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Stribbling SM, Beach C, Ryan AJ. Orthotopic and metastatic tumour models in preclinical cancer research. Pharmacol Ther 2024; 257:108631. [PMID: 38467308 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Mouse models of disease play a pivotal role at all stages of cancer drug development. Cell-line derived subcutaneous tumour models are predominant in early drug discovery, but there is growing recognition of the importance of the more complex orthotopic and metastatic tumour models for understanding both target biology in the correct tissue context, and the impact of the tumour microenvironment and the immune system in responses to treatment. The aim of this review is to highlight the value that orthotopic and metastatic models bring to the study of tumour biology and drug development while pointing out those models that are most likely to be encountered in the literature. Important developments in orthotopic models, such as the increasing use of early passage patient material (PDXs, organoids) and humanised mouse models are discussed, as these approaches have the potential to increase the predictive value of preclinical studies, and ultimately improve the success rate of anticancer drugs in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Stribbling
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Callum Beach
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, ORCRB, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Anderson J Ryan
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, ORCRB, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; Fast Biopharma, Aston Rowant, Oxfordshire, OX49 5SW, UK.
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Erman A, Kamenšek U, Peskar D, Veranič P. Establishment of Mouse Orthotopic Urinary Bladder Tumor Model and Its Analysis by Light and Electron Microscopy. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2773:33-49. [PMID: 38236534 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3714-2_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Mouse tumor models are an important tool in cancer research, and the orthotopic cancer cell transplantation model is the most widely used among them. Methods for establishing tumor models may differ in many ways, including the selection of cancer cell lines and the type of urinary bladder pretreatment. Here, we describe our mouse orthotopic bladder tumor model using a labeled MB49 urothelial cancer cell line and chemical pretreatment with the cationic polypeptide poly-L-lysine to traumatize the bladder epithelium. Double labeling of MB49 cancer cells by their transduction with GFP and internalization of metal nanoparticles allows the study of their implantation process from the first hours to several days after intravesical injection, as well as the analysis of developed tumors after 3 weeks. Thus, our model provides a comprehensive analysis of the early and late stages of tumor development in the bladder at the light and electron microscopic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreja Erman
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Cell Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Urška Kamenšek
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Dominika Peskar
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Cell Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Peter Veranič
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Cell Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Banerjee A, Lee D, Jiang C, Wang R, Kutulakos ZB, Lee S, Gao J, Joshi N. Progress and challenges in intravesical drug delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2024; 21:111-129. [PMID: 38235592 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2024.2307481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Intravesical drug delivery (IDD) has gained recognition as a viable approach for treating bladder-related diseases over the years. However, it comes with its set of challenges, including voiding difficulties and limitations in mucosal and epithelial penetration. These challenges lead to drug dilution and clearance, resulting in poor efficacy. Various strategies for drug delivery have been devised to overcome these issues, all aimed at optimizing drug delivery. Nevertheless, there has been minimal translation to clinical settings. AREAS COVERED This review provides a detailed description of IDD, including its history, advantages, and challenges. It also explores the physical barriers encountered in IDD, such as voiding, mucosal penetration, and epithelial penetration, and discusses current strategies for overcoming these challenges. Additionally, it offers a comprehensive roadmap for advancing IDD into clinical trials. EXPERT OPINION Physical bladder barriers and limitations of conventional treatments result in unsatisfactory efficacy against bladder diseases. Nevertheless, substantial recent efforts in this field have led to significant progress in overcoming these challenges and have raised important attributes for an optimal IDD system. However, there is still a lack of well-defined steps in the workflow to optimize the IDD system for clinical settings, and further research is required to establish more comprehensive in vitro and in vivo models to expedite clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpita Banerjee
- Center for Accelerated Medical Innovation, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Nanomedicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai, India
| | - Dongtak Lee
- Center for Accelerated Medical Innovation, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Nanomedicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christopher Jiang
- Center for Accelerated Medical Innovation, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Nanomedicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rong Wang
- Center for Accelerated Medical Innovation, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Nanomedicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zoe Bogusia Kutulakos
- Center for Accelerated Medical Innovation, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Nanomedicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sohyung Lee
- Center for Accelerated Medical Innovation, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Nanomedicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jingjing Gao
- Center for Accelerated Medical Innovation, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Nanomedicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Bioactive Delivery, Institute for Applied Life Sciences, Material Science Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Nitin Joshi
- Center for Accelerated Medical Innovation, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Nanomedicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Bitaraf M, Muhammadnejad S, Azimzadeh A, Tanourlouee SB, Amini E, Zolbin MM, Kajbafzadeh A. Evaluation of direct intramural injection to the bladder wall as a method for developing orthotopic tumor models. Animal Model Exp Med 2022; 5:575-581. [PMID: 36451547 PMCID: PMC9773300 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bladder cancer poses a great burden on society and its high rate of recurrence and treatment failure necessitates use of appropriate animal models to study its pathogenesis and test novel treatments. Orthotopic models are superior to other types since they provide a normal microenvironment. Four methods are described for developing bladder cancer models inside the animal's bladder. Direct intramural injection is one of these methods and is widely used. However, its efficacy in model development has not yet been studied. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy and success rate of the direct intramural injection method of developing an orthotopic model for the study of bladder cancer. METHOD Tumor cell lines were prepared in four microtubes. Aliquots of 200 × 103 cells were injected through a 27 gauge needle into the ventral wall of the bladders of 4 male and 4 female BALB/c mice following a midline 1 cm laparotomy incision. In addition, 1 million cells from each microtube were injected into the flanks of control mice. To prevent infection and alleviate pain, 5 mg/kg enrofloxacin and 2.5 mg/kg flunixin meglumine, respectively, were injected subcutaneously. RESULTS Tumors formed in all mice, resulting in 100% take rate and zero post-operation mortality. Surgery time was ≤15 min per mouse. In two mice, tumors were found in the peritoneal space as well. CONCLUSION Direct intramural injection is a rapid, reliable, and reproducible method for developing orthotopic models of bladder cancer. It can be done on both male and female mice and only requires readily available surgical tools. However, needle track can result in cell spillage and peritoneal tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Bitaraf
- Pediatric Urology and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Gene, Cell and Tissue Research InstituteTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Samad Muhammadnejad
- Gene Therapy Research CenterDigestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Ashkan Azimzadeh
- Pediatric Urology and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Gene, Cell and Tissue Research InstituteTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Saman Behboodi Tanourlouee
- Pediatric Urology and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Gene, Cell and Tissue Research InstituteTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Erfan Amini
- Uro‐oncology Research CenterTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Masoumeh Majidi Zolbin
- Pediatric Urology and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Gene, Cell and Tissue Research InstituteTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Abdol‐Mohammad Kajbafzadeh
- Pediatric Urology and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Gene, Cell and Tissue Research InstituteTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
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Cai J, Xie Z, Yan Y, Huang Z, Tang P, Cao X, Wang Z, Yang C, Tan M, Zhang F, Shen B. Establishment of an optimized orthotopic bladder cancer model in mice. BMC Urol 2022; 22:142. [PMID: 36057655 PMCID: PMC9441054 DOI: 10.1186/s12894-022-01093-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bladder cancer (BC) is one of the most common malignancies of the genitourinary system. Animal models offer an important tool to explore tumour initiation, progression, and therapeutic mechanisms. Our aim is to construct an optimized orthotopic BC model which is predictable, reproducible, and convenient. METHODS The optimized orthotopic BC model was constructed in male C57BL/6 mice utilizing microsyringes to inoculate them with a murine BC cell line (MB49). Anesthetised mice were inoculated with an MB49 cell suspension (10 µL) at approximately 5 × 106/mL. The whole process of modelling was observed and monitored every 3 days for 21 days utilizing HE staining and transabdominal ultrasonography (TUS). RESULTS In this study, the model showed excellent success rates for tumour formation (96.67%) and metastatic rate (89.66%). Compared to the control group (sham operation), mice in the modelling group had serous cachexia, visible haematuresis and weight loss (all P < 0.05). The lungs, liver, ureter and kidneys were found to have tumour metastasis. Moreover, the average survival time (19.73 ± 1.69 d) of modelling mice was significantly shorter than that of the control mice (P < 0.05), which remained alive. CONCLUSION Our study established a method using microsyringes to inject murine BC cells into the bladder wall, creating a stable transplantable BC model in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinming Cai
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No. 85 Wujin Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Zhiwen Xie
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No. 85 Wujin Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Yilin Yan
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No. 85 Wujin Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Zhengnan Huang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No. 85 Wujin Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Pengfei Tang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Xiangqian Cao
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No. 85 Wujin Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Zeyi Wang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Chenkai Yang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No. 85 Wujin Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Mingyue Tan
- Department of Urology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200021, China.
| | - Fang Zhang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No. 85 Wujin Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai, 200080, China.
| | - Bing Shen
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No. 85 Wujin Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai, 200080, China.
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Tsuji S, Reil K, Nelson K, Proclivo VH, McGuire KL, Giacalone MJ. Intravesical VAX014 Synergizes with PD-L1 Blockade to Enhance Local and Systemic Control of Bladder Cancer. Cancer Immunol Res 2022; 10:978-995. [PMID: 35679299 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-21-0879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Emerging clinical evidence indicates that the combination of local administration of immunotherapy with systemic immune checkpoint blockade targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway improves response rates in select solid tumor indications; however, limited clinical experience with this approach exists in advanced bladder cancer patients. VAX014 is a novel bacterial minicell-based, integrin-targeted oncolytic agent undergoing clinical investigation for intravesical (IVE) treatment of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. Here, we demonstrated that the antitumor activity of VAX014 following IVE administration was dependent upon CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in two syngeneic orthotopic bladder tumor models (MB49 and MBT-2). PD-L1 upregulation was found to be an acquired immune-resistance mechanism in the MB49 model, and the combination of VAX014 with systemic PD-L1 blockade resulted in a significant improvement in bladder tumor clearance rates and development of protective antitumor immunologic memory. Combination treatment also led to enhanced systemic antitumor immune responses capable of clearing distal intradermal tumors and controlling pulmonary metastasis. Distal tumors actively responding to combination therapy demonstrated a phenotypic shift from Treg to Th1 in intratumoral CD4+ T cells, which was accompanied by a higher percentage of activated CD8+ T cells and higher IFNγ. Finally, VAX014's target integrins α3β1 and α5β1 were overexpressed in tumor biopsies from advanced stage bladder cancer patients, as well as in both the MB49 and MBT-2 orthotopic mouse models of bladder cancer. These collective findings provide rationale for clinical investigation of VAX014 and systemic PD-1/PD-L1 blockade in advanced stage bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Tsuji
- Vaxiion Therapeutics (United States), San Diego, United States
| | - Katherine Reil
- Vaxiion Therapeutics and San Diego State University, San Diego, United States
| | - Kinsey Nelson
- Vaxiion Therapeutics and San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States
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Zhu S, Zhu Z, Ma AH, Sonpavde GP, Cheng F, Pan CX. Preclinical Models for Bladder Cancer Research. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2021; 35:613-632. [PMID: 33958154 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2021.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
At diagnosis, more than 70% of bladder cancers (BCs) are at the non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) stages, which are usually treated with transurethral resection followed by intravesical instillation. For the remaining advanced cancers, systemic therapy is the standard of care, with addition of radical cystectomy in cases of locally advanced cancer. Because of the difference in treatment modalities, different models are needed to advance the care of NMIBC and advanced BC. This article gives a comprehensive review of both in vitro and in vivo BC models and compares the advantages and drawbacks of these preclinical systems in BC research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoming Zhu
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 99 Zhangzhidong Road, Wuchang District, Hubei Province, 430060, China; Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, USA
| | - Zheng Zhu
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ai-Hong Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, 2700 Stockton BLVD, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Guru P Sonpavde
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard University, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Fan Cheng
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 99 Zhangzhidong Road, Wuchang District, Hubei Province, 430060, China.
| | - Chong-Xian Pan
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA; VA Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA, USA.
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Poly-L-lysine as an Effective and Safe Desquamation Inducer of Urinary Bladder Epithelium. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11091506. [PMID: 31527451 PMCID: PMC6780635 DOI: 10.3390/polym11091506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced desquamation of urinary bladder epithelial cells, also called urothelial cells, is frequently used in studies of bladder epithelial regeneration and also in treating recurrent bacterial cystitis. Positively charged polymer chitosan is known to cause large-scale desquamation of terminally differentiated urothelial cells called umbrella cells. Aiming to compare the desquamation ability of another polycation poly-L-lysine, we studied the effect of this polymer on the functional and structural integrity of the urothelium in ex vivo and in vivo experiments. The urothelium was analyzed by measuring transepithelial electrical resistance, and the structural changes of its luminal surface were analyzed with scanning electron microscopy. The results revealed a selective and concentration-dependent desquamation effect of poly-L-lysine on superficial urothelial cells followed by quick regeneration of the urothelium, which functionally and structurally recovers in 2 to 3 h after poly-L-lysine–induced injury. Poly-L-lysine was thus proven to be a promising polymer to be used when desquamation of urothelial cells is required in basic and potentially clinical studies.
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Erman A, Kapun G, Novak S, Pavlin M, Dražić G, Drobne D, Veranič P. How cancer cells attach to urinary bladder epithelium in vivo: study of the early stages of tumorigenesis in an orthotopic mouse bladder tumor model. Histochem Cell Biol 2018; 151:263-273. [PMID: 30280243 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-018-1738-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The majority of bladder cancers in humans are non-muscle-invasive cancers that recur frequently after standard treatment procedures. Mouse models are widely used to develop anti-tumor treatments. The purpose of our work was to establish an orthotopic mouse bladder tumor model and to explore early stages of implantation of cancerous MB49 cells in vivo using various labeling and microscopic techniques. To distinguish cancer cells from normal urothelial cells in mouse urinary bladders, we performed molecular characterization of MB49 cells before intravesical injection experiments. In this new approach we applied internalized metal nanoparticles to unequivocally discriminate cancer cells from normal cells. This method revealed that cancer cells attached to the urothelium or basal lamina within just 1 hour of intravesical injection, whereas small tumors and localized hyperplastic urothelial regions developed within two days. We found that cancer cells initially adhere to normal urothelial cells through filopodia and by focal contacts with basal lamina. This is the first in vivo characterization of intercellular contacts between cancerous and normal urothelial cells in the bladder. Our study yields new data about poorly known early events of tumorigenesis in vivo, which could be helpful for the translation into clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreja Erman
- Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Gregor Kapun
- National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sara Novak
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mojca Pavlin
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Goran Dražić
- National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Damjana Drobne
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Peter Veranič
- Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Ringuette-Goulet C, Bolduc S, Pouliot F. Modeling human bladder cancer. World J Urol 2018; 36:1759-1766. [PMID: 29948049 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-018-2369-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bladder cancer is a major public health concern and the treatment options available are unable to significantly prevent disease recurrence and progression. The need for experimental tumor models to efficiently reproduce the pathology of human cancers has prompted researchers to attempt various approaches. METHODS A PubMed search combining the MeSH bladder cancer and models was executed in March 2017. RESULTS We review the advantages and limitations of currently available in vitro 2D and 3D bladder cancer models as well as in vivo rodent models. To date, despite the description of a variety of animal models (including transplantable, carcinogen-induced and genetically engineered models), the establishment of reliable, simple, practicable and reproducible animal models remains an ongoing challenge. Recently, sophisticated 3D culture systems have been designed to better recapitulate the phenotypic and cellular heterogeneity as well as microenvironmental aspects of in vivo tumor growth, while being more flexible to conduct repeated experiments. CONCLUSION Selecting the most appropriate model for a specific application will maximize the conversion of potential therapies from the laboratory to clinical practice and requires an understanding of the various models available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Ringuette-Goulet
- Centre de recherche en organogénèse expérimentale/LOEX, Regenerative Medicine Division, CHU de Québec Research Center, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Oncology Division, CHU de Québec Research Center, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Stéphane Bolduc
- Centre de recherche en organogénèse expérimentale/LOEX, Regenerative Medicine Division, CHU de Québec Research Center, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Frédéric Pouliot
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada.
- Oncology Division, CHU de Québec Research Center, Quebec, QC, Canada.
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Abstract
Urinary bladder cancer (UBC) is a common and complex malignancy, with a multifactorial etiology, like environmental factors, such as cigarette smoking, occupational exposure, and genetic factors.UBC exhibits considerable genotypic and phenotypic heterogeneity. Among all UBC lesions, urothelial carcinoma is the most frequently observed histological type. Despite all the developments made in urologic oncology field, therapeutic options remain inadequate. There is urgency for the identification and development of new antineoplastic drugs to replace or improve current protocols and in vivo models have been proven to be essential for this step. There are different animal models of UBC: Spontaneous and experimentally induced models (genetically engineered, transplantable-xenograft and syngeneic animals- and chemically induced models). N-butyl-N(4-hydroxybutil)nitrosamine (BBN) is the most suitable reagent to generate chemically induced in vivo models of UBC and to study bladder carcinogenesis. BBN has proven, over the years, to be very realistic and reliable. It is bladder specific, and induces high tumor incidence.
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Zuiverloon TC, de Jong FC, Costello JC, Theodorescu D. Systematic Review: Characteristics and Preclinical Uses of Bladder Cancer Cell Lines. Bladder Cancer 2018; 4:169-183. [PMID: 29732388 PMCID: PMC5929350 DOI: 10.3233/blc-180167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bladder cancer (BC) cell lines are indispensable in basic and preclinical research. Currently, an up-to-date and comprehensive overview of available BC cell lines is not available. OBJECTIVE To provide an overview and resources on the origin, pathological and molecular characteristics of commonly used human, murine and canine BC cell lines. METHODS A PubMed search was performed for relevant articles published between 1980 and 2017 according to the following MeSH terms: cell line; cell line, tumor; urinary bladder neoplasms; carcinoma, transitional cell. The Cellosaurus database was searched, using the term "bladder" and/or "urothelial carcinoma". We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. RESULTS We provide information on 157 human, murine and canine BC cell lines. 103 human BC cell lines have molecular data available, of which 69 have been profiled by at least one "omic" technology. We outline how these cell lines are currently being used for in vitro and in vivo experimental models. These results allow direct comparison of BC cell lines to patient samples, providing information needed to make informed decisions on the most genomically appropriate cell line to answer research questions. Furthermore, we show that cross-contamination remains an issue and describe guidelines for prevention. CONCLUSIONS In the BC field, multiple human, murine and canine BC cell lines have been developed and many have become indispensable for in vitro and in vivo research. High-throughput -omic technologies have dramatically increased the amount of molecular data on these cell lines. We synthesized a comprehensive overview of these data as a resource for the BC scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahlita C.M. Zuiverloon
- Department of Urology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Surgery (Urology), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Florus C. de Jong
- Department of Urology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - James C. Costello
- University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Dan Theodorescu
- Department of Surgery (Urology), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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Walshaw RC, Honeychurch J, Illidge TM, Choudhury A. The anti-PD-1 era - an opportunity to enhance radiotherapy for patients with bladder cancer. Nat Rev Urol 2018; 15:251-259. [PMID: 29089607 DOI: 10.1038/nrurol.2017.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
An urgent need exists to improve the outcomes of patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC), and especially of those with metastatic disease. Treatments that enhance antitumour immune responses - such as immune-checkpoint inhibition - provide an opportunity to do this. Despite initial success, durable response rates in patients with advanced-stage MIBC treated with novel inhibitory antibodies targeting programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) or its endogenous ligand programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) remain low. Radiotherapy is part of the management of bladder cancer in many patients. Evidence that radiotherapy has immunogenic properties is now available, but radiotherapy-induced immune responses are often negated by immunosuppression within the tumour microenvironment. Anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 antibodies might enhance radiotherapy-induced antitumour immunity. This effect has been demonstrated in preclinical models of bladder cancer, and clinical trials involving this approach are currently recruiting. Combination treatment strategies provide an exciting opportunity for urological oncologists to not only improve the chances of cure in patients undergoing radical treatment for MIBC, but also to increase long-term response rates in those with metastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C Walshaw
- Targeted Therapy Group, Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, 555 Wilmslow Road, Withington, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, 555 Wilmslow Road, Withington, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Jamie Honeychurch
- Targeted Therapy Group, Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, 555 Wilmslow Road, Withington, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Timothy M Illidge
- Targeted Therapy Group, Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, 555 Wilmslow Road, Withington, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, 555 Wilmslow Road, Withington, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Ananya Choudhury
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, 555 Wilmslow Road, Withington, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
- Translational Radiobiology Group, Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, 555 Wilmslow Road, Withington, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
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Virani NA, Davis C, McKernan P, Hauser P, Hurst RE, Slaton J, Silvy RP, Resasco DE, Harrison RG. Phosphatidylserine targeted single-walled carbon nanotubes for photothermal ablation of bladder cancer. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 29:035101. [PMID: 29160225 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aa9c0c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Bladder cancer has a 60%-70% recurrence rate most likely due to any residual tumour left behind after a transurethral resection (TUR). Failure to completely resect the cancer can lead to recurrence and progression into higher grade tumours with metastatic potential. We present here a novel therapy to treat superficial tumours with the potential to decrease recurrence. The therapy is a heat-based approach in which bladder tumour specific single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are delivered intravesically at a very low dose (0.1 mg SWCNT per kg body weight) followed 24 h later by a short 30 s treatment with a 360° near-infrared light that heats only the bound nanotubes. The energy density of the treatment was 50 J cm-2, and the power density that this treatment corresponds to is 1.7 W cm-2, which is relatively low. Nanotubes are specifically targeted to the tumour via the interaction of annexin V (AV) and phosphatidylserine, which is normally internalised on healthy tissue but externalised on tumours and the tumour vasculature. SWCNTs are conjugated to AV, which binds specifically to bladder cancer cells as confirmed in vitro and in vivo. Due to this specific localisation, NIR light can be used to heat the tumour while conserving the healthy bladder wall. In a short-term efficacy study in mice with orthotopic MB49 murine bladder tumours treated with the SWCNT-AV conjugate and NIR light, no tumours were visible on the bladder wall 24 h after NIR light treatment, and there was no damage to the bladder. In a separate survival study in mice with the same type of orthotopic tumours, there was a 50% cure rate at 116 days when the study was ended. At 116 days, no treatment toxicity was observed, and no nanotubes were detected in the clearance organs or bladder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Needa A Virani
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, 202 W. Boyd Street, Norman, OK 73019, United States of America
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Tham SM, Esuvaranathan K, Mahendran R. A Murine Orthotopic Bladder Tumor Model and Tumor Detection System. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28117816 DOI: 10.3791/55078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
This protocol describes the generation of bladder tumors in female C57BL/6J mice using the murine bladder cancer cell line MB49, which has been modified to secrete human Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA), and the procedure for the confirmation of tumor implantation. In brief, mice are anesthetized using injectable drugs and are made to lay in the dorsal position. Urine is vacated from the bladder and 50 µL of poly-L-lysine (PLL) is slowly instilled at a rate of 10 µL/20 s using a 24 G IV catheter. It is left in the bladder for 20 min by stoppering the catheter. The catheter is removed and PLL is vacated by gentle pressure on the bladder. This is followed by instillation of the murine bladder cancer cell line (1 x 105 cells/50 µL) at a rate of 10 µL/20 s. The catheter is stoppered to prevent premature evacuation. After 1 h, the mice are revived with a reversal drug, and the bladder is vacated. The slow instillation rate is important, as it reduces vesico-ureteral reflux, which can cause tumors to occur in the upper urinary tract and in the kidneys. The cell line should be well re-suspended to reduce clumping of cells, as this can lead to uneven tumor sizes after implantation. This technique induces tumors with high efficiency. Tumor growth is monitored by urinary PSA secretion. PSA marker monitoring is more reliable than ultrasound or fluorescence imaging for the detection of the presence of tumors in the bladder. Tumors in mice generally reach a maximum size that negatively impacts health by about 3 - 4 weeks if left untreated. By monitoring tumor growth, it is possible to differentiate mice that were cured from those that were not successfully implanted with tumors. With only end-point analysis, the latter may be mistakenly assumed to have been cured by therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sin Mun Tham
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System
| | - Kesavan Esuvaranathan
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System; Department of Urology, National University Hospital
| | - Ratha Mahendran
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System;
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Oliveira PA, Gil da Costa RM, Vasconcelos-Nóbrega C, Arantes-Rodrigues R, Pinto-Leite R. Challenges within vitroandin vivoexperimental models of urinary bladder cancer for novel drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2016; 11:599-607. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2016.1174690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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17
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Scheepbouwer C, Meyer S, Burggraaf MJ, Jose J, Molthoff CFM. A Multimodal Imaging Approach for Longitudinal Evaluation of Bladder Tumor Development in an Orthotopic Murine Model. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161284. [PMID: 27533303 PMCID: PMC4988778 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is the fourth most common malignancy amongst men in Western industrialized countries with an initial response rate of 70% for the non-muscle invasive type, and improving therapy efficacy is highly needed. For this, an appropriate, reliable animal model is essential to gain insight into mechanisms of tumor growth for use in response monitoring of (new) agents. Several animal models have been described in previous studies, but so far success has been hampered due to the absence of imaging methods to follow tumor growth non-invasively over time. Recent developments of multimodal imaging methods for use in animal research have substantially strengthened these options of in vivo visualization of tumor growth. In the present study, a multimodal imaging approach was addressed to investigate bladder tumor proliferation longitudinally. The complementary abilities of Bioluminescence, High Resolution Ultrasound and Photo-acoustic Imaging permit a better understanding of bladder tumor development. Hybrid imaging modalities allow the integration of individual strengths to enable sensitive and improved quantification and understanding of tumor biology, and ultimately, can aid in the discovery and development of new therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Scheepbouwer
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra Meyer
- FUJIFILM VisualSonics Inc., Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maroeska J. Burggraaf
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection control, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jithin Jose
- FUJIFILM VisualSonics Inc., Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carla F. M. Molthoff
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Fazel J, Rötzer S, Seidl C, Feuerecker B, Autenrieth M, Weirich G, Bruchertseifer F, Morgenstern A, Senekowitsch-Schmidtke R. Fractionated intravesical radioimmunotherapy with (213)Bi-anti-EGFR-MAb is effective without toxic side-effects in a nude mouse model of advanced human bladder carcinoma. Cancer Biol Ther 2015; 16:1526-34. [PMID: 26177233 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2015.1071735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Gold standard in therapy of superficial, non-muscle invasive urothelial tumors is transurethral resection followed by intravesical instillation therapies. However, relapse is commonly observed and therefore new therapeutic approaches are needed. Application of (213)Bi-immunoconjugates targeting EGFR had shown promising results in early tumor stages. The aim of this study was the evaluation of fractionated application of (213)Bi-anti-EGFR-MAb in advanced tumor stages in a nude mouse model. Luciferase-transfected EJ28 human bladder carcinoma cells were instilled intravesically into nude mice following electrocautery. Tumor development was monitored via bioluminescence imaging. One day after tumor detection mice were treated intravesically either 2 times with 0.93 MBq or 3 times with 0.46 MBq of (213)Bi-anti-EGFR-MAb. Therapeutic efficacy was evaluated via overall survival and toxicity toward normal urothelium by histopathological analysis. Mice without treatment and those treated with the native anti-EGFR-MAb showed mean survivals of 65.4 and 57.6 d, respectively. After fractionated treatment with 0.93 MBq of (213)Bi-anti-EGFR-MAb animals reached a mean survival of 141.5 d and 33% of the animals survived at least 268 d. Fractionated treatment with 0.46 MBq (213)Bi-anti-EGFR-MAb resulted in a mean survival of 131.8 d and 30% of the animals survived longer than 300 d. Significant differences were only observed between the control groups and the group treated twice with 0.93 MBq of (213)Bi-anti-EGFR-MAb. No toxic side-effects on the normal urothelium were observed even after treatment with 3.7 MBq of (213)Bi-anti-EGFR-MAb. The study demonstrates that the fractionated intravesical radioimmunotherapy with (213)Bi-anti-EGFR-MAb is a promising approach in advanced bladder carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Fazel
- a Department of Nuclear Medicine ; Technische Universität München ; Munich , Germany
| | - Silvia Rötzer
- a Department of Nuclear Medicine ; Technische Universität München ; Munich , Germany
| | - Christof Seidl
- a Department of Nuclear Medicine ; Technische Universität München ; Munich , Germany.,b Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology ; Technische Universität München ; Munich , Germany
| | - Benedikt Feuerecker
- a Department of Nuclear Medicine ; Technische Universität München ; Munich , Germany
| | - Michael Autenrieth
- c Department of Urology ; Technische Universität München ; Munich , Germany
| | - Gregor Weirich
- d Department of Pathology ; Technische Universität München ; Munich , Germany
| | - Frank Bruchertseifer
- e European Commission ; Joint Research Center ; Institute for Transuranium Elements ; Karlsruhe , Germany
| | - Alfred Morgenstern
- e European Commission ; Joint Research Center ; Institute for Transuranium Elements ; Karlsruhe , Germany
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Kobayashi T, Owczarek TB, McKiernan JM, Abate-Shen C. Modelling bladder cancer in mice: opportunities and challenges. Nat Rev Cancer 2015; 15:42-54. [PMID: 25533675 PMCID: PMC4386904 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The prognosis and treatment of bladder cancer have improved little in the past 20 years. Bladder cancer remains a debilitating and often fatal disease, and is among the most costly cancers to treat. The generation of informative mouse models has the potential to improve our understanding of bladder cancer progression, as well as to affect its diagnosis and treatment. However, relatively few mouse models of bladder cancer have been described, and in particular, few that develop invasive cancer phenotypes. This Review focuses on opportunities for improving the landscape of mouse models of bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kobayashi
- Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Tomasz B Owczarek
- 1] Department of Urology, Columbia University Medical Center. [2] Institute of Cancer Genetics, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | | | - Cory Abate-Shen
- 1] Department of Urology, Columbia University Medical Center. [2] Institute of Cancer Genetics, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA. [3] Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA. [4] Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
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20
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Huang P, Ma C, Xu P, Guo K, Xu A, Liu C. Efficacy of intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guérin therapy against tumor immune escape in an orthotopic model of bladder cancer. Exp Ther Med 2014; 9:162-166. [PMID: 25452795 PMCID: PMC4247304 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.2060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the antitumor immune response of the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) in an orthotopic bladder cancer model. The murine bladder cancer cell line MBT-2 was transurethrally implanted in the bladder of syngeneic female C3H/He mice. The animals were randomly divided into three treatment groups: Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), low-dose BCG and high-dose BCG. The analyses of luciferin-stained tumor images 28 days after each treatment showed significant tumor growth inhibition in the high-dose group in comparison with that in the low-dose- or PBS-treated groups. In addition, the percentage of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in the high-dose group was significantly suppressed in comparison with that in the PBS and low-dose agent treatment groups. These findings are notable in terms of the clinical evaluations of this therapy for patients with bladder cancer. The outcomes of this study also provide important implications regarding antitumor immune responses in human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Huang
- Department of Urology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, P.R. China
| | - Chao Ma
- Department of Urology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, P.R. China
| | - Peng Xu
- Department of Urology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, P.R. China
| | - Kai Guo
- Department of Urology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, P.R. China
| | - Abai Xu
- Department of Urology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, P.R. China
| | - Chunxiao Liu
- Department of Urology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, P.R. China
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21
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Kim SJ, Seo HK, Seo HH, Lee SJ, Kwon JK, Lee TJ, Chi BH, Chang IH. Establishment of an orthotopic mouse non-muscle invasive bladder cancer model expressing the mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway. J Korean Med Sci 2014; 29:343-50. [PMID: 24616582 PMCID: PMC3945128 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2014.29.3.343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We established an orthotopic non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) mouse model expressing the mammalian target of the rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway. After intravesical instillation of KU-7-lucs (day 0), animals were subsequently monitored by bioluminescence imaging (BLI) on days 4, 7, 14, and 21, and performed histopathological examination. We also validated the orthotopic mouse model expressing the mTOR signaling pathway immunohistochemically. In vitro BLI photon density was correlated with KU-7-luc cell number (r (2) = 0.97, P < 0.01) and in vivo BLI photon densities increased steadily with time after intravesical instillation. The tumor take rate was 84.2%, formed initially on day 4 and remained NMIBC up to day 21. T1 photon densities were significantly higher than Ta (P < 0.01), and histological tumor volume was positively correlated with BLI photon density (r (2) = 0.87, P < 0.01). The mTOR signaling pathway-related proteins were expressed in the bladder, and were correlated with the western blot results. Our results suggest successful establishment of an orthotopic mouse NMIBC model expressing the mTOR signaling pathway using KU-7-luc cells. This model is expected to be helpful to evaluate preclinical testing of intravesical therapy based on the mTOR signaling pathway against NMIBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon-Ja Kim
- Biomedical Science, Department of Medicine, Chung-Ang University Graduate School, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ho Kyung Seo
- Center for Prostate Cancer, Research Institute National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Hye-Hyun Seo
- Genitourinary Cancer Branch, Research Institute National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Sang-Jin Lee
- Genitourinary Cancer Branch, Research Institute National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Jong Kyou Kwon
- Department of Urology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae-Jin Lee
- Department of Pathology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung Hoon Chi
- Department of Urology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - In Ho Chang
- Department of Urology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Yang XH, Ren LS, Wang GP, Zhao LL, Zhang H, Mi ZG, Bai X. A new method of establishing orthotopic bladder transplantable tumor in mice. Cancer Biol Med 2013; 9:261-5. [PMID: 23691487 PMCID: PMC3643680 DOI: 10.7497/j.issn.2095-3941.2012.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The present study aims to find a convenient, rapid, and stable method to establish bladder tumor in mice. Methods Female Balb/C-nu-nu nude mice (or female T739 mice) were narcotized by sodium pentobarbital at a dosage of 60 mg/kg. The stylet of the 24# venous retention needles was bent in a 5° to 7° angle at a distance of 15 mm from the needlepoint to form a circle with 2.61 mm to 3.66 mm radius when the stylet is rotated. The pipe casing was lubricated with liquid paraffin, and inserted into the bladder cavity. The drift angle stylet was inserted into the pipe casing slowly, rotated for five times, and then pulled out. A cell suspension (0.1 mL) of approximately 1×106 T24 cells (or BTT cells) was then injected immediately. Results A total of 60 T739 mice and 60 Balb/C-nu-nu nude mice were inoculated with BTT cells and T24 cells, respectively. The bladder tumor incidence and the average survival time of the tumor-bearing mice were 100% and (26.69±9.24) d and 100% and (34.59±9.8) d for the T739 mice and Balb/C-nu-nu nude mice, respectively. Conclusions Using the drift angle stylet to injure the mucous membrane of the urinary bladder can establish a stable bladder transplantable tumor model in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Hua Yang
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Shanxi Cancer Institute, Taiyuan 030013, China
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Park B, Jeong BC, Choi YL, Kwon GY, Lim JE, Seo SI, Jeon SS, Lee HM, Choi HY, Lee KS. Development and characterization of a bladder cancer xenograft model using patient-derived tumor tissue. Cancer Sci 2013; 104:631-8. [PMID: 23384396 PMCID: PMC7657213 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of the cancer xenograft models are derived from tumor cell lines, but they do not sufficiently represent clinical cancer characteristics. Our objective was to develop xenograft models of bladder cancer derived from human tumor tissue and characterize them molecularly as well as histologically. A total of 65 bladder cancer tissues were transplanted to immunodeficient mice. Passagable six cases with clinico-pathologically heterogeneous bladder cancer were selected and their tumor tissues were collected (012T, 025T, 033T, 043T, 048T, and 052T). Xenografts were removed and processed for the following analyses: (i) histologic examination, (ii) short tandem repeat (STR) genotyping, (iii) mutational analysis, and (iv) array-based comparative genomic hybridization (array-CGH). The original tumor tissues (P 0) and xenografts of passage 2 or higher (≥P2) were analyzed and compared. As a result, hematoxylin and eosin staining revealed the same histologic architecture and degree of differentiation in the primary and xenograft tumors in all six cases. Xenograft models 043T_P2 and 048T_P2 had completely identical STR profiles to the original samples for all STR loci. The other models had nearly identical STR profiles. On mutational analysis, four out of six xenografts had mutations identical to the original samples for TP53, HRAS, BRAF, and CTNNB1. Array-CGH analysis revealed that all six xenograft models had genomic alterations similar to the original tumor samples. In conclusion, our xenograft bladder cancer model derived from patient tumor tissue is expected to be useful for studying the heterogeneity of the tumor populations in bladder cancer and for evaluating new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bumsoo Park
- Department of Urology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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DeGraff DJ, Robinson VL, Shah JB, Brandt WD, Sonpavde G, Kang Y, Liebert M, Wu XR, Taylor JA. Current preclinical models for the advancement of translational bladder cancer research. Mol Cancer Ther 2012; 12:121-30. [PMID: 23269072 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-12-0508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bladder cancer is a common disease representing the fifth most diagnosed solid tumor in the United States. Despite this, advances in our understanding of the molecular etiology and treatment of bladder cancer have been relatively lacking. This is especially apparent when recent advances in other cancers, such as breast and prostate, are taken into consideration. The field of bladder cancer research is ready and poised for a series of paradigm-shifting discoveries that will greatly impact the way this disease is clinically managed. Future preclinical discoveries with translational potential will require investigators to take full advantage of recent advances in molecular and animal modeling methodologies. We present an overview of current preclinical models and their potential roles in advancing our understanding of this deadly disease and for advancing care.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J DeGraff
- 1Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville,Tennessee, USA
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25
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D'Hallewin M, Helle M, Garrier J, Bezdetnaya L, Guillemin F. Animal Models for Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy. Isr J Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201100074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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26
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Jinesh GG, Lee EK, Tran J, Kamat AM. Lenalidomide augments the efficacy of bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) immunotherapy in vivo. Urol Oncol 2012; 31:1676-1682. [PMID: 22717623 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2012.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Revised: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is the gold standard for high-grade non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC); however, some patients do not respond to initial therapy while others relapse and/or progress. Therefore, combination strategies that can enhance the efficacy and sustainability of BCG are needed. Herein, we explore the efficacy of lenalidomide, a thalidomide derivative with immunomodulatory effects, in combination with BCG, both in vitro and in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS We explored the outcomes of lenalidomide in combination with BCG in vivo using the MBT-2 cell line implanted in C3H immunocompetent mice. Apoptosis, cell proliferation, and microvessel density were measured by immunohistochemistry. In vitro, we performed Western blotting for cell cycle and apoptosis regulatory proteins and a chromatin condensation assay to evaluate TNF-α and FasL in combination with lenalidomide. RESULTS In the mouse model, combination therapy with BCG and lenalidomide resulted in a statistically significant decrease in tumor size compared with the control group. IHC demonstrated a nonsignificant increase in apoptosis in the combination condition and no effect on cellular proliferation. Microvessel density was decreased in all treated conditions. In vitro, caspase-3 activation and chromatin condensation studies demonstrated increased cell death in the combinations of lenalidomide and TNF-α. CONCLUSIONS The immunomodulatory molecule lenalidomide augments the response to BCG in an in vivo mouse model. This provides the rationale for studying the combination in patients with high grade NMIBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goodwin G Jinesh
- Department of Urology, the University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Eugene Kang Lee
- Department of Urology, the University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jonathan Tran
- Department of Urology, the University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ashish M Kamat
- Department of Urology, the University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Lee JS, Bae MH, Choi SH, Lee SH, Cho YS, Park HJ, Kwon CH, Joo KJ. Tumor establishment features of orthotopic murine bladder cancer models. Korean J Urol 2012; 53:396-400. [PMID: 22741047 PMCID: PMC3382688 DOI: 10.4111/kju.2012.53.6.396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Animal tumor models are important for the evaluation of novel therapeutic modalities. Since the initial report of an orthotopic bladder tumor model, several modifications have been proposed to improve the tumor take rate. Here we compared the HCl-pretreated and electrocauterization-pretreated orthotopic murine bladder tumor models. MATERIALS AND METHODS MBT-2 murine bladder cancer cells were transurethrally implanted in the bladder of syngeneic C3H/He mice. The mice were divided into three groups according to pretreatment methods (electrocautery, HCl, and control group) and were subjected to pretreatment before instillation of MBT-2 tumor cells into the bladder. Mice were sacrificed on day 21, and bladders were harvested, weighed, and examined histopathologically. RESULTS The tumor take rate of the control, electrocautery, and HCl groups was 0%, 54%, and 100%, respectively. The tumor take rate of the HCl group was significantly higher than that of the control group (p<0.01) and the electrocautery group (p=0.01). Pathologic reports revealed that all established bladder tumors were high-grade papillary urothelial carcinomas. CONCLUSIONS The HCl pretreatment model was a preferable murine bladder tumor model for evaluating further therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Seok Lee
- Department of Urology, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Sunitinib malate provides activity against murine bladder tumor growth and invasion in a preclinical orthotopic model. Urology 2012; 80:736.e1-5. [PMID: 22676953 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2012.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Revised: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of sunitinib on localized bladder cancer in a mouse orthotopic bladder tumor model. METHODS We used an established orthotopic mouse bladder cancer model in syngeneic C3H/He mice. Treatment doses of 40 mg/kg of sunitinib or placebo sterile saline were administrated daily by oral gavage. Tumor volume, intratumoral perfusion, and in vivo vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 expression were measured using a targeted contrast-enhanced micro-ultrasound imaging system. The findings were correlated with the total bladder weight, tumor stage, and survival. The effects of sunitinib malate on angiogenesis and cellular proliferation were measured by immunostaining of CD31 and Ki-67. RESULTS Significant inhibition of tumor growth was seen after sunitinib treatment compared with the control. The incidence of extravesical extension of the bladder tumor and hydroureter in the sunitinib-treated group (30% and 20%, respectively) was lower than the incidence in the control group (66.7% and 55.6%, respectively). Sunitinib therapy prolonged the survival in mice, with statistical significance (log-rank test, P = .03). On targeted contrast-enhanced micro-ultrasound imaging, in vivo vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 expression was reduced in the sunitinib group and correlated with a decrease in microvessel density. CONCLUSION The results of our study have demonstrated the antitumor effects of sunitinib in the mouse localized bladder cancer model. Sunitinib inhibited the growth of bladder tumors and prolonged survival. Given that almost 30% of cases in our treatment arm developed extravesical disease, sunitinib might be suited as a part of a multimodal treatment regimen for bladder cancer.
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Chan ESY, Patel AR, Larchian WA, Heston WD. In vivo targeted contrast enhanced micro-ultrasound to measure intratumor perfusion and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 expression in a mouse orthotopic bladder cancer model. J Urol 2011; 185:2359-65. [PMID: 21511281 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2011.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We evaluated the feasibility of using targeted contrast enhanced micro-ultrasound imaging to assess intratumor perfusion and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 expressions in a mouse orthotopic bladder cancer model. MATERIALS AND METHODS We created an orthotopic mouse model by implanting MBT-2 murine bladder cancer cell lines in the bladder of syngeneic C3H/He mice (Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine). Successful tumor implantation was confirmed by transabdominal micro-ultrasound imaging on post-implantation day 11. Contrast enhanced micro-ultrasound imaging was done on days 14 and 21. Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 targeted contrast agent was prepared by adding biotinylated anti-vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 monoclonal antibodies to streptavidin coated microbubbles. The targeted contrast agents were injected via the retro-orbital route. We quantified intratumor perfusion, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 endothelial expression and blood volume in real time. RESULTS In the initial study intratumor perfusion data and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 expression could only be measured in 10 of 14 mice (71%) due to motion artifact. We modified our technique by applying an elastic band over the lower abdomen to minimize body wall movement. After the modification complete images were acquired in all mice at 2 consecutive imaging sessions. Measurements were made of intratumor perfusion and in vivo vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 expression. No adverse effects occurred due to anesthesia or the ultrasound contrast agent. CONCLUSIONS Targeted contrast enhanced micro-ultrasound imaging enables investigators to detect and monitor vascular changes in orthotopic bladder tumors. It may be useful for direct, noninvasive, in vivo evaluation of novel anti-angiogenesis therapeutic agents. With the modified technique target enhanced contrast ultrasound can be applied in an orthotopic bladder cancer model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eddie S Y Chan
- Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
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Shikanov A, Shikanov S, Vaisman B, Golenser J, Domb AJ. Cisplatin tumor biodistribution and efficacy after intratumoral injection of a biodegradable extended release implant. CHEMOTHERAPY RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2011; 2011:175054. [PMID: 22295203 PMCID: PMC3265254 DOI: 10.1155/2011/175054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Revised: 11/26/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Local delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs has long been recognized as a potential method for reaching high drug doses at the target site while minimizing systemic exposure. Cisplatin is one of the most effective chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of various tumors; however, its systemic toxicity remains the primary dose-limiting factor. Here we report that incorporation of cisplatin into a fatty acid-based polymer carrier followed by a local injection into the solid tumor resulted in a successful tumor growth inhibition in heterotopic mouse bladder tumor model in mice. Platinum concentration in the tumor tissue surrounding the injected implant remained above the therapeutic level up to 14 days after the injection, while the plasma levels were several orders of magnitude lower comparing to systemic delivery. The reported delivery system increased the maximum tolerated dose of cisplatin 5 times compared to systemic delivery, thus potentially improving antitumor efficacy of cisplatin in solid tumor model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariella Shikanov
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel
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