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Malacarne MC, Mastore M, Gariboldi MB, Brivio MF, Caruso E. Preliminary Toxicity Evaluation of a Porphyrin Photosensitizer in an Alternative Preclinical Model. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043131. [PMID: 36834543 PMCID: PMC9966276 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In photodynamic therapy (PDT), a photosensitizer (PS) excited with a specific wavelength, and in the presence of oxygen, gives rise to photochemical reactions that lead to cell damage. Over the past few years, larval stages of the G. mellonella moth have proven to be an excellent alternative animal model for in vivo toxicity testing of novel compounds and virulence testing. In this article, we report a series of preliminary studies on G. mellonella larvae to evaluate the photoinduced stress response by a porphyrin (PS) (TPPOH). The tests performed evaluated PS toxicity on larvae and cytotoxicity on hemocytes, both in dark conditions and following PDT. Cellular uptake was also evaluated by fluorescence and flow cytometry. The results obtained demonstrate how the administration of PS and subsequent irradiation of larvae affects not only larvae survival rate, but also immune system cells. It was also possible to verify PS's uptake and uptake kinetics in hemocytes, observing a maximum peak at 8 h. Given the results obtained in these preliminary tests, G. mellonella appears to be a promising model for preclinical PS tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miryam Chiara Malacarne
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Maristella Mastore
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences (DiSTA), University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Marzia Bruna Gariboldi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | | | - Enrico Caruso
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0332421541
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Malacarne MC, Gariboldi MB, Caruso E. BODIPYs in PDT: A Journey through the Most Interesting Molecules Produced in the Last 10 Years. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231710198. [PMID: 36077597 PMCID: PMC9456687 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231710198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past 30 years, photodynamic therapy (PDT) has shown great development. In the clinical setting the few approved molecules belong almost exclusively to the porphyrin family; but in the scientific field, in recent years many researchers have been interested in other families of photosensitizers, among which BODIPY has shown particular interest. BODIPY is the acronym for 4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a, 4a-diaza-s-indacene, and is a family of molecules well-known for their properties in the field of imaging. In order for these molecules to be used in PDT, a structural modification is necessary which involves the introduction of heavy atoms, such as bromine and iodine, in the beta positions of the pyrrole ring; this change favors the intersystem crossing, and increases the 1O2 yield. This mini review focused on a series of structural changes made to BODIPYs to further increase 1O2 production and bioavailability by improving cell targeting or photoactivity efficiency.
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Grin MA, Suvorov NV, Mironov AF. Natural chlorins as a promising platform for creating targeted theranostics in oncology. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2020.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Corradi RB, LaRosa S, Jebiwott S, Murray KS, Rosenzweig B, Somma AJ, Gomez RS, Scherz A, Kim K, Coleman JA. Effectiveness of the combination of vascular targeted photodynamic therapy and anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 in a preclinical mouse model of urothelial carcinoma. Int J Urol 2019; 26:414-422. [PMID: 30659668 DOI: 10.1111/iju.13878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effectiveness of combination treatment of vascular targeted photodynamic therapy and anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 immunotherapy in a mouse model of urothelial carcinoma. METHODS We used C57BL/6 mice injected with murine bladder 49 cell line. Mice were randomly allocated into four treatment groups: vascular targeted photodynamic therapy only, anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 only, combination therapy and control. We carried out three separate experiments that used distinct cohorts of mice: tumor growth and development of lung metastases monitored with bioluminescent imaging (n = 91); survival evaluated with Kaplan-Meier curves (n = 111); and tumor cell population studied with flow cytometry (n = 20). In a fourth experiment, we re-challenged tumors in previously treated mice and compared tumor growth with that of naïve mice. RESULTS Combination therapy provided significant benefits over the other three treatment groups: prolonged survival (P < 0.0001), lower tumor signal (P < 0.0001) and decreased lung signal uptake (P ≤ 0.002). We also observed that mice previously treated with vascular targeted photodynamic therapy only or combination therapy did not present tumor growth after re-challenged tumors. CONCLUSIONS Combination of vascular targeted photodynamic therapy with anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 is an effective therapy in a urothelial carcinoma syngeneic mouse model. The present results suggest this therapy as a potential treatment option for both bladder and upper tract tumors in future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato B Corradi
- Urology Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Stephen LaRosa
- Department of Surgery, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Sylvia Jebiwott
- Department of Surgery, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Katie S Murray
- Urology Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Barak Rosenzweig
- Urology Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Alexander J Somma
- Department of Surgery, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Renato S Gomez
- Department of Surgery, Federal University of Minas Gerais State, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Avigdor Scherz
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Kwanghee Kim
- Department of Surgery, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Jonathan A Coleman
- Urology Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, New York, USA.,Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York City, New York, USA
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Final Results of a Phase I/II Multicenter Trial of WST11 Vascular Targeted Photodynamic Therapy for Hemi-Ablation of the Prostate in Men with Unilateral Low Risk Prostate Cancer Performed in the United States. J Urol 2016; 196:1096-104. [PMID: 27291652 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2016.05.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Vascular targeted photodynamic therapy with WST11 (TOOKAD® Soluble) is a form of tissue ablation that may be used therapeutically for localized prostate cancer. To study dosing parameters and associated treatment effects we performed a prospective, multicenter, phase I/II trial of WST11 vascular targeted photodynamic therapy of prostate cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 30 men with unilateral, low volume, Gleason 3 + 3 prostate cancer were enrolled at 5 centers after local institutional review board approval. Light energy, fiber number and WST11 dose were escalated to identify optimal dosing parameters for vascular targeted photodynamic therapy hemi-ablation. Men were treated with photodynamic therapy and evaluated by posttreatment magnetic resonance imaging and biopsy. Prostate specific antigen, light dose index (defined as fiber length/desired treatment volume), toxicity and quality of life parameters were recorded. RESULTS After dose escalation 21 men received optimized dosing of 4 mg/kg WST11 at 200 J energy. On posttreatment biopsy residual prostate cancer was found in the treated lobe in 10 men, the untreated lobe in 4 and both lobes in 1. At a light dose index of 1 or greater with optimal dosing in 15 men 73.3% had a negative biopsy in the treated lobe. Six men undergoing retreatment with the optimal dose and a light dose index of 1 or greater had a negative posttreatment biopsy. Minimal effects were observed on urinary and sexual function, and overall quality of life. CONCLUSIONS Hemi-ablation of the prostate with WST11 vascular targeted photodynamic therapy was well tolerated and resulted in a negative biopsy in the treated lobe in the majority of men. Dosing parameters and the light dose index appear related to tissue response as determined by magnetic resonance imaging and biopsy. These parameters may serve as the basis for further prospective studies.
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Kawczyk-Krupka A, Wawrzyniec K, Musiol SK, Potempa M, Bugaj AM, Sieroń A. Treatment of localized prostate cancer using WST-09 and WST-11 mediated vascular targeted photodynamic therapy-A review. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2015; 12:567-74. [PMID: 26467273 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is well known for its direct cytotoxicity of the free radical-producing photochemical reaction, indirect mechanisms of action including modulation of intrinsic anti-tumour immune activity, and occlusion of pathologically altered tumour vessels leading to tumour ischaemia. The aim of this work is to critically review the evidence base for the use of vascular targeted PDT (VTP) to treat low-risk prostate cancer, and to discuss perspectives and challenges yet to be overcome. A brief general overview of focal prostate cancer therapy was provided, followed by a discussion of both basic and clinical research pertaining to prostate cancer VTP, with a focus on the palladium-based WST-09 and WST-11 photosensitisers. MATERIALS AND METHOD Literature on VTP for prostate cancer with the fallowing medical subject headings search terms: prostate cancer, photodynamic therapy, vascular targeted photodynamic therapy, bacteriopheophorbide were reviewed. The articles were selected by their relevance to the topic. RESULTS The clinical and basic research data available to date show much promise for WST-09, and WST-11 based VTP eventually joining the standard urologist's armamentarium against prostate cancer. With good reported tolerability and efficacy VTP can be proposed as an intermediate treatment for local low risk disease, halfway between watchful waiting and radical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kawczyk-Krupka
- School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry in Zabrze, Department and Clinic of Internal Diseases, Angiology and Physical Medicine, Center for Laser Diagnostics and Therapy, Medical University of Silesia, Batorego Street 15, 41-902 Bytom, Poland.
| | - K Wawrzyniec
- Department of Internal Diseases, 11 Listopada 48, 28-200 Staszów, Poland
| | - S K Musiol
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Rd, Cambridge CB2 OSP, United Kingdom
| | - M Potempa
- School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry in Zabrze, Department and Clinic of Internal Diseases, Angiology and Physical Medicine, Center for Laser Diagnostics and Therapy, Medical University of Silesia, Batorego Street 15, 41-902 Bytom, Poland
| | - A M Bugaj
- School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry in Zabrze, Department and Clinic of Internal Diseases, Angiology and Physical Medicine, Center for Laser Diagnostics and Therapy, Medical University of Silesia, Batorego Street 15, 41-902 Bytom, Poland; College of Health, Beauty Care and Education, Brzeźnicka 3, 60-133 Poznań, Poland
| | - A Sieroń
- School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry in Zabrze, Department and Clinic of Internal Diseases, Angiology and Physical Medicine, Center for Laser Diagnostics and Therapy, Medical University of Silesia, Batorego Street 15, 41-902 Bytom, Poland
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Cury FL, Bhindi B, Rocha J, Scarlata E, El Jurdi K, Ladouceur M, Beauregard S, Vijh AK, Taguchi Y, Chevalier S. Electrochemical red-ox therapy of prostate cancer in nude mice. Bioelectrochemistry 2014; 104:1-9. [PMID: 25578541 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Minimally invasive therapies are increasingly in demand for organ-confined prostate tumors. Electrochemical therapy (EChT) is attractive, as it relies on locally-induced reduction-oxidation reactions to kill tumor cells. Its efficacy for prostate cancer was assessed in human PC-3 and LNCaP tumor xenografts growing subcutaneously in nude mice (n = 80) by applying 2 Stainless Steel vs. 4 Platinum-Iridium (Pt-Ir) electrodes to deliver current densities of 10 to 35 mA/cm(2) for 30 or 60 min. The procedure was uneventful in 90% of mice. No difference in tumor vs. body temperature was observed. Changes at electrode-tumor junctions were immediate, with dryness and acidity (pH2-3) at the anode and oedema and alkalinity (pH10-12) at the cathode. This was accompanied by cellular alterations, found more pronounced at the cathode. Such acidic and alkaline conditions were cytotoxic in vitro and dissolved cells at pH>10. In mice, tumor destruction was extensive by 24h with almost undetectable blood prostate specific antigen (LNCaP model) and covered the whole tumor surface by 4 days. EChT was most efficient at 25-30 mA/cm(2) for 60 min, yielding the longest recurrence-free survival and higher cure rates, especially with 4 Pt-Ir electrodes. EChT is a promising option to optimize for organ-confined prostate tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio L Cury
- Urologic-Oncology Research Laboratory, McGill University Health Center Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Division of Radiation Oncology, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Bimal Bhindi
- Division of Urology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joice Rocha
- Urologic-Oncology Research Laboratory, McGill University Health Center Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Eleonora Scarlata
- Urologic-Oncology Research Laboratory, McGill University Health Center Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Katia El Jurdi
- Urologic-Oncology Research Laboratory, McGill University Health Center Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michel Ladouceur
- Institut de Recherche d'Hydro Québec (IREQ), Varennes, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Ashok K Vijh
- Institut de Recherche d'Hydro Québec (IREQ), Varennes, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yosh Taguchi
- Division of Urology, Dept. of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Simone Chevalier
- Urologic-Oncology Research Laboratory, McGill University Health Center Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Division of Urology, Dept. of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Taneja SS. Re: Determination of Optimal Drug Dose and Light Dose Index to Achieve Minimally Invasive Focal Ablation of Localized Prostate Cancer Using WST11-Vascular Targeted Photodynamic (VTP) Therapy. J Urol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2014.07.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Gómez-Veiga F, Martínez-Breijo S, Solsona-Narbón E, Hernández C, Ciudin A, Ribal M, Dickinson L, Moore C, Ahmed H, Rodríguez Antolín A, Breda A, Gaya J, Portela-Pereira P, Emberton M. Focal therapy for prostate cancer. Alternative treatment. Actas Urol Esp 2014; 38:465-75. [PMID: 24612733 DOI: 10.1016/j.acuro.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The great controversy surrounding the treatment of localized prostate cancer is related with its possibilities of radical treatment or active surveillance. The objective of this paper is to analyze the rationale selection among current focal therapy modalities regarding tumor and patient selection. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION Current articles about advantages and disadvantages on the treatment of localized prostate cancer as well as information about focal therapy regarding tumour selection, characteristics and indications cited in MEDLINE search were reviewed. SUMMARY OF EVIDENCE Focal therapy standardized criteria must be: low risk tumors, PSA<10-15, Gleason score ≤ 6, and unilateral presentation all supported by image-guided biopsy and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). There are doubts about the suitability of focal therapy in cases of bilateralism or in those with Gleason score 3+4 or PSA>15. CONCLUSIONS Focal therapy is an alternative for localized prostate cancer treatment. However, some aspects of their diagnosis and selection criteria should be defined by prospective studies which should provide knowledge about the indication for focal therapy.
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Roxin Á, MacDonald TD, Zheng G. Synthesis and characterization of a new natural product analog, 132-173-bacteriochlorophyllone a. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2014. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424613501058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Here we show the facile synthesis of 132-173-bacteriochlorophyllone a (12), with a distinct seven-membered exocyclic F-ring formed by 132-173-cyclization of bacteriopheophorbide a(16). This is the latest reported bacteriochlorin with such an exocyclic F-ring since 1975 (132-173 cyclobacteriopheophorbide a-enol, 11), and is an analog of previously described natural exocyclic F-ring-containing porphyrins (1–4) and chlorins (5–10). The structure of 12 was confirmed using a combination of 1D 1 H NMR, 2D COSY 1 H NMR, Jmod 13 C NMR and HRMS analysis. The biological activity of 12 was explored, and we found that this compound does not possess strong antioxidant activity like its natural product counterparts, but is a capable photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Áron Roxin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto ON, M5S 3M2, Canada
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, UHN, 610 University Avenue, Toronto ON, M5T 2M9, Canada
| | - Thomas D. MacDonald
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto ON, M5S 3M2, Canada
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, UHN, 610 University Avenue, Toronto ON, M5T 2M9, Canada
| | - Gang Zheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto ON, M5S 3M2, Canada
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, UHN, 610 University Avenue, Toronto ON, M5T 2M9, Canada
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Arnaut LG, Pereira MM, Dąbrowski JM, Silva EFF, Schaberle FA, Abreu AR, Rocha LB, Barsan MM, Urbańska K, Stochel G, Brett CMA. Photodynamic Therapy Efficacy Enhanced by Dynamics: The Role of Charge Transfer and Photostability in the Selection of Photosensitizers. Chemistry 2014; 20:5346-57. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201304202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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12
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Roxin Á, Chen J, Paton AS, Bender TP, Zheng G. Modulation of Reactive Oxygen Species Photogeneration of Bacteriopheophorbide a Derivatives by Exocyclic E-Ring Opening and Charge Modifications. J Med Chem 2013; 57:223-37. [DOI: 10.1021/jm401538h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Áron Roxin
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie L. Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
- Ontario Cancer Institute and Techna Institute, UHN, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Juan Chen
- Ontario Cancer Institute and Techna Institute, UHN, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Andrew S. Paton
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Timothy P. Bender
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Gang Zheng
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie L. Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
- Ontario Cancer Institute and Techna Institute, UHN, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
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Endoscopic Vascular Targeted Photodynamic Therapy with the Photosensitizer WST11 for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia in the Preclinical Dog Model. J Urol 2013; 190:1946-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2013.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Eymerit-Morin C, Zidane M, Lebdai S, Triau S, Azzouzi AR, Rousselet MC. Histopathology of prostate tissue after vascular-targeted photodynamic therapy for localized prostate cancer. Virchows Arch 2013; 463:547-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s00428-013-1454-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Bown SG. Photodynamic therapy for photochemists. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2013; 371:20120371. [PMID: 23776302 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2012.0371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an evolving technique for localized control of diseased tissue with light after prior administration of a photosensitizing agent and in the presence of oxygen. The biological effect is quite different from surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. With no temperature change during treatment, connective tissues like collagen are largely unaffected, so maintaining the mechanical integrity of hollow organs. PDT is of particular value for pre-cancer and early cancers of the skin (not melanomas) and mouth as the cosmetic and functional results are so good. Another key indication is for small areas of cancer that are unsuitable for or have persisted or recurred after conventional management. It can be applied in areas already exposed to the maximum safe dose of radiotherapy. Outside cancer, in ophthalmology, it is established for age-related macular degeneration, and has considerable potential in arterial disease for preventing restenosis after balloon angioplasty and in the treatment of infectious diseases, where the responsible organisms are accessible to both the photosensitizer and light. New developments on the horizon include techniques for increasing the selectivity for cancers, such as coupling photosensitizers to antibodies, and for stimulating immunological responses, but many further pre-clinical and clinical studies are needed to establish PDT's role in routine clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen G Bown
- National Medical Laser Centre, University College London, London, UK.
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16
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Dye Sensitizers for Photodynamic Therapy. MATERIALS 2013; 6:817-840. [PMID: 28809342 PMCID: PMC5512801 DOI: 10.3390/ma6030817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 539] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Photofrin® was first approved in the 1990s as a sensitizer for use in treating cancer via photodynamic therapy (PDT). Since then a wide variety of dye sensitizers have been developed and a few have been approved for PDT treatment of skin and organ cancers and skin diseases such as acne vulgaris. Porphyrinoid derivatives and precursors have been the most successful in producing requisite singlet oxygen, with Photofrin® still remaining the most efficient sensitizer (quantum yield = 0.89) and having broad food and drug administration (FDA) approval for treatment of multiple cancer types. Other porphyrinoid compounds that have received approval from US FDA and regulatory authorities in other countries include benzoporphyrin derivative monoacid ring A (BPD-MA), meta-tetra(hydroxyphenyl)chlorin (m-THPC), N-aspartyl chlorin e6 (NPe6), and precursors to endogenous protoporphyrin IX (PpIX): 1,5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), methyl aminolevulinate (MAL), hexaminolevulinate (HAL). Although no non-porphyrin sensitizer has been approved for PDT applications, a small number of anthraquinone, phenothiazine, xanthene, cyanine, and curcuminoid sensitizers are under consideration and some are being evaluated in clinical trials. This review focuses on the nature of PDT, dye sensitizers that have been approved for use in PDT, and compounds that have entered or completed clinical trials as PDT sensitizers.
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García-Díaz M, Kawakubo M, Mroz P, Sagristà ML, Mora M, Nonell S, Hamblin MR. Cellular and vascular effects of the photodynamic agent temocene are modulated by the delivery vehicle. J Control Release 2012; 162:355-63. [PMID: 22841794 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The effects of the drug delivery system on the PDT activity, localization, and tumor accumulation of the novel photosensitizer temocene (the porphycene analogue of temoporfin or m-tetrahydroxyphenyl chlorin) were investigated against the P815 tumor, both in vitro and in DBA/2 tumor bearing mice. Temocene was administered either free (dissolved in PEG(400)/EtOH mixture), or encapsulated in Cremophor EL micelles or in DPPC/DMPG liposomes, chosen as model delivery vehicles. The maximum cell accumulation and photodynamic activity in vitro was achieved with the free photosensitizer, while temocene in Cremophor micelles hardly entered the cells. Notwithstanding, the micellar formulation showed the best in vivo response when used in a vascular regimen (short drug light interval), whereas liposomes were found to be an efficient drug delivery system for a tumor cell targeting strategy (long drug-light interval). PEG/EtOH formulation was discarded for further in vivo experiments as it provoked lethal toxic effects caused by photosensitizer aggregation. These results demonstrate that drug delivery systems modulate the vascular and cellular outcomes of photodynamic treatments with temocene.
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Affiliation(s)
- María García-Díaz
- Molecular Engineering Group, IQS School of Engineering, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
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Anidjar M, Scarlata E, Cury FL, Rocha J, Hamel L, Luz M, Chevalier S. Refining the orthotopic dog prostate cancer (DPC)-1 model to better bridge the gap between rodents and men. Prostate 2012; 72:752-61. [PMID: 21882212 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rodent models are often suboptimal for translational research on human prostate cancer (PCa). To better fill the gap with human, we refined the previously described orthotopic dog prostate cancer (DPC)-1 model. METHODS Cyclosporine (Cy) A was used for immune suppression at varying doses and time-periods prior and after orthotopic DPC-1 cell implantation in the dog prostate (n = 12). Follow up included digital rectal examination, ultrasound prostate imaging and biopsies of hypoechoic areas. At necropsy, the prostate, iliosacral lymph nodes (LN), lung nodules, and suspicious bone segments were collected for histopathology. RESULTS 15 mg CyA/kg daily for 10 days was optimal for tumor take. Maintaining these conditions post-implantation resulted in a rapid tumor development within and beyond the prostate and in iliosacral LNs. To minimize tumor burden, 10 times less DPC-1 cells were implanted. A series of dogs was next followed for 3-4 months, under continuous immune suppression (n = 3) or with CyA interruption at 8.5 weeks (n = 2). In all instances, multifocal tumors were found within the prostate. Predominant patterns were micropapillary and cribriform. Metastases were present in iliosacral LNs and lungs. Moreover, pelvic bone metastases producing a mixed osteoblastic/osteolytic reaction were confirmed in two dogs, one per group. Lastly, the release of CyA 1-2 weeks post-implantation (n = 3) did not prevent tumor growth and spreading to LNs. CONCLUSIONS The continuing growth of DPC-1 tumors despite the release of CyA and, for the first time, spreading to bones renders this refined model closer to the spontaneous canine and hormone-refractory phase of human PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurice Anidjar
- Department of Surgery (Urology), McGill University Health Centre and Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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