Retroperitoneal Lymph Node Dissection: Anatomical and Technical Considerations from a Cadaveric Study

Duplicated and dilated ovarian vein with coexistence of persistent mesonephric artery

During standard cadaveric dissection we encountered multiple vascular variations in the retroperitoneum: duplicated and dilated left ovarian vein with the coexistence of a persistent right mesonephric artery.

Cadaveric analysis of surgical techniques and working space for retroperitoneal tumors as model for improving resection of neuroblastoma

PURPOSE

Neuroblastoma, the most common extracranial solid tumor in children under 5 years, often surrounds visceral arteries. This study aimed to analyze the working space provided by standardized surgical techniques at key arterial landmarks in adult cadavers.

METHODS

We assessed in eight adult cadavers the mobilization of the left colon, spleen and pancreas, right colon, duodenum and mesenteric root, access to the bursa omentalis. The average working space score (AWSS) was evaluated at the left and right renal artery, left and right side of the coeliac trunk, superior mesenteric and common hepatic artery. The score was defined as: (0) vessel not visible, (1) working space at the vessel ≤ 1x diameter of the aorta, (2) < 3x the diameter of the aorta, (3) ≥ 3x diameter of the aorta.

RESULTS

The maximum AWSS of 3 was achieved at key vascular landmarks through specific mobilization techniques.

CONCLUSION

Additional mobilization of spleen, pancreas and mesenteric root and access to the bursa omentalis increase surgical working space at major visceral arteries. The results of our investigation provide surgeons with a useful guide to prepare for abdominal neuroblastoma resection.

Lymph Node Dissection in Testicular Cancer: The State of the Art and Future Perspectives

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

This narrative review provides a comprehensive overview of the evolving role of retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND) in the management of testicular cancer (TC). It explores the significance of RPLND as both a diagnostic and therapeutic tool, highlighting its contribution to accurate staging, its impact on oncological outcomes, and its influence on subsequent treatment decisions.

RECENT FINDINGS

RPLND serves as an essential diagnostic procedure, aiding in the precise assessment of lymph node involvement and guiding personalized treatment strategies. It has demonstrated therapeutic value, particularly in patients with specific risk factors and disease stages, contributing to improved oncological outcomes and survival rates. Recent studies have emphasized the importance of meticulous patient selection and nerve-sparing techniques to mitigate complications while optimizing outcomes. Additionally, modern imaging and surgical approaches have expanded the potential applications of RPLND. In the context of TC management, RPLND remains a valuable and evolving tool. Its dual role in staging and therapy underscores its relevance in contemporary urological practice. This review highlights the critical role of RPLND in enhancing patient care and shaping treatment strategies, emphasizing the need for further research to refine patient selection and surgical techniques.

Critical elements of pediatric testicular germ cell tumors surgery

Children, adolescents and young adults with testicular germ cell tumors require appropriate surgical care to insure excellent outcomes. This article presents the most critical elements, and their basis in evidence, for surgery in this population. Specifically, the importance of inguinal radical orchiectomy for malignant tumors, partial orchiectomy for prepubertal tumors and normal serum tumor markers, and the appropriate use of post-chemotherapy retroperitoneal lymph node dissection in those with residual retroperitoneal masses.

Elevated periprostatic venous testosterone correlates with prostate cancer progression after radical prostatectomy

BACKGROUNDGenerally, clinical assessment of gonadal testosterone (T) in human physiology is determined using concentrations measured in peripheral blood. Prostatic T exposure is similarly thought to be determined from peripheral T exposure. Despite the fact that androgens drive prostate cancer, peripheral T has had no role in the clinical evaluation or treatment of men with localized prostate cancer.METHODSTo assess the role of local androgen delivery in prostate cancer, we obtained blood from the (periprostatic) prostatic dorsal venous complex in 266 men undergoing radical prostatectomy from July 2014 to August 2021 and compared dorsal T (DT) levels with those in circulating peripheral blood (PT) and prostatic tissue. Comprehensive targeted steroid analysis and unbiased metabolomics analyses were performed. The association between the DT/PT ratio and progression-free survival after prostatectomy was assessed.RESULTSSurprisingly, in some men, DT levels were enriched several-fold compared with PT levels. For example, 20% of men had local T concentrations that were at least 2-fold higher than peripheral T concentrations. Isocaproic acid, a byproduct of androgen biosynthesis, and 17-OH-progesterone, a marker of intratesticular T, were also enriched in the dorsal vein of these men, consistent with testicular shunting. Men with enriched DT had higher rates of prostate cancer recurrence. DT/PT concentration ratios predicted worse outcomes even when accounting for known clinical predictors.CONCLUSIONSThese data suggest that a large proportion of men have a previously unappreciated exposure to an undiluted and highly concentrated T supply. Elevated periprostatic T exposure was associated with worse clinical outcomes after radical prostatectomy.FUNDINGNational Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH grants R01CA172382, R01CA236780, R01CA261995, R01CA249279, and R50CA251961; US Army Medical Research and Development Command grants W81XWH2010137 and W81XWH-22-1-0082.

Nerve-sparing technique in RPLND for testicular cancer

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

The management of testicular cancer has evolved over time with multimodal therapy. Retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND), which is a complex and potentially morbid treatment option, remains the mainstay in surgical treatment. This article reviews the surgical template, approach and anatomical considerations with regards to nerve spare in RPLND.

RECENT FINDINGS

The standard full bilateral RPLND template has evolved over time to include the area between the renal hilum, bifurcation of the common iliac vessels, and the ureters. Morbidity with regards to ejaculatory dysfunction has led to further refinements in this procedure. Advancements in anatomical understanding of the retroperitoneal structures and their relationship to the sympathetic chain and hypogastric plexus has allowed for modification of surgical templates. Further refinements in surgical nerve sparing techniques have improved functional outcomes without sacrificing oncological outcomes. Finally, extraperitoneal access to the retroperitoneum and minimally invasive platforms have been implemented to further reduce morbidity.

SUMMARY

RPLND requires strict adherence to oncological surgical principles regardless of template, approach and technique. Contemporary evidence shows that outcomes are best for advanced testis cancer patients when managed at high volume tertiary care facilities with surgical expertise and access to multidisciplinary care.

Retroperitoneal Lymph Node Dissection in Colorectal Cancer with Lymph Node Metastasis: A Systematic Review

The benefits and prognosis of RPLND in CRC have not yet been fully established. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the outcomes for CRC patients with RPLNM undergoing RPLND. A literature search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, EMCare, and CINAHL identified studies from between January 1990 and June 2022 that reported data on clinical outcomes for patients who underwent RPLND for RPLNM in CRC. The following primary outcome measures were derived: postoperative morbidity, disease free-survival (DFS), overall survival (OS), and re-recurrence. Nineteen studies with a total of 541 patients were included. Three hundred and sixty-three patients (67.1%) had synchronous RPLNM and 178 patients (32.9%) had metachronous RPLNM. Perioperative chemotherapy was administered in 496 (91.7%) patients. The median DFS was 8.6-38.0 months and 5-year DFS was 24.4% (10.0-60.5%). The median OS was 25.0-83.0 months and 5-year OS was 47.0% (15.0-87.5%). RPLND is a feasible treatment option with limited morbidity and possible oncological benefit for both synchronous and metachronous RPLNM in CRC. Further prospective clinical trials are required to establish a better evidence base for RPLND in the context of RPLNM in CRC and to understand the timing of RPLND in a multimodality pathway in order to optimise treatment outcomes for this group of patients.

Red Out: Bleeding During Robotic Retroperitoneal Lymph Node Dissection and Strategies To Manage It

Robotic retroperitoneal lymph node dissection is emerging as an attractive minimally invasive technique to remove residual and recurrent retroperitoneal masses in patients with germ cell malignancies. It has huge potential benefits for patients in terms of lower rates of blood loss, ileus, postoperative pain, and scarring, and faster return to full activity. Inadvertent injury to the great vessels, lumbar tributaries, and other vessels is not uncommon and requires a calm but strategic management response. A thorough knowledge of the standard anatomy, specific pathology, and anatomic variations will help robotic surgeons in managing intraoperative haemorrhage. We describe the anatomy of the retroperitoneal vessels, surgical case selection, and the technical and nontechnical skills essential for success in this complex and high-risk procedure.

Patient summary

Robot-assisted surgical removal of lymph nodes from the area behind the abdominal cavity is a complex operation that has minimal bleeding if all goes well. However, as it involves operating on the major abdominal blood vessels, there is a risk of life-threatening bleeding that the operating team must be able to rapidly control. Effective teamwork and a range of advanced technical skills are required to respond to any serious bleeding.

Characterizing the autonomic neural connections between the abdominal aortic and superior hypogastric plexuses: A multimodal neuroanatomical study

The aortic plexus serves as the primary gateway for sympathetic fibers innervating the pelvic viscera. Damage to this plexus and/or its associated branches can lead to an assortment of neurogenic complications such as bladder dysregulation or retrograde ejaculation. The neuroanatomy of this autonomic plexus has only recently been clarified in humans; as such, the precise function of its constituent fibers is still not clear. Further study into the functional neuroanatomy of the aortic plexus could help refine nerve-sparing surgical procedures that risk debilitating neurogenic complications, while also advancing understanding of peripheral sympathetic circuitry. To this end, the current study employed an in vivo electrostimulation paradigm in a porcine model, in combination with lipophilic neuronal tracing experiments in fixed, post-mortem human tissues, to further characterize the functional neuroanatomy of the aortic plexus. Electrostimulation results demonstrated that caudal lumbar splanchnic nerves provide primary control over the porcine bladder neck in comparison to other constituent fibers within the aortic plexus. Ex vivo human data revealed that the prehypogastric ganglion contains a significant number of neurons projecting to the superior hypogastric plexus, and that these neurons are arranged in a topographic manner within the ganglion. Altogether, these findings suggest that a pivotal sympathetic pathway mediating bladder neck contraction courses through the caudal lumbar splanchnic nerves, prehypogastric and inferior mesenteric ganglia and superior hypogastric plexus.

The anatomy of the infrarenal lumbar splanchnic nerves in human cadavers: implications for retroperitoneal nerve-sparing surgery

Injury to the nerves of the aortic- and superior hypogastric plexuses during retroperitoneal surgery often results in significant post-operative complications, including retrograde ejaculation and/or loss of seminal emission in males. Although previous characterizations of these plexuses have done well to provide a basis for understanding the typical anatomy, additional research into the common variations of these plexuses could further optimize nerve-sparing techniques for retroperitoneal surgery. To achieve this, the present study aimed to document the prevalence and positional variability of the infrarenal lumbar splanchnic nerves (LSNs) through gross dissection of 26 human cadavers. In almost all cases, two LSNs were observed joining each side of the aortic plexus, with 48% (left) and 33% (right) of specimens also exhibiting a third joining inferior to the left renal vein. As expected, the position of the LSNs varied greatly between specimens. That said, the vast majority (98%) of LSNs joining the aortic plexus were found to originate from the lumbar sympathetic trunk above the level of the inferior mesenteric artery. It was also found that, within specimens, adjacent LSNs often coursed in parallel. In addition to these nerves, 85% of specimens also demonstrated retroaortic LSN(s) that were angled more inferior compared with the other LSNs (P < 0.05), and exhibited a unique course between the aorta/common iliac arteries and the left common iliac vein before joining the superior hypogastric plexus below the aortic bifurcation. These findings may have significant implications for surgeons attempting nerve-sparing procedures of the sympathetic nerves in the infrarenal retroperitoneum such as retroperitoneal lymphadenectomies. We anticipate that the collective findings of the current study will help improve such retroperitoneal nerve-sparing surgical procedures, which may assist in preserving male ejaculatory function post-operatively.

Robot assisted lymphadenectomy in urology: pelvic, retroperitoneal and inguinal

Lymph node dissection represents an essential surgical step in the treatment of the most commonly treated urological cancers. The introduction of robotic surgery has lead to the possibility of treating these diseases with a minimally invasive surgical approach, but the surgical principles of open surgery need to be carefully respected in order to achieve comparable oncological results. Therefore, the robotic approach to urological cancers must include a carefully performed lymph node dissection when indicated. In the current manuscript we reviewed the current indications and extensions of lymph node dissection in prostate, bladder, testicular, upper urinary tract, renal and penile cancers respectively, with a special focus on the state of the art surgical technique for each procedure.