardiovascular risk in human patients with Cushing's syndrome. Glomerular dysfunction leads to proteinuria and albuminuria in canine and human Cushing's patients, and some cases also show histological evidence of glomerulosclerosis. Tubular dysfunction is reflected by an impaired urinary concentrating ability and disturbed electrolyte handling, which can potentially result in increased sodium reabsorption, hypercalciuria and urolithiasis. Conversely, chronic kidney disease can also alter GC metabolism. More research needs to be performed to further evaluate the renal consequences of Cushing's syndrome because of its implications for therapeutic aspects as well as the general well-being of the patient. Because there is a high incidence of Cushing's syndrome in canines, which is similar to the syndrome in humans, dogs are an interesting animal model to investigate the link between hypercortisolism and renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Smets
- Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Verwilghen D, Ponthier J, Van Galen G, Salciccia A, Sandersen C, Serteyn D, Grulke S. The use of radial extracorporeal shockwave therapy in the treatment of urethral urolithiasis in the horse: a preliminary study. J Vet Intern Med 2008; 22:1449-51. [PMID: 19000255 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2008.0197.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radial extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) is widely used in equine practice for the treatment of orthopedic problems. However, its original use as a lithotripsy device in human and canine urology led us to postulate that it could be used as an alternative to the surgical treatment of urethral calculi in horses. HYPOTHESIS Radial ESWT can easily and safely fragment calculi in the distal urethra of the horse. ANIMALS Two postmortem cases and 1 live case of obstructive urinary disease admitted at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of Liege. METHODS A radial shockwave device was directly applied to the urethra in an attempt to fragment calculi. An ex vivo trial was performed on the same retrieved calculi to investigate pressure settings in order to obtain complete fragmentation of the calculus. RESULTS In all cases, radial ESWT was able to fragment the calculus partially, enabling retrieval of the remaining fragments via the urethra. Much higher pressure settings than those used for in vivo partial fragmentation were necessary to obtain complete destruction of the calculi ex vivo. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE This brief report suggests the use of radial ESWT as a safe and useful alternative to more invasive surgical management of urethral calculi in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Verwilghen
- Equine Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Liège, Liege 4000, Belgium.
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